Research on cognitive dissonance in smokers

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

3 (1,193 )

The current state of knowledge on cognitive dissonance has made profound impact not only research but also in designing study interventions that can be used to resolve societal problems. From the first time that Festinger proposed the theory in 1957, there have been several researches which have held similar or different views in support or in criticism of Festinger theory. In 1991, McMaster carried out a study ...

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Influence of parental attachment on the self concept

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

13 (5,121 )

The main founders of the Attachment Theory are John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. According to Bowlby 'Attachment theory regards the propensity to make intimate emotional bonds to particular individuals as a basic component of human nature, already present in germinal form in the neonate and continuing through adult life into old age.' (Bowlby 1988, 120:121) He presented us with this new way of thinking starting between the ...

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Model Of Loss And Its Definition

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

6 (2,270 )

The definition of loss can mean absolutely anything to anyone, depending on the person and their situation. However, I personally define and perceive loss as a change. Change can be healthy and indispensable. But every now and then it can hurt, and we can at times refuse to accept it. I have personally gone through a personal loss experience and it was difficult, painful and hard to ...

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Is Psychology A Science?

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

5 (1,788 )

The debate over whether psychology is a science, art, or both, makes logical sense when considering that its historical emergence was heavily influenced by two disciplines, one scientific (physiology), and the other, non-scientific (philosophy). The application of empirically-based scientific methods by the natural sciences, to the study of human psychology is a historically recent event which is generally acknowledged to have begun in the latter part of ...

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Limitations Of Rogerian Approach To Therapy

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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In writing this essay I wanted to answer the question as to the limitations of the Rogerian approach in a balanced and fair way. The limitations I discuss are by no means discrediting the doctrine but rather set out in a way to also present the positives as I personally see the Rogerian approach as an incredibly useful tool to have in a therapist's repertoire. The person ...

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Stress and the fight or flight mechanism

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Stress is the state that results when the transactions between an individual and the environment lead the individual to perceive a discrepancy, whether actual or not, between the demands of a situation and the resources of the person's biological, psychological, or social systems (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984). Theories that focus on the specific relationship between stressors (external demands) and stress (bodily processes) can be grouped in two ...

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Define empowerment, capacity building and participation

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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in the context of your research. Describe the dependent and independent variables in your research and justify the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The understanding of the concept of 'empowerment' varies among disciplines. It is a cross-disciplinary term, mainly used in fields of Education, Psychology, Community Development, Economics, among others. Based on this many meanings of the term, it has been seen as a construct ...

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Differences Between Qualitative And Quantitative Research

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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The main difference between quantitative and qualitative research is their method of selecting samples. First, quantitative research is a scientific method using probability sampling while qualitative research is non-probability sampling method. Quantitative sampling is random selection which means every member of population has equal chance of being selected (Del Balso and Lewis 2005). It emphasizes on selecting a large size of samples for generating and ensuring the ...

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Maturation Of The Adolescent Brain

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Adolescence is defined as a stage that involves physical, intellectual, social and hormonal development, from childhood to adulthood. Adolescence is both exciting and confusing, due to the transformations and changes that occur in the individual's body. It is characterized by locomotor activity, novelty seeking, increased risk-taking, due to an increased appetitive drive. Adolescence is a stage of elevated activity in the body systems. The pubertal switch to ...

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Relationship Between Happiness And Conscientiousness

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

5 (1,687 )

This study looked at the influence of the happiness on the Conscientiousness factor of the Big Five personality factors and this has been achieved by a sample consisted of 145 (121 females and 24 males) undergraduate Psychology students that completed two questionnaires, each questionnaire measuring a different variable. The interpretation of data has been done by using statistical measurement software. According to the results, a statistically significant ...

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Methods For Collecting Job Analysis Information

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Organizations consist of jobs that have to be staffed. Job analysis is the procedure through which you determine the duties of these position and the characteristics of the people to hire for them. Job analysis produces information used for writing job description ( a list of what the job entails) and job specifications ( what kind of people to hire for the job). ( James Clifford, summer ...

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Behavioral beliefs and attitudes towards behaviours

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Many studies have been conducted on The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) in predicting health behaviours among the people. The TPB model has been used as framework to determine the attitude and behaviour of the people. The qualitative research was done to evaluate the behaviour of the people and the factors which influence the intentions of the people i.e. 'attitude toward the behaviour', 'subjective norm', and 'perceived ...

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Student attitudes toward seeking and using counseling services

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

4 (1,592 )

This chapter discusses the past studies related with the students' attitudes toward seeking and using counseling services for psychological problems. This study uses the research instrument developed by Fischer and Turner (1970). The literatures about this study will be divided into few parts. The first part of the literature review is about previous studies on the attitudes toward seeking and using counseling services among students. The second ...

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Eriksons psychosocial theory

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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The main element of Erikson's psychosocial theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity can be defined as the conscious sense of self that we develop through interactions with others in our social groups. Erikson strongly believed that with every new experience our ego identity alters, and that our behaviours and actions motivated by confidence. Hence Erikson's theory is based upon the likelihood that a person ...

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Key Distinctions Between Positivism And Phenomenology

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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The purpose of research is simple according to Francis Dane (1990: 212) in that it is a means by which we seek to acquire knowledge and understanding by answering questions about the world. 'Knowledge' is a very important concept which is closely related to the concept of 'epistemology'; defined as the study or theory of the origin, nature and limits of knowledge (May, 2001). The theory of ...

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Schema Driven Memory

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

4 (1,405 )

Schema Driven Memory - Watch This! Abstract Many hypothesised about Schema Driven Memory, the latest well known study was accounted by French & Richards in 1993. It's purpose was to investigate memory conditions from 3 different experimental conditions. The amount of participants taking part was 41 the study proved most interesting to French & Richards as at the end of it they have learnt that their experiment ...

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Main Concepts In Social Comparison

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Social comparison can be defined as the way people compare themselves to others in order to engage in self-evaluation or to achieve some form of self-improvement (Suls, Martin, and Wheeler, 2002). In examining the main concepts regarding social comparison, the paper will discuss self-evaluation, the proxy and triadic models, self-enhancement, and assimilation and contrast. The evolution of findings, methodology, and theorizing within the area of social comparison ...

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Lobes of the brain and their associated functions

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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CEREBRUM Occipital Lobes The occipital lobe is located at the lower central back of the brain. It is considered as the primary center for processing visual stimuli. This lobe is also involved in color and movement discrimination, and visuospatial processing. Any significant trauma at the back of the head can cause subtle changes in the visual-perception area. It covered by cortical tissue, this is also called the ...

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Self monitoring and intervention for ring fidgeting habit

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Habits are said to form when utilizing the same behavior regularly and consistently in a similar situation for the same purpose. They are performed with minimal thinking and little deliberation; and can be considered an automatising of behaviour. While efficiency in cognitive capabilities is achieved; habits cause information to be ignored, never influencing performance of the habit; as outcomes as a result of the habit are overly ...

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Study On Dance Movement Therapy

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

5 (1,790 )

Nowadays, Dance Movement Therapy is considered very effective in cases when adults need overcome the depression. It addresses the relational and emotional issues and helps adults to rehabilitate. The body is used as an instrument to stop the feelings of depression, to renovate the powers of the body and to update the work of the mind. Dance Movement Therapy is considered very effective, especially in the modern ...

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Does parental guidance affect the emotional maturity of a child?

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Emotional maturity depicts one's capacity to manage and to check his/her emotions, to evaluate others' emotional state and to persuade their judgment and actions (L.J.Saul,1972). This study attempts to explore the role of parental guidance on the emotional maturity of a child. In specific, the emotional maturity levels of two sects' of children were measured. The sample groups targeted were between the age group of 14 to ...

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Theories Of Emotion In Daily Life

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

5 (1,870 )

On the last assignment, I have explained about the theories of emotion. There are five theories of emotion that the physiologists and psychologists had theorized it. They come out with such theories because of all of the people did not know where their emotional experiences come from. But most people think that they really know about emotions. They think of emotions as special kinds of feelings and ...

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Recruitment And Selection From The Exchange Perspective

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Subsequent to the recruitment of a pool of applicants, organisations need to decide on which applicants to employ. Many organisations are realising the important contribution, effective selection practice can make, and in light of this, are utilising an assortment of methods to improve the successfulness of the entire recruitment and selection process. Validity and reliability are two important aspects that are considered fundamental when assessing the robustness ...

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What Is Locus Of Control?

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Human beings have a strong longing to organize the events occurrence in their lives and all their achievements are based on this aspiration. There is sturdy validation to show that people with a strong sense organize over their lives are enhanced with reverence to physical, social, and psychosomatic well being than those who be deficient in this sense. According to the extent to which people account a ...

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The Purpose of Phenomenology

03 Oct 2016 27 Apr 2017

4 (1,522 )

2.0 Purpose of Phenomenology The purpose of a phenomenological approach in research is to clarify and enlighten how people understand and comprehend certain phenomena. (Lester, 1999) Humans have different personal perspectives. Since this type of research rely on human experiences and often have different interpretations, phenomenological research helps to gathers detailed information through qualitative methods. Qualitative methods used can be interviews and discussions, and data can ...

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Learning Strategies and Information-Processing Development

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

4 (1,312 )

Learning can be simply defined as the process that leads to relatively permanent change in behavior or potential change in a person's behavior. Learning makes one change the way they perceive the environment, react to stimuli and interact. Cognitive psychology is a very important branch of modern psychology. The main focus of this approach is the memory-how information is stored and retrieved. Several theories have been developed ...

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Risk Factors For Suicide

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

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Suicide is among the leading causes of death and, among teenagers, the leading causes of death in many Asian countries. In recent years there has been growing concern regarding the increasing rate of suicidal behaviors, including suicidal ideation and attempted suicide among Malaysian youth. Suicide is the second leading cause of death among youth between the aged of 18-25. The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes a broad ...

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The relational psychology test

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

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Introduction: In this first project of Psychological Testing, we are going to analyze and critically evaluate a pop-online non-psychological test ( questionnaire ) which is focusing as the title of the test said to Relational Psychology Test but in practice it is a psychodynamic personallity test. Unfortunatelly the Publishers name and the year of publication is unknown and cannot be found via the website that the ...

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The Brain Is Divided Into Two Hemispheres

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

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Cerebral dominance: the tendency of each brain hemisphere to exert control over different functions, such as language or perception of spatial relationships (Zimbardo, Johnson, and Weber 77). The human brain has three major parts: the cerebellum, the brain stem, and the cerebrum. The cerebrum is the largest sector of the brain; therefore, it is split vertically into the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere ("Brain" 6946). How ...

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Study Of Genetics And Developmental Psychology

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

4 (1,329 )

To explain human behaviour as being part genetic and part developmental has been a controversial subject for many years for theorists exploring the concept of Nature versus Nurture. To understand genetics and developmental psychology is to understand what we inherit and how environmental input effects us. Genetics and developmental psychology in which Plomin accepts the important role of Nature and Nurture is the subject I will be ...

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Word Length effects in visual word recognition

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

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The way letters in words are processed in our orthographic system is subject to considerable controversy. Theorists argue that letters in words are processed either in series or in parallel. This study attempts to resolve this debate by examining the effect of Word Length on decision speeds for words in a lexical decision task. A multiple regression analysis which included other linguistic descriptors such as Familiarity and ...

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Good therapeutic relationships for positive therapeutic outcome

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is the form of treatment that has gathered the most empirical support for its efficacy to date. Its efficacy in treating a variety of psychological disorders in adults has been well documented (see Butler, Chapman, Forman, & Beck, 2006). In fact, 94% of "well-established" empirically supported treatments (see Hunsley, Dobson, Johnston, & Mikail, 1999) are cognitive behavioural therapies. CBT is based on the ...

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Judgement and decision making in auditing

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

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INTRODUCTION "Accounting at its core is about the judgment and decision making (JDM) of individuals such as investors, managers, and auditors" (Bonner, 2008, 1). Accounting at its core is about individual or group JDM. This paper discusses JDM in auditing using previous research to understand auditor decisions while in an auditee environment or location (i.e. onsite judgment calls). As Libby and Luft stated, "we must understand a ...

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Data Collection Method In Mechanical Engineering

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

8 (2,949 )

Introduction Engineering is an area that has diversified over the past few years. This has been due to the current advancement in technology. A good example of engineering area that has largely diversified is the mechanical engineering. This has been attributed to the need of more advanced and efficient machines. Most of the hard work is done by machines with man being reduced to a mere overseer ...

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The concept of compensation

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

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INTRODUCTION According to Barneat (1995), compensation is "equal in the opposite sense the effect of the thing with other" or " giving or make a profit in compensation for any damage caused", both definition can be found at the main element, the idea of exchange or return. If move this idea to the organizational field appears, immediately, the relationship between person and organization, a resource sharing relationship ...

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Analysing Research Approaches: Qualitative Vs Quantitative

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

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Qualitative research deals about the nature of any object or project which we are doing, the development of any object will depend on its quality first. Qualitative research means, it is a meaning and understanding research. The method employed is open-end questions, text data and emerging approaches. And it is in the form of words and pictures. Quantitative research is the process of determining the values by ...

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Self Objectification and the Sexualization of Girls

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

17 (6,716 )

Contemporary Western culture has essentially commodified the female body and form and we now live in a society where women's bodies tend to be valued as appearance-based, sexual objects; objects that can be viewed and appraised, bought and sold, and ultimately consumed, by other individuals and society as a whole. Sexual objectification of the female body exists along a continuum ranging from the literal (e.g., human sex ...

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Consumer Memory In Relation To Advertising Effectiveness

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

4 (1,217 )

Psychology is known for the study of the human mind and its behaviour. It can be seen as the umbrella term for the sub-fields of psychology such as cognitive psychology and social behaviour (McLeod, 20011). It is frequently argued whether or not psychology is a science or simply a descriptive science, a description of which scientist use to say that the subject is 'not a science', it ...

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Behaviour Self Perception

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

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Behaviour Self Perception Behaviour can be described as ‘conscious or unconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary’. Subsequently it is of great interest to the study of psychology. It allows psychologist to predict mood, understand and treat abnormality. Self perception is said to tie into the type of behaviour we demonstrate. According to self-perception theory (Daryl Bem's, 1967), people come to a conclusion concerning internal characteristics ...

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Choosing Appropriate Quantitative Research Design

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

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Quantitative research is designed to provide quantitative (numerical) data that answers questions related to trends, attitudes, opinions, or the impact of treatment on a population. Before quantitative research begins, it is necessary to identify the purpose of the study, the population to be studied, the variables involved in the study, and the type of data that would be most useful as an end product. After identifying these ...

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Does attitude determine our behavior?

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

4 (1,347 )

Social psychologists have been asking this question repeatedly how attitudes form. This essay will discuss how we form attitudes; also do attitudes determine our behavior. We form attitudes from mainly our own personal experiences including influences from other people. Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) Oscamp (1977) agreed with the idea about how direct experience, form our attitudes i.e. if you had a traumatic time at the dentist. Then ...

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A critical review of replicating Milgrim

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

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With the present day's strict ethical guidelines and rules in psychology, it would appear almost impossible that one of the most valuable experiments ever carried out in social psychology would be approved to be replicated. Reason being the amount of deception used and the emotional stress inflicted on participants. Nonetheless, one of Stanley Milgrim's (1974) most famous experiments on obedience to authority has been replicated by Jerry ...

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Study Of Darley And Batson

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

5 (1,695 )

Darley and Batson (1973) conducted a study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behaviour. Based on the study, we rejected two hypotheses and accepted one of the hypotheses. The subsequent sections cover the result, explanation on why the particular hypotheses is rejected or accepted, limitation of the study, extraneous variables and conclusion. Result The dependent variable is helping behaviour and the independent variables are time (hurry ...

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Case Study of Eyewitness Testimony

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

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Memory is not reliable; memory can be altered and adjusted. Memory is stored in the brain just like files stored in a cabinet, you store it, save it and then later on retrieve and sometimes even alter and return it. In doing so that changes the original data that was first stored. Over time memory fades and becomes distorted, trauma and other events in life can cause ...

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Emotions And Organizational Behavior

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

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1. A mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes; a feeling: the emotions of joy, sorrow, reverence, hate, and love. 2. A state of mental agitation or disturbance: spoke unsteadily in a voice that betrayed his emotion. See Synonyms at feeling. 3. The part of the consciousness that involves feeling; sensibility: "The very essence of literature is ...

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Repressed And Recovered Memories Of Childhood Abuse

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

4 (1,361 )

Abuse can come in many forms including physical, mental, emotional, financial, neglect, sexual, and exploitation. For the purpose of this paper, the focus will be on abuse experienced during childhood and how the memories of this abuse are recalled. Studies exist that question the validity of memories that have been repressed and then recovered regarding whether the recalled memories are true memories or false memories suggested through ...

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The Emotional Impact of Infertility and Assisted Reproduction

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

6 (2,007 )

1. Introduction It is assumed by the majority of young people that they will conceive later in life and have their own family. Unfortunately, a significant proportion will have difficulty in reproducing and will need to seek help. Infertility is the inability to conceive after regular unprotected intercourse for a minimum of 12 months (NICE guidelines) and affects approximately 80 million people worldwide (WHO 2002). It is ...

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Investigation on the career construction theory

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

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Robert Sharf (2010) states that a "career is a construction that an individual makes…the construction of one's career changes throughout life and is constantly developing" (p. 327). Based on this quote, one can infer that an individual makes a career rather than a career creating an individual. The purpose of this paper is to explore the three dimensions of Mark Savickas career construction theory and how it ...

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How Do Others Influence Our Behaviour?

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

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Social facilitation is one way an individuals behaviour can be influenced and is simply the belief that the presence of other people will influence performance on a specific task. In other words "performance is facilitated and learning is impaired by the presence of spectators" (Zajonc, 1965). Triplett in 1898 conducted a study to investigate the dynamogenic factors he had previously observed in cyclists better performance in race ...

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John Bowlby's Attachment Theory

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

8 (3,029 )

Attachment has been defined as an affectionate bond between two people that endures through time and space and serves to join them emotionally (Klaus & Kennell, 1976). The concept of attachment theory was initially formulated by psychiatrist John Bowlby, and became more widely known following a report to the World Health Organisation (Bowlby, 1951) in which Bowlby stated: What is believed to be essential for mental health ...

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Statement of problem and conceptual framework

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

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This chapter includes some of the parts which may lead to more understanding toward the topic will presented. The parts include statement of problem, conceptual framework, purpose of the study, significance of study, research questions and hypothesis, and terminology definitions. There are many issues arising among adolescents and this may due to the transitional development or the influences of environment. There is a lot of explanation towards ...

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Human Development Environment

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

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Human Development Environment Human Development or as it is more commonly known ‘Developmental Psychology’ is the scientific study of the progressive psychological development that occurs in human beings as they mature. Four central themes dominate developmental psychology. The first is whether children are qualitatively different from adults or simply lack the experience that adults draw upon. The second concerns whether development occurs through the gradual accumulation of ...

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The Art of Cosplay

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

3 (950 )

Imagine one day you're strolling down the street in a hustling, bustling big city like Atlanta. You round the corner of the sidewalk when you brush into somebody. As you stare in slight confusion, a variety of color, elaborate designs, and accessories on the other person's body alarms you. Quickly, you take out your cell phone and check the date. Could it be Halloween? You're even more ...

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Evaluation Of The Psychodynamic Approach

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

4 (1,578 )

Psychoanalysis is the study of the forces that produce human behaviour through various parts of the psyche. It considers that mental forces are split into two portions that affect behavior and mental states; the motivational and emotional forces and the inner unconscious forces (Atkinson, 1990). It asserts that the personality has a finite psychic energy supply that must be distributed amongst the id,ego and superego. It also ...

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Assertiveness Communication Situations

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

4 (1,260 )

2/4 Assertiveness Essay Assertiveness is a unique tool for any manager's toolbox or for anyone who can apply it in their daily lives. Assertiveness allows one to express true feelings or emotions and personal rights, as well as the rights of others. Assertiveness is for the most part is straight forward, honest and identifies personal needs to another person. There are people that have a knack for ...

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Psychoanalytical Approach: The Lovely Bones And Lady Oracle

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

6 (2,120 )

What if tomorrow never comes? Death is a part of life that no one can avoid. Some people fear death, others think nothing of it. Death is the new beginning. Since it is seen as the end, it gives a completely new meaning towards life. If people are immortal life has less value for them as time is always on their side. Time is no longer precious ...

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Case study: Adolescent Issues and Interventions

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

3 (1,120 )

The purpose of this paper is to discuss eating disorders in adolescents and proposed interventions used to treat the disorders. This paper will examine five articles focusing on the study of eating disorders in male and female adolescents. Eating disorders such as compulsive overeating, binge eating disorder, anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa can cause dramatic weight fluctuation and may interfere with their daily activities. Studies have shown ...

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The Positive Reinforcement Application

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

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This current paper mainly focused on the application of positive reinforcement in educational, clinical and community settings by reviewing previous studies on related fields. In educational setting, a three-year schoolwide positive behaviour supports (PBS) was introduced to 438,500 students from Chicago Public Schools in the United States using AB design that involved both qualitative and quantitative data to increase the positive behaviors at school. The results indicated ...

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Hollands Theory of Types applied to case study

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

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Similar to Parsons, John Holland believed there is a relationship between the individual and their career. He believed this relationship to be central to the idea of person-work fit criteria, and affected how an individual saw their world. As stated by (Sharf, 2009, p129-130), John Holland wrote five books explaining this relationship, and from his research he developed two psychological inventories which form the basis his of ...

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Effects of video game addiction

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

4 (1,593 )

Addiction is a broad term and the only way to beat it is to learn what causes it. More males are more likely to get addicted to video games. This is due to masculinity and aggressive tendencies as well as frequent lack of self-control. Some of the effects analyzed in this text are not from experience, but assumption gathered from scientific and other related research. Some call ...

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Maladaptive Behaviour In Substance Abuse Families

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

5 (1,901 )

An estimated 7.5 crore Indians are drug addicts and the number is going up significantly, spreading to semi-urban and backward areas, according to official figures. Considering the significant prevalence of substance abuse in India, there naturally arises a question as to its effects not only on the immediate user, but on the family as well. However, study of maladaptive behavior has been restricted to western families dealing ...

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Psychological disorders: Schizophrenia

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

4 (1,267 )

Schizophrenia is one of the chronic psychological disorders affecting approximately one percent of the American population. Statistics show that it affects men one and a half times more than women. It is characterized by symptoms of thought, and behavioral problems. People who suffer this disease do not sometimes make sense when they are talking and may be delusional and sometimes experience hallucinations. The psychological disorder affect families ...

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Exploration Of Structural Family Therapy

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

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Structural Family Therapy is a therapeutic approach that recognizes that families possess many strengths and it attempts to move family's beyond dysfunctional patterns of interactions. Structural Family Therapy method was developed by Salvador Minuchin in the 1960's and is the leading model in family therapy and is one of the most widely used models for family therapy (Powell & Dosser,1992). Its focus is on family structure; subsystems; ...

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Interviewing an Adolescent: Developmental Issues

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

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Adolescence is a stage of development in human growth between childhood and adulthood it extends mainly over the teenage period and comes to an end legally when majority age is reached. It is characterized by the drastic physical changes that are occurring in their bodies. The dramatic and sudden physical changes they are experiencing naturally makes the stage to be full of self-consciousness, curiosity, and self concern ...

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A study of self esteem of college students

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

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Self-esteem is one of the strongest research topic in psychology. It has been studied by researchers in relation to many different variables such as violence, drug abuse, bullying, relationships and academic achievement (Jonsson, 2006). In addition, research had documented the important role of high self-esteem plays in academic achievement, social and personal responsibility (Naderi, Abdullah, Aizan, Sharir & Kumar, 2009). Subsequently, educators, parents, business and government leaders ...

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Behaviorism. Neo Behaviorism and Gestalt Psychology

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

6 (2,005 )

John B. Watson (1878 - 1958) was known as the father of behaviorism. Watson did not believe that the definition of psychology was the science of the mind. He believed that psychology should be viewed as a "purely objective experimental branch of natural science" and that the goal of the psychologist is not to understand the mind but to understand behavior. (Wozniak, 1997) Watson's studied behavioristic psychology ...

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Teaching multiple meaning words with jokes

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

8 (2,846 )

A cornerstone of language comprehension is the ability to develop and retrieve interpretation of word meanings that are consistent within the context in which they are encountered (Fisher, Kaplan, & Rogness, 2010) (Chabeli, 2008). For a child who presents with language impairment this process becomes particularly difficult when faced with specialized language containing words that are lexically ambiguous and thus are comprised of multiple meanings. According to ...

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Shock Advertising: Effects On Students

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

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Consumers can be exposed to over 3000 advertisements per day (Lasn,1999). So marketers constantly look for a way to be recognised ahead of their competitors and break through the clutter (dahl et al 2003) One of the ways in which marketers do this is through shock advertising. A technique that has caused some controversy in recent years. Dahl 2003 states 'Shock messages are used in a bid ...

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A study on internet addiction disorder

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

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Internet has become a popular topic for study among psychologists and researchers. Since internet has insinuated itself in our personal lives so various areas of functioning and adjustment are dominated by its use. We have noted earlier that frequent users of internet are college students whose lives are wrapped around internet often in an unhealthy way. Various studies had attempted to unravel the mysterious transformation of healthy, ...

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Personal Behaviour Project: Academic Procrastination

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

9 (3,233 )

Academic procrastination was the behaviour to be modified. The principal investigator observed that during the last few trimesters, James displayed signs of procrastination in his studies. The investigator noted that poor time management and the reluctance to start was the crux of the maladaptive behaviour. Thus, these few constructs were being selected to be modified in this behaviour modification project. The investigator observed that such procrastination usually ...

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How bilingualism can effect cognitive functions

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

6 (2,176 )

The aim of this essay is to introduce some issues about bilingualism. We will try to examine some areas of bilingualism, concerning cognitive aspects. People use the term "bilingualism" in different ways. For some, it means an equal ability to communicate in two languages. For others, it simply means the ability to communicate in two languages, but with greater skills in one language. In fact, it is ...

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Eyewitness accuracy, reliability and credibility

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

8 (3,177 )

The testimonies (EWTs) of children is the focus of many heated debates. There are many issues concerning child EWT: children may be more affected by the interviewer and the techniques used to acquire the testimony and developmental differences between children from different age groups may affect their ability to resist suggestibility (Goodman, 2006) and thus, their statements may be deemed less reliable by jurors. However, if children ...

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Psychoanalytic, Jungian And Individual Psychology Theories

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

3 (1,080 )

The Psychoanalytic Theory founded by Sigmund Freud, The Jungian Theory developed by Carl Jung , and The individual psychology Theory established by Alfred Adler were all founded by three very important influential minds of Psychology. Freud believed the mind had three levels the unconscious, the preconscious and the conscious. In addition, Psychoanalytic theories focus on the unconscious mind, which contains introverted sexual feelings and unwanted thoughts, events ...

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Gender Schema Theory And Stereotyping

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

8 (3,044 )

My internal assessment experiment is based on gender schema theory which is closely related to stereotyping. Why is it inappropriate for boys to cry and be weak and why do girls wear pink and play with dolls? These inevitable claims are unconsciously present in everyday life where the society around us implies our roles as either a female or male. Thus, our aim was to find out ...

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Research on musics effect on memory

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

4 (1,233 )

"Memory is a mental system that receives, stores, organized, alters and recovers information for sensory input" (Kirkweg, 2009). Music has many effects on memory, but what are the effects. People listen to music on a daily basis but never really know what music does for their memory or don't really care. I care about music and think that everyone should. This concept is important to study from ...

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Definition Of Social Support

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

6 (2,295 )

This chapter provides a review of previous and current finding on social support definition, social support in education, decision-making definition, factors influence decision-making. Subsequently, this chapter will discuss conceptual framework which become the basis of the research. DEFINITION OF SOCIAL SUPPORT There are many definitions of social support that can be found in the literature. In early studies, social support definedas interpersonal relationship of person that might ...

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The Role of Unconsciousness in Psychology

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

4 (1,443 )

The idea of unconscious plays a central role in psychology. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience even though we might be unaware of these influences. The psychoanalytical theory came about after the break between Freud and Carl Yung. Among the ideas and studies I will be reviewing the works of Sigmund Freud (The conscious and the unconscious mind) and the comparison ...

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Research on the sixteen personality factor questionnaire

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

5 (1,939 )

The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) is a measure of normal personality, based on R. B. Cattell's factor-analytic theory of personality (Cattell, 1933, 1946). Since the original 16PF Questionnaire was published in 1949, it has been revised four times, in 1956, 1962, and 1968 and the latest fifth edition in 1993. Description of Test - 217 The 16PF Fifth Edition Questionnaire contains 185 multiple-choice items. The questionnaire ...

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Application Of Psychological Theories To Social Care

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

9 (3,371 )

In this assignment it will give a summary of Bandura's Social Learning Theory posits that people learn from one. The assignment will discuss the bridge between behaviourist and cognitive learning theories. The assignment will explain and determine the cause of an event or behaviour and why people do what they do in terms of their behaviour, it will also give examples in order to brake the psychology ...

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Attitude Formation Affect And Cognition

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

5 (1,904 )

Attitude as a concept has played a central role in social psychology for decades. Earlier definitions of what an attitude is still hold weighting in contemporary society. For example, Thurstone (1931, p. 261) defined an attitude as "the affect for or against a psychological object." Decades later, highly influential research defined attitudes similarly as "favourable or unfavourable dispositions toward social objects, such as people, places, and policies" ...

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Testing A Research Questionnaire

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

6 (2,108 )

In order to construct an appropriate research questionnaire, it is imperative to first have a clear understanding of the scope of the research project. It would be most beneficial to solidify these research goals in written form, and then focus the direction of the study to address the research questions. After developing the research questions, the researcher would further read the related literature regarding the research topic, ...

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Methods To Define And Modify Behaviour

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

6 (2,234 )

Psychology can be rightly defined as the study of behavior. As such, psychologists have developed ways to study and modify behavior. The most commonly used techniques in behavior modification are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning/modeling. Psychologists also attach considerable significance to conditioning because it typically has predictable results. Classical Conditioning is social learning device used to create a connection between an artificial stimulus and a ...

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How useful is a labelling system?

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

5 (1,987 )

The British National Health Service (NHS), define the term mental health and claim it is about an individual's feelings, behaviour and thought. People who have and still experience mental health problems, personally or relatively, can make positive changes and improvements if tHow useful is a labelling system hey are provided with the right support and information. The NHS claims that one in four people in the UK ...

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Exercise alleviates depression

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

5 (1,736 )

To what extent does exercise alleviate depression? Depression is an important public health problem that is common amongst older adults, and is associated with a significant increased risk of mortality and morbidity. Despite the existence of effective treatments for depression, such as cognitive-behavioural therapy and antidepressant medication, many individuals still remain inadequately treated. There is increasing evidence that people who are physically active are less likely to ...

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How does self esteem develop in children?

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

6 (2,248 )

We can not touch it but it affects how we feel, we can not see it although it is there when we look ourselves in the mirror, we can not hear it, but it is there everytime we talk about ourselves. Of course I am talking about our self-esteem. Self-esteem is a psychological term to reflect a person's overall evaluation or appraisal of her or his own ...

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Personality Based On Their Clothing

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

6 (2,399 )

When forming first impressions of people, physical appearance will often play a very important role in making judgements about the other person's personality and characteristics. However, these judgements that are usually formed within the first few seconds may or may not be completely accurate. Alex Todorov (2006) tested 200 people and found that it only takes one hundred milliseconds for a potential employer, or a member of ...

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The History Of The Therapeutic Alliance

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

9 (3,321 )

The therapeutic alliance (TA) is a term used to describe the collaborative nature of the partnership between client and therapist. The alliance focuses on the preferences and goals of the client and outlines methods to achieve these goals. It is based on listening to the client without judgement and without giving unwarranted advice. A strong alliance between counsellor and client is one of the most important factors ...

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The Most Effective Interventions For Autism

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

5 (1,739 )

The term Autism spectrum disorder was defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) as "pervasive developmental disorders "(PDDs) referring to developmental disorders which share core and common characteristics such as impairments in social interaction. Given the fact that researchers include nowadays milder and atypical forms of PDDs, these are represented as a spectrum (Carr, LeBlanc, 2007). There are three PDDs ...

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Cognitive Dissonance And Theory Of Planned Behaviour

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

7 (2,571 )

Attitudes can change the world. This is exemplified by Barack Obama's "Yes we can!" presidential campaign. They are evaluations about people, objects, places and behaviours. Eagly and Chaiken (2007) defined 'attitude' as "a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor" (p.589). Also, "attitudes are likes and dislikes" (Bem, 1970, p.14). Much research has been carried out in ...

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Sales and recruiting managers dont have the time to read

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

9 (3,269 )

My experience over the past sixteen years suggests that sales and recruiting managers don't have the time to read all the background and support material needed to fully interpret and utilize the SPQ*GOLD Questionnaire to its full advantage. While many have expressed a desire to do this, they also explain that there are only so many hours in the day in which to get things done. Accordingly, ...

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Narco Analysis And Brain Mapping Tests

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

17 (6,748 )

The use of increasingly more sophisticated methods in the commission of crimes has necessitated the development of new technologies and tools to investigate them. Often the offender leaves behind no traces of physical evidence. Brain mapping technique seeks to address the problem of lack of availability of physical evidence to determine the complicity of a suspect. It belongs to the realm of cognitive psychophysiology and is based ...

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Competing psychological theories of human behaviour

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

6 (2,156 )

Although there are various stages of human development, for the purpose of this essay, we shall analyse the adult stage of behaviour. There are a number of comparisons and contrasts between the psychodynamic approach and the humanistic approach in psychology, to help understand human behaviour. To provide a significant contrast, this assignment analyses the two founding fathers of these approaches, Sigmund Freud for the psychodynamic approach and ...

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Cognitive behavioral therapy for schizophrenia

23 Mar 2015 20 Apr 2017

5 (1,652 )

Schizophrenia is a neuro-cognitive disorder or in simple terms be referred to as a mental illness. It usually strikes during early adulthood or late adolescent periods of one's life. However, the time of occurrence may vary and it is not necessary that it occurs in the above mentioned time periods of a person's life. Also, the symptoms of this disorder vary from one individual to another. The ...

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Stages In Personality Development

23 Mar 2015 20 Apr 2017

13 (5,011 )

Personality is a complex hypothetical construct that has been described in many ways. In daily life we may came across many people, It's the fact that we wonder why some people are quiet and passive while others are loud and aggressive. The word personality is best to describe it. Personality is set of qualities that distinguish an individual from other on manners, attitude, behavior and qualities that ...

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The Karate Kid: Bullying

23 Mar 2015 20 Apr 2017

5 (1,866 )

Bullying affects the life and development of children, especially adolescents, consistently because it affects their socialization, their self-esteem and self-perception. Often bullying becomes the major cause of serious psychological problems in children that can be deep-rooted in them and manifest themselves in the adult life. In addition, bullying may lead to the formation of negative models of behavior in children as they grow up, especially in relation ...

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Does Marrs theory provide an account of perception?

23 Mar 2015 20 Apr 2017

5 (1,661 )

The way animals, especially humans view, see and are aware of the world that surrounds them is called perception. Processes in visual perception have a great importance on how an object is perceived. Light from the perceived object hits the retina from where it gets converted into meaningful information. Different theorists proposed a number of theories that try to explain how visual perception takes place. Anything from ...

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The Features Of The Perception Process

23 Mar 2015 20 Apr 2017

8 (2,875 )

1.0 Introduction Perception in simple term is how people see things. The book defines perception as a process which a person takes to mean the sensory systems and how he or she gives meanings to the environment they belong. This report analyses the features of the perception process and illustrates the ways an individual's perception affect other people, group and organization. This analyses the theories and concepts ...

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Exorcism in religion and psychology

23 Mar 2015 20 Apr 2017

10 (3,949 )

Contrary to what may seem to be common sense, nowadays the beliefs in paranormal are still very prevalent in the society. Indeed, the revival of the interest and acceptance of such phenomena as poltergeists, ghosts, and devil took place in a quite secularized modern society dominated by the scientific thinking and medical worldview (Milner, 2000). However, it is not that surprising. It could be assumed that the ...

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Experienced Negative Life Events

23 Mar 2015 20 Apr 2017

12 (4,729 )

Proposition no. 6 which states that A person who experienced negative life events can still be able to attain mental wellbeing relates to axiom 2 Positive and negative life events affect mental wellbeing and axiom 3 (A mentally healthy person functions effectively thus feels happy and satisfied) since it implies that using appropriate coping and adaptation skills against the many negative life events, minor, major or extreme ...

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Measuring stress levels of staff

23 Mar 2015 20 Apr 2017

4 (1,592 )

There are several ways in which stress can be measured for example by self report, biochemical and physiological methods Self report methods Stressful life event scales - measures stress prospectively through the reported life change for example Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). They examined 5000 patient records and made a list of 43 life events that seemed to precede illness. Nearly 400 participants were ...

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