The Cognitive Dissonance Theory

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

15 (5,866 )

Almost half a century ago social psychologist Leon Festinger developed the cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957). The theory has obviously stood the test of time in that it is mentioned in most general and social psychology textbooks today. The theory is somewhat counterintuitive and, in fact, fits into a category of counterintuitive social psychology theories sometimes referred to as action-opinion theories. The fundamental characteristic of action opinion ...

Click here to read more arrow

Two psychological approaches/perspectives

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

4 (1,264 )

Psychodynamic Perspective and Cognitive Perspective: Psychology is characterised by a variety of different approaches, each emphasising different factors in their explanations of mind and behaviour. This essay is going to outline two of the five approaches which are psychodynamic and cognitive approaches. The Psychodynamic approach was mainly initiated by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and he explained behaviour in terms of unconscious drives and the dynamics of the id, ...

Click here to read more arrow

Respondents Of The Research And Sampling Techniques

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

10 (3,955 )

This chapter presents the methods used in this research. The respondents of the research and sampling techniques, instruments and methods adopted, the data gathering procedures, and statistical methods implemented on data. There are several methods which could be used to carry out the research ant it is dependent on research problem area. When dealing with research problem, one can use any of the three categorization of research ...

Click here to read more arrow

The APA Code of Ethics

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

6 (2,104 )

APA Code of Ethics Understanding the American Psychological Association (APA) code of ethics is the key influence to good professional behavior that Psychologist should adhere to. Almost 60 years APA has been working and defining these guides, and serves as a guide in this profession (Fisher, 2009). The code of ethics consists of a Preamble, five general principles, and ten ethical standards. The Preamble and general ...

Click here to read more arrow

The Objective Of Conducting Job Analysis

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

12 (4,438 )

Job analysis helps in analyzing the resources and establishing the strategies to accomplish the business goals and strategic objectives. Effectively developed, employee job descriptions are communication tools that are significant in an organization's success. The main objective of conducting job analysis is to know whether the job description and job specification which was mentioned to hire right quality of work force by the company is appropriate or ...

Click here to read more arrow

The cognitive model

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

6 (2,201 )

The DSM-IV-TR definition of Panic Disorder presents individuals with panic disorder to experience reoccurring and unexpected panic attacks. After this, for at least one month, the individual progresses to continually worry about either, another panic attack occurring, worry about the possible detrimental effects that the panic attack may have incurred, or significantly change their behaviour due to the attacks. APA; American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical ...

Click here to read more arrow

The Theories Of Forgetting

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

5 (1,795 )

Memory or forgetting' labels a diverse set of cognitive capacities by which we retain information and reconstruct past experiences, usually for present purposes. Memory is one of the most important ways by which our histories animate our current actions and experiences. Most notably, the human ability to conjure up long-gone but specific episodes of our lives is both familiar and puzzling, and is a key aspect of ...

Click here to read more arrow

The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

5 (1,939 )

(16PF) is a measure of normal personality, based on R. B. Cattell's factor-analytic theory of personality (Cattell, 1933, 1946). Since the original 16PF Questionnaire was published in 1949, it has been revised four times, in 1956, 1962, and 1968 and the latest fifth edition in 1993. Description of Test - 217 The 16PF Fifth Edition Questionnaire contains 185 multiple-choice items. The questionnaire is written with simple (fifth ...

Click here to read more arrow

Theories of memory: Explaining why we forget

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

4 (1,398 )

There are many reasons as to why one forgets things. This could be due to the fact one does not want to pay attention. One does not encode the information into ones short term memory and rehearse it long enough to stay in the long term or it could be that one does not wish want to remember it. Forgetting information happens usually in the first few ...

Click here to read more arrow

The Garden Path Model Of Sentence Processing

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

7 (2,606 )

A central aim of psycholinguistic enquiry is to provide a logical account of how individuals construe structurally ambiguous sentences (Ni, Grain & Shankweiler, 1996). Human sentence processing is an intricate process directed by rules of language and syntax (Ferreira, Christianson & Hollingworth, 2001). Of late, researchers have begun to investigate and explain the human mechanics of how individuals build meaningful sentences from words (Whitney, 1998). A key ...

Click here to read more arrow

Social construction: Inclusion and exclusion

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

8 (2,995 )

Critically analyse the ways that the social construction of identity impacts upon social welfare and on a person's experiences of inclusion and exclusion. Draw on the experiences of working class women. Since the late nineteen eighties feminist theorist such as Skeggs(1997) have maintained that in any social analysis women should be treated as a separate class. Women’s class position by and large has been determined by the ...

Click here to read more arrow

The Definition Of Mental Illnesses

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

7 (2,673 )

Psychiatry entails the study of the mental state, models that identify the causes of mind related disorders, grouping of schemes for the defects, information search pertaining to the disorders and treatments measures that are administered to address the disorders. Philosophy on the other hand attempts to explain the conceptual, social, metaphysical, ethical and epistemological procedures that pertain to psychiatry. It is on this tenet that the nature ...

Click here to read more arrow

Classical and operant conditioning

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

5 (1,928 )

A phobia is 'a disrupting, fear, mediated avoidance, out of proportion to the danger posed by a particular object or situation....recognized by the sufferer as groundless (Davison & Neale, 1996, p.131). A phobia is classed as a type of anxiety disorder and is quite a common disorder, they can be about objects or situations and their target can either be general or focal. Specific phobias include for ...

Click here to read more arrow

Critical evaluation on two theories of aggression

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

6 (2,334 )

Aggression is a form of anti social behaviour, which shows a lack of emotion concern for the welfare of others (Baron and Richardson, 1994). There are two main social psychological theories, the Social Learning Theory and the Deindividuation Theory. The social learning theory of Bandura emphasizes the importance of observing and modelling the behaviours, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. The theory suggests that for an individual ...

Click here to read more arrow

Emotional And Behavioural Difficulties: Communication Problems

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

21 (8,341 )

Social, emotional and behavioural difficulties generally co-occur with language and communication problems. The aim of this paper is to analyse and discuss this relationship whit the relevant literature. First of all, language and communication skills will be discussed. Then, language, emotional, social development, links between these development areas and communication problems will be discussed respectively. Finally, after discussing assessment and support methods, conclusion will be present. Language ...

Click here to read more arrow

How perception affects other people

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

6 (2,145 )

Perception is the process by which people organize and obtain meaning from the sensory motivation they receive from the environment. This report focuses on perception, its importance and how it affects other people, groups of people and the social climate of an organization. Perception is defined and the key factors affection perception is described. The elements which determines those factors (perceiver, target and situation) are stated in ...

Click here to read more arrow

Theories of Adult Development

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

6 (2,378 )

This assignment will state adult developmental stages using current and influential theorists to date. It will then further discuss whether these developmental stages are largely determined by physical maturation and decline processes. Adult Development/Adulthood To understand adult development, we must first define what an adult is. It is not very easy to define a pattern or any stage when a child finally becomes an adult (adulthood), as ...

Click here to read more arrow

Frustration in our everyday lives

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

9 (3,532 )

We all strive to gratify our wants, desires, our goals and ambitions. Self realization make this evident and our experiences with others confirm the generalization. However, we are often unable to reach our targets - our ambitions sometimes exceed our abilities or often-external barriers stand in our way. It could be a traffic jam delaying our journey, or a university rule preventing us form taking up a ...

Click here to read more arrow

The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

2 (573 )

1) Describe Vygotsky's (1978) concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and the role it plays in children's Cognitive development. Lev Vygotsky presented his ideas on the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) in 1933 but died a year later (Meira and Lerman, 2001). Despite not being able to add further detail to his concept, Vygotsky's work on the ZPD has been influential for those studying the ...

Click here to read more arrow

What is stress? An overview

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

3 (905 )

Stress Life these days is full of stress. We have school, work, family, holidays, and many more things that contribute to our stress. What is stress? What does stress do to your life? Does stress harm your body? Does it affect your family and friends? What can you do to relieve all of this stress we have? Stress has become a part of everyone's life at some ...

Click here to read more arrow

The History Of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

9 (3,397 )

This essay's purpose is to consider the supporting and refuting evidence for the above claims. Firstly, an outline of cognitive behavioural principles and therapeutic techniques will be presented. Then, an analysis of the applicability of the terms 'mechanistic', 'totalitarian' and 'arbitrarily imposed' to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) will be given. Finally, the effectiveness of CBT as a form of therapy will be briefly evaluated. The basic premise ...

Click here to read more arrow

The Theories Of Sigmund Freud

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

5 (1,653 )

Sigmund Freud, an Austrian psychiatrist and known as the father of psychoanalysis, developed an entirely new and fascinating approach to understanding the human personality. He is referred to as 'one of the most influential and controversial minds of the 20th century'. Freud was born on the 6th of May 1856 and died after being diagnosed with cancer on the 23rd of September 1939. During the course of ...

Click here to read more arrow

Boyatzis' Theory Of Self Directed Learning

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

5 (1,846 )

It was proved by Dr. Richard Boyatzis that medicinal and rehabilitative solutions to addictions do not last permanently and why addicts keep coming back to rehab facilities time to time. What this theory has shown is that adults learn what they want to learn. Other things, even if acquired temporarily (i.e., for a test), are soon forgotten. Students, patients and clients may act as if they care ...

Click here to read more arrow

Social psychology theories

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

8 (2,921 )

Racism can be described as the prejudice and discrimination against people based on their ethnicity or race. It was previously thought of as a particular way of thinking and acting that referred to the idea of human races, and the differentiation and ranking of groups and individuals in terms of their natural phonotypical or genetic attributes (Wieviorka, 1997). However, this point of view did little to sufficiently ...

Click here to read more arrow

The history of projective testing

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

9 (3,583 )

The origins of projective approaches began in the very early years of human history. Wall cravings of symbols and signs of early ages were found in caves. For centuries, people are fascinated by meanings of paintings, images in clouds and the importance of meaning of dreams (Klopfer, 1973). From a famous story in Exodus in the Bible, Moses's dreams were thought to be projections of the future. ...

Click here to read more arrow

The boundaries between phenomenon and context

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

9 (3,557 )

The basic aim and objective of this chapter is to describe in perspective the research methodology that would be used to check the correlation between multinational oil corporation's participation in economic activities in Nigeria through the means of international trade policy and its effect on economic growth and the influence such corporations exert on international foreign trade policies of the host country Nigeria. In order to achieve ...

Click here to read more arrow

Defining Drug Addiction

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

20 (7,736 )

Sweet Jesus, Aunt Betty… the white ladys riding a white horse. Heroin, heroin … heroin and heroin, these are all slang words for one thing, heroin. It is back in full force. Heroin used to be predominantly used by poor, urban youth, but in recent years, it has grown more popular in the middle class, and affects suburban people of all ages. It is here and it ...

Click here to read more arrow

The History And Background Of Drug Addiction

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

5 (1,620 )

How do risk factors such as genetics and environment contribute to adolescents' susceptibility to substance use and abuse? One study suggests that genetics and environment may actually affect adolescents' susceptibility to substance abuse in different ways. Silberg, Rutter, D'Onofrio, & Eaves (2003), researchers and authors of Genetic and environmental risk factors in adolescent substance use, conducted a follow-up on the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development ...

Click here to read more arrow

Two theories of cognitive development

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

5 (1,637 )

This essay will explore similarities and differences between Piaget's and Vygotsky's respective theories in explanation of childhood cognitive development. Specifically it will examine their stances on the importance of social interactions in influencing development. I will give a brief overview of the four "grand theories" which initiate perspectives, epistemology and methodology within debates on development. Piaget's and Vygotsky's particular theories will then be outlined, with key terms ...

Click here to read more arrow

Case study: Cognitive Theories

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

7 (2,436 )

There are three predominantly cognitive theorists that will be discussed in this paper. They are Jean Piaget, Edward Chace Tolman, and Albert Bandura. This paper will discuss the theorist's main theories and the applications that their theories has on education. Jean Piaget's major theoretical concepts are intelligence, schemata, assimilation and accommodation, equilibration, and interiorization (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Edward Chace Tolman's major theoretical concepts are confirmation versus ...

Click here to read more arrow

Observation studying on an autistic child

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

9 (3,507 )

Nowadays, Autism is a very popular topic to discuss. Some biological experts said that genetics can cause autistic problem. Asperger's syndrome is one of them. People who have this syndrome may have normal or highly intelligent compare with other people. This syndrome is difficult to analysis because their intelligent can replace the autistic personality. The objective whose name is Z.H was born in 2004 in a Chinese ...

Click here to read more arrow

Skinner's Contributions And Influence On Modern Psychology

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

7 (2,550 )

This paper reviews and analyzes B. F. Skinners contributions to psychology. It is my intention to discuss the important influences of his methodological inventions and his interpretation of human and animal behaviors. Skinner's roots in classical and/ or early behaviorism guided him to develop and achieved greater results on his theories and studies related to external stimuli. Skinner's contributions, inventions, and writings have made him perhaps one ...

Click here to read more arrow

Evaluating five accounts for sleep and sleep deprivation

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

7 (2,487 )

Sleep deprivation has the potential to result in a range of problematic behaviour, from which serious adverse effects can result. In order to design a treatment it is critical to initially establish an understanding of what motivates normal and abnormal behaviour. This essay will evaluate the 5 different psychology perspectives to establish which has the best study methods, and their perception on the motivation for sleep and ...

Click here to read more arrow

The stroop effect and relation to selective attention

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

5 (1,969 )

Early "bottleneck theories of attention" (Edgar, 2007 p.17) allowed for only one channel of input to be semantically examined all other information was discarded. Later discrepancy to attention theory suggested that all inputs were examined but that a great deal of this is automatic and unconscious. However, automatic processes are hard to control and unlearn. This project is a study of the Stroop effect and how over ...

Click here to read more arrow

Children raised by a single parent

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

6 (2,112 )

Human development is incredibly unlikely to occur within an entirely context free situation but rather within a particular ecological setting consisting of the family, a school, a neighbourhood and a community, the social context of our world exists within a sequence of layers surrounding the individual. The purpose of this assignment is to critically analyse the research evidence which claims children raised in one parent families are ...

Click here to read more arrow

Measurements Statistics And Significant Digits

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

9 (3,349 )

Have you ever wondered why the package of MMs you just bought never seems to have enough of your favorite color? Why is it that you always seem to get the package of mostly brown M&Ms? Is the number of the different colors of M&Ms in a package really different from one package to the next, or does the Mars Company do something to insure that each ...

Click here to read more arrow

Evaluation of Rosenberg's self-esteem scale

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

6 (2,318 )

Psychological tests are tools used to measure differences between individuals or between the same individual under different circumstances. A psychological test is an objective and standardized measure of a sample of behavior. Before a test is released, researchers have to check its reliability and validity. By the term reliability it is meant consistency of scores obtained by the same person on different occasions. Validity of a test ...

Click here to read more arrow

Schizophrenic Serial Killer: David Richard Berkowitz

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

6 (2,278 )

David Richard Berkowitz also known as the son of Sam and the 44. Caliber Killer is an American serial killer, whose crimes terrorized New York City from July 1976 until his arrest in August 1977. He said, "I didn't want to hurt them; I only wanted to kill them." All serial killers think in the same way like David Berkowitz. (Freeessays, 2003) In my paper, I will ...

Click here to read more arrow

Quantitative And Qualitative Methodologies

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

7 (2,742 )

This essay analyses the key viewpoints underpinning the theory and 'critically evaluate the suitability of quantitative and qualitative methodologies to undertake an empirical research into procurement practice' through a literature review. However the way in which research is conducted may be conceived of in terms of the research philosophy subscribed to, the research strategy employed and so the research instruments utilised in the pursuit of a goal ...

Click here to read more arrow

What Is Emotional Resilience?

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

9 (3,287 )

Edith Grotberg defined resilience as the, Human capacity to deal with, overcome, learn from or even be transformed by the inevitable challenges of life. Emotional resilience has been widely recognised as one of the most important factors in the development of the personality. It has been defined in a number f ways and continues to develop. Emotional resilience look's at one's ability to adapt to stressful situations ...

Click here to read more arrow

Phenomenon of change blindness

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

6 (2,138 )

The phenomenon of change blindness refers to the extensive finding that people often fail to detect large changes in an object or visual scene. (Rensink, O'Regan & Clark, 1997; Simons & Levin, 1997; Simons and Rensink, 2005). Such a phenomenon has generated a great deal of interest within the discipline of psychology, resulting in a considerable amount of research being conducted in this subject area. Moreover, this ...

Click here to read more arrow

Consequences of child abuse and neglect

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

16 (6,342 )

Introduction Child abuse and neglect are an unfortunate reality for many children in our community. The past thirty years have witnessed a growth in our awareness of and attention to the problems faced by children exposed to violence in their homes. The consequences of maltreatment can be devastating. For over 30 years, clinicians have described the effects of child abuse and neglect on the physical, psychological, cognitive, ...

Click here to read more arrow

Strengths and weaknesses of biopsychology research

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

3 (1,154 )

Biopsychology In order to understand something it is important to know the history and have a definition. Biological psychology has been dated to Avicenna (980-1037 C.E.), a physician who recognized physiological psychology in the treatment of illnesses and linked the physical and psychological together. Behavioral neuroscience, also known as biological psychology (Breedlove, Rosenzweig & Watson, 2007), biopsychology (Pinel, 2009), or psychobiology (Dewsbury, 1991) is the application of ...

Click here to read more arrow

Gender Differences In Verbal Working Memory

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

6 (2,333 )

In his book the physiology of behavior Carlson (2005) defines learning as the process by which experiences change our nervous system and hence our behavior, he referred to these changes as memories. Carlson identified two systems of memory, short term memory and long term memory Short term memory is the system in the brain that enables individuals to store limited amounts of information or events for a ...

Click here to read more arrow

Person centered therapy and Gestalt Therapy

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

10 (3,784 )

"The first time I had to purchase psych meds, I was in my small home town. The pharmacist came outside warning me to buy the pills in the next town, or people would be gossiping behind my back in a nasty way. He meant well, but I was floored. I was diagnosed bipolar one 25 years ago, and I just can't see the stigma lessening. I think ...

Click here to read more arrow

Factors Affect University Students Alcohol Consumption

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

5 (1,976 )

Drinking alcohol can have some positive effects associated with it. For example, the social aspect of drinking alcohol and the relaxed and confident feelings that complement it shows an optimistic side to what is primarily seen as a negative habit. Bot, Engels and Knibbe (2005) found that young adults expected positive and arousing effects when consuming alcohol. Furthermore, research by Reich, Ariel, Darkes and Goldman (2012) has ...

Click here to read more arrow

Ethological Principles In The Study Of Animal Behaviour

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

6 (2,215 )

Today, the study of animal behaviour is as far reaching as it was for our hominin ancestors who must have had some sense of understanding of animal behaviour while navigating through ancestral African environments. The effects of behavioural research on contemporary civilizations contributes to many aspects of human social and medical research, as well as impacts topics in conservation, habitat/resource sustainability, food production, and population dynamics. Over ...

Click here to read more arrow

The Developmental Psychopathology Approach To ADHD

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

8 (3,061 )

Developmental psychopathology is a complex approach to studying childhood problems and atypical development, in the context of human development. There are many issues in defining and classifying abnormality, such as different levels of intensity of the problem. It is possible the child could outgrow the symptoms, this could be a phase the child is going through, for example being in a new environment as this can affect ...

Click here to read more arrow

The Psychology Of Facing Death

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

8 (3,022 )

I'm sorry to say this, but you have only a few more weeks to live.” Most of the time, when people get sick, their biggest fear would be to hear these exact words coming out of the doctor's mouth, directed towards them. People often feel great fear stirring within them once they are reminded of their mortality. “So, what now?” they might ask, not knowing what follows ...

Click here to read more arrow

Details of child and context of the observation

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

8 (2,918 )

We would suggest that, prior to any action; social workers need to be capable of taking an observational stance to give themselves the possibility of objectivity in coming to their conclusions. The observational stance requires them to be aware of the environment, the verbal and non-verbal interaction; to be aware of their own responses as a source of invaluable data, provided they are aware of what comes ...

Click here to read more arrow

Change Their Health Behaviours

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

5 (1,931 )

Health psychology does recognise the importance of looking at behaviour change models and it also recognises that half of premature deaths in developed countries are caused by specific risk factors. These include; smoking/tobacco use, alcohol abuse, physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary habits, unsafe sexual practices, non adherence to effective medication regimes and to screening programs. The impact of these risk behaviours on health is of such magnitude that ...

Click here to read more arrow

Marrs theory and a complete account of perception

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

6 (2,253 )

Visual perception plays great importance in peoples everyday lives. It is an interpretation of what humans and animals take in trough their senses. Perception helps us to interact with people, to play a sport, to judge a situation and mostly having accurate visual perception helps humans and animals to survive by being able to react to outside stimuli. Perception happens so effortlessly that it is hard to ...

Click here to read more arrow

Increasingly Becoming More Health Conscious

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

8 (2,820 )

Society today is increasingly becoming more health conscious with the ever growing obesity rates and widespread awareness of the health implications resulting from being overweight. In 2010 it was stated that 26% of the UK were classified as obese and 62.8% of people over the age of 16 were overweight (HSCIC, 2012a)(Department of health, 2012). Updated figures are forecasted to be higher than this and are being ...

Click here to read more arrow

Men and Midlife Crisis: Coping With Trauma, Causes and Treatment

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

8 (3,007 )

Introduction The debate on "mid-life crisis" is hot and unending, no individual in a relationship likes to here of this "jargon". There are different opinions as to what the term "Mid-life-crisis" stands for, when it begins, its causes and how to better handle it. Many however agree that "mid-life-crisis" is a "normal developmental phase" in one's life. This generally means that we all/or will experience it-both men ...

Click here to read more arrow

Theories About Emotional Intelligence

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

5 (1,698 )

Among all the theories about emotional intelligence, those proposed by Mayer and Salovey and Petrides have generated the most interest in terms of research and application. Each of their theoretical paradigms conceptualise Emotional Intelligence (EI) from one of two perspectives: as a form of pure intelligence consisting of cognitive ability only (Mayer & Salovey, 1990), or as a group of personality traits (Petrides & Furnham, 2001). The ...

Click here to read more arrow

Mass Communication Research Principles And Process

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

17 (6,690 )

With the mass media spreading its wings wider and wider and growing widely, research in this field is also getting immensely popular. Whole world rests on process of communication and mass communication with the growth of technology has shown an immense growth all over the world. From nautanki to street plays to print media like books, newspapers, magazines and electronic media like radio and T.V. have shown ...

Click here to read more arrow

Rescorla Wagner Learning

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

8 (3,122 )

Rescorla Wagner Learning Critically evaluate the contributions of the Rescorla-Wagner model to our understanding of associative learning. The Rescorla-Wagner model is widely regarded as the most influential and groundbreaking theory of associative learning, providing a clear mathematical solution to the complex phenomena of classical conditioning. Early theories on classical conditioning for many years subscribed themselves to Pavlov’s (1927, as cited in Gross 1994) simple explanation to of ...

Click here to read more arrow

Effects of testing distance on visual acuity measures

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

12 (4,726 )

Visual Acuity is one of the most important baseline examinations of any ophthalmic investigation; however the method of carrying out this test varies between clinicians from chart type to distance of testing. There is limited evidence available correlating the results of measurements between these distances. This student will establish a comparison of Visual Acuity (VA) measurements at 3 meters and at 6 meters. It will also examine ...

Click here to read more arrow

Hate and prejudice is not inevitable

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

3 (996 )

Prejudice can come in different types. It can come about on biases such as gender and race. Even people of the same background can experience prejudice because of their economic and social status. Everyone experiences prejudice so it cannot be avoidable but it can be reduced (Sandhu & Brown, 1996). Prejudice is negative feelings towards someone or something without knowing the facts about that person or thing ...

Click here to read more arrow

Different parenting styles and child rearing

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

8 (3,039 )

Since 1930, scientists have been concerned with questions like "What is the best way to educate children?" and "What are the consequences that may be caused in the development of children raised by different parenting styles?" (Darling and Steinberg,1993). During the early 1960s, psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a study on more than 100 preschool-age children (Baumrind, 1967). Using naturalistic observation, parental interviews and other research methods, she ...

Click here to read more arrow

Impact Of Parenting Styles On Adolescent Emotional Maturity

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

8 (3,113 )

A large proportion of adolescents suffer different maladaptive problems such as depression, suicidal attempts aggressiveness and antisocial behavior, and drug abuse. There is a clear and well established relationship between parental behaviors and their children's childhood and early adolescence behaviour patterns. Adolescence is characterized by innumerable and unique problems. Family, which plays an important role in the personality development of adolescents, is undergoing structural, emotional and interactional ...

Click here to read more arrow

Effects of physical punishment on moral development

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

15 (5,650 )

Disciplinary incidents are central to moral development because disciplinary practices assist to inculcate moral standards and values that form the basis for self-controlled behaviour and in the process resolve the salient conflicts between self and societal interests within the child (Brody & Shaffer, 1982; Hoffman, 1983). Amongst the various disciplinary methods, physical punishment is widely practised across different cultures and countries. The present study focuses on non-abusive ...

Click here to read more arrow

Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

9 (3,301 )

3.1 Introduction This section describes the methods used in carrying out this research. Methodology is an overall approach to research process, from theoretical underpinning to the collection of data (Collis and Hussey, 2003). This section informs the reader of research design, whether it is explanatory, descriptive or he exploratory, and why a particular design is design is chosen. It informs the reader about the primary and secondary ...

Click here to read more arrow

A sociological perspective on ADHD

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

8 (3,039 )

in educational and specialization communication. According to Ideus this is not only due to the politicisation and medicalisation of the condition, but also due to the current cultural respect to medical and psychiatric subjects. She argues that more and more popular belief is polarised in the United States by the advocacy groups and the media into ADHD group and ADHD sceptics. She argues that it is not ...

Click here to read more arrow

What Is Mental Toughness?

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

4 (1,431 )

In recent years, professional sport has progressively become more business-like with an emphasis on efficiency, effectiveness and winning. This has resulted in greater scrutiny and analysis of player performances in the media and by coaching staff, consequentially leading to an increased use of sports psychology by teams and individuals (Golby & Sheard, 2004; Bull, Shambrook, James & Brooks, 2005). Mental toughness is widely regarded as an important ...

Click here to read more arrow

The Need for Affiliation

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

5 (1,756 )

Previous research findings have concluded that human beings have a need to affiliate themselves with their peers, especially in stressful situations. An experiment conducted by Schachter (1959) assumed that when faced with a particularly difficult stressor we seek the company of those individuals that are in the same predicament as ourselves. This paper seeks to analyze the theory behind the need for affiliation and to thwart the ...

Click here to read more arrow

Psychometric study of academic self efficacy scale

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

18 (7,072 )

The development of Malaysia industries, infrastructures and ensuring the general well being of the country by Malaysian engineers cannot be underestimated. A new of engineering education model have been introduced to develop the interpersonal skills deal with public effectively as well as the technically competent ( Johari, 2002). In order to develop the interpersonal skills among Malaysia future engineers, a research in psychology well being have to ...

Click here to read more arrow

Imprinting And Human Attachment Behaviours

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

5 (1,862 )

Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian ethologist (a scientist who studies animals en their natural environment) was one of the first to study this aspect of animal behaviour. Imprinting refers to an inbuilt tendency for a young animal to follow a moving object qith it forms an attachment. Lorenz conducted his original observations with greylag goslings who were reared from the egg by human keepers and did not mix ...

Click here to read more arrow

Diagnostic And Therapeutic Use Of Prisms

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

12 (4,506 )

The study aims to investigate the present use of prisms in ophthalmic settings in patients with binocular vision problems for diagnostic and therapeutic use. The study will also investigate other methods of correction (i.e. surgical and nonsurgical) and diagnosis. 1. Introduction Prisms are normally grounded and polished transparent materials shaped geometrically and optically. Usually materials include glass and plastic. In optics, prisms are transparent optical elements that ...

Click here to read more arrow

Psychological research and theory can inform counselling

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

4 (1,330 )

Counsellors need qualities such as genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding along with a good communication, according to Sutton & Stewart (2008). To start a solid trustworthy therapeutic progress, these necessary elements are required for the counsellor to offer best to the clients (Sutton & Stewart, 2008).But a vital ingredient for the enhancement and progress of the client- counsellor relationship is the obligation of the counsellor ...

Click here to read more arrow

The Cheating In Relationships

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

6 (2,167 )

Cheating in relationships is a subject that often times inflicts emotion in those who encounter this situation. Male and female college students can have different outlooks in situations, so what is considered cheating in relationships would make no difference, and those who are from different age groups often times see things differently, with the younger you are the more radically the thinking style with the style being ...

Click here to read more arrow

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood: Self Regulation

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

5 (1,995 )

The developmental stage of middle childhood promotes many changes to a child's life. At this stage, the majority of children can successful engage with a range of everyday practices that may involve areas pertaining to the use of problem solving skills, decision making and motor movement. Posner & Rothbart (2000) reinforce that during middle childhood the development of a child's independence is forming from their engagement with ...

Click here to read more arrow

Relationship Between Biological Factors And Behavior

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

3 (1,080 )

The methods used to study the brain have evolved significantly over the past century. Brain imaging technologies are used to investigate the relationship between behavior and brain structures. They can be used to diagnose a patient with Alzheimer's, epilepsy or tumors as well as to research into brain localization, causes of behavior and the impact of the environment on the brain. In the early to mid-1900's, psychologists ...

Click here to read more arrow

Why people become attracted to each other

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

11 (4,378 )

Once upon a time, John met Jenny. They fell in love. They married, had children and presumably will live happily ever after. This is a common love story, and leads us to wonder why people become attracted to each other. Is it because they are similar? Research (Byrne, 1971) has shown that people are attracted to those immediately similar to them and this could lead to marriage. ...

Click here to read more arrow

Qualitative research sampling

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

5 (1,708 )

The main difference between quantitative and qualitative research is their method of selecting samples. First, quantitative research is a scientific method using probability sampling while qualitative research is non-probability sampling method. Quantitative sampling is random selection which means every member of population has equal chance of being selected (Del Balso and Lewis 2005). It emphasizes on selecting a large size of samples for generating and ensuring the ...

Click here to read more arrow

The effectiveness of interview process for an employee

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

14 (5,303 )

This paper attempted to find out the Effectiveness of Interview process for an Employee Selection Method. This manuscript reviews the literature in order to summarize, integrate, and evaluate the many ways interviews can be structured. The use of valid selection methods is an important prerequisite for good selection decision making .This review is focused on interview's effectiveness as one of the selection method. From the point of ...

Click here to read more arrow

Human Development: Perspectives and Theories

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

5 (1,805 )

The evolutionary perspective argues that many human behavioural tendencies evolved through biological necessity to help our ancestors survive and reproduce. Psychological processes have evolved through the natural selection of biological traits that helped organisms adapt to their environment. Evolution biologically selects organisms that maximise their reproductive success. The cognitive perspective was not considered as best fit because how we develop cognitively is only one part of the ...

Click here to read more arrow

Stressors And The Causes Of Stress

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

4 (1,440 )

According to the labour force survey and the NIOSH report 40 of employee reported for stressful work environment Stress.org, 2000. Stress has become an unwanted but an integral part of jobs among all organisations. Increased stress level of employees is caused by growing competition. The financial crisis and recession of 2008, made organisations, to look into efficient use of resources and cost cutting, thus going through restructuring, ...

Click here to read more arrow

Color therapy in mental health and well being

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

5 (1,884 )

Color therapy is the use of color in a variety of ways to promote health and healing. The different colors we see in the world around us are the result of the eye perceiving light vibrating at different frequencies. Sunlight, or full-spectrum light, holds all the wavelengths of color in the visible spectrum (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, and magenta) as well as infrared and ...

Click here to read more arrow

A personalised induction: Always more effective?

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

6 (2,267 )

This essay will discuss the topic 'if a personalised induction is always more effective' and will look at theoretical concepts and techniques. We will be looking at the permissive technique through the work of Erickson and on the opposite end of the scale we will take a look at the use of authoritarian screeds through the work of Hull and Freud, whom were known as more traditional ...

Click here to read more arrow

The PEACE Investigative Interviewing

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

15 (5,969 )

In spite of the establishment of PACE, large number of interviews were informally trained and learnt on the job. This partly explains nation why judges believed some interview behaviour was unsuitable and unacceptable (see chapter 1). Public confidence in the police service was compromised and it was necessary to train its officers in an effort to ameliorate interviewing performance. This perception of police interviewing led to the ...

Click here to read more arrow

Challenges facing mental health problems

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

10 (3,971 )

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate and access the challenges facing mental health consumers to retain or rebuild a meaningful and valued life. The study was based on looking at mental health statistics, examining current trends in mental health services, treatments, pharmacology, and dual diagnosis management, and rehabilitation, vocational, educational, and transitional services. This paper is based partially on a report that came out ...

Click here to read more arrow

Development and Child Rearing

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

8 (2,846 )

There are many and varied methods of child rearing used, these are based on culture and tradition. However, the idea of corporal punishment as a method of asserting a parents power over the child has been discredited in many countries and other methods have been advocated as being ethically correct and more effective in the long run. Discuss paying attention to different child rearing styles, including methods ...

Click here to read more arrow

Social Cognition And Health Belief Behaviours

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

6 (2,208 )

The definition of health behaviours are, any activity done by a person who believes himself as healthy so that he will prevent himself from disease or find it in the stage when it is asymptomatic (Kasl and Cobb 1966).The health behaviours study based on two premises, in nations who are industrialized the main causes of deaths are some behaviour patterns which can be changeable (Stroebe and Stroebe, ...

Click here to read more arrow

Two Parts to a Double Dissociation

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

8 (2,941 )

"Organisms, at one level, are obviously collections of parallel systems that are potentially independent, although normally interactive." (Weiskrantz, 1990) The argument of separate visual processing streams is a long and turbulent one, which stems largely from Ungerleider and Mishkin's (1982) early work with monkeys. Following this research, Mishkin, Ungerleider, and Macko (1983) suggested two streams of processing. They characterised the ventral stream as the "what" route, used ...

Click here to read more arrow

Case study: Developmental Theories

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

5 (1,798 )

This paper will compare and contrast three developmental theories we have learned about throughout this class: social learning theory, psychoanalytic theory, and the psychosocial theory. Developmental theories are beneficial to understand the behavior of a child, and though some may seem very different, they can share many similarities. These theories help people to understand the advances in childhood and the different stages they occur in. These three ...

Click here to read more arrow

What Is Biological Psychology?

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

4 (1,548 )

Pinel highlights several types of research methods that are used within biological psychology. These include experiments which are used by scientists who want to determine cause and effect and nonexperiments which usually consist of quasiexperiments or case studies. Both human and nonhuman subjects can be used in research and rats, mice and primates are among the most common nonhuman subjects used. Research can also be either pure ...

Click here to read more arrow

Repercussions Of Childhood Trauma

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

8 (2,938 )

`"An estimated 905,000 children were victims of child abuse or neglect in 2006. While physical injuries may or may not be immediately visible, abuse and neglect can have consequences for children, families, and society that last lifetimes, if not generations." (Childwelfare). We are all conceived, born and nurtured. Each individual has to mature, struggling through hardships faced by society. In these instances the world feels dark and ...

Click here to read more arrow

Comparison Of Two Selected Memory Models

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

4 (1,552 )

This essay will look at the study of memory. It will compare two selected memory models those being Atkinson and Shiffrin's multi store model (1968) and Craik and Lockhart's Levels of processing model (1972). It will explain the theory behind each model and compare and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of both. The essay will also include case studies and experiments carried out in conjunction with the ...

Click here to read more arrow

Job design theories since Hackman and Oldham

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

4 (1,487 )

Hackman and Odhams Job Characteristic model (JCM) has been used extensively for many years as a outline to understanding five key characteristics to promote satisfaction and motivation within a work place. These five factors are " skill variety, task identity, task significance autonomy and feedback from the job" (Hackman and Oldham 1976) these characteristics in turn promote psychological states " experience of meaningfulness, experience of outcome responsibility, ...

Click here to read more arrow

Does Music Have Any Effects On The Brain?

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

10 (3,750 )

Music can have a very strong influence; is it strong enough to affect your brain? Music is an art of sound that expresses ideas and emotions through the elements of rhythm, melody, harmony, and colour. The power and influence of music on individuals is a psychological process involving the human ears, body, brain, and nervous system. Besides its pleasing effects to the ears, it has been established ...

Click here to read more arrow

Understanding People With A Intellectual Disability

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

3 (986 )

Intellectual disability is a disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social and practical adaptive skills before the age of eighteen (Luckasson et al.,2002 p.1). There are three characteristics identifying children with intellectual disabilities; mild, moderate, and severe disabilities. In the mild intellectual disabilities children in second or third grade are not identify until they enter school ...

Click here to read more arrow

Participant Observation And Covert Research

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

9 (3,407 )

While critically evaluating Norris work outlined in the four forms of participant observation, it is essential to understand the key linkage between participant observation and ethnography in the research process. According to Bryman and Bell (2003), concepts of ethnography and participant observation have been difficult to distinguish from each other as both involve extended involvement of the researcher in the social life of his/her research subjects. In ...

Click here to read more arrow

The Relationships Between Identity And Language

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

5 (1,671 )

Identity in its simplest definition is 'who I am'. If a person asked me who I am, definitely what comes into my mind is that this person wants to know your name. Assuming that the same person asking me 'who I am' knows my name, then this person is looking for a more profound identity of the real me. The person wants to know who you are ...

Click here to read more arrow

Research In Individual Differences

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

4 (1,319 )

Decision making is the selection between several options . we make many decisions a day(e.g. when we go to the grocery store and choose a bottle of milk , when we select a tv channel, when we decide what to prepare and eat for breakfast, whether we buy a new DVD player or save the money for our next holiday trip.) most of our decisions might occur ...

Click here to read more arrow

Impact Of Emotional Intelligence On Conflict Management

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

16 (6,325 )

Purpose - This paper aims at exploring the role of emotional intelligence in affecting the conflict management styles used. Design/methodology/approach - A self-administered questionnaire was used to survey 233 employees from several banks. Correlation and regression was used to analyze the results. The findings are discussed in the paper along with some recommendations for managers and researchers. Findings - The results revealed a significantly positive relationship between ...

Click here to read more arrow

Contributions of systemic ideas to psychological therapeutic practice

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

16 (6,264 )

The systemic approach is essentially a contextual approach to therapy. That is it views the presence of illness or dysfunction as being located within the family system rather than in one of its individual members (Asen, 2002). Practitioners use the term systemic rather than family therapy, because being at the receiving end of family therapy can have strong connotations of blame (Asen, 2002). Systemic ideas have led ...

Click here to read more arrow

The effects of stress on police

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

6 (2,239 )

First of all, stress is the body's reaction to internal and external stimuli that interferes with the body's normal state. It usually upsets this normal state. The stimuli that cause stress can be physical, mental, or emotional. The body has to react to stressful situations which are called the flight-or-fight response. ( ) Stress can weaken and disturb the body's defense mechanisms and may play a role ...

Click here to read more arrow

Three ways psychologists have defined stress

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

7 (2,757 )

It is not easy to find a generally acceptable definition of stress. So many people have their own distinctive ways of defining stress. However, stress can be defined as the body's response to situations that poses demand, constraints or opportunities. Usually, it results from interactions between persons and their environment that are understood as straining or exceeding their adaptive capacities and threatening their well- being. More recently, ...

Click here to read more arrow

Quantitative methodology into workplace bullying in NHS

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

8 (3,171 )

This chapter makes a case for the use of a quantitative methodology to investigate workplace bullying in NHS psychologists. Participant selection, data collection and analysis procedures are outlined, followed by a discussion about ethical issues. It will conclude with a brief discussion about some of the methodological issues and dilemmas encountered in the study (INCLUDE IF UNDER POWER). Before moving on to discuss the methods used, it ...

Click here to read more arrow
ORDER TODAY!

Our experts are ready to assist you, call us to get a free quote or order now to get succeed in your academics writing.

Get a Free Quote Order Now