Non participant observation and self reports

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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Observation and self-report are appropriate data collection methods for health care studies, given that much of the health care providers' professional lives are spent observing and interviewing patients. Researchers who use observation aim to describe practice and behaviours as they unfold, collecting 'first hand' data from the research setting itself. Self-report measures use the perceptions of the participants themselves to study needs assessments and evaluations. Non-Participant Observation ...

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Psychosocial crises that shape personality

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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Personality is a complex and enduring aspect of humans that govern all interactions. Of the many theories and models of personality, Erik Erikson has proposed a psychosocial theory which accounts for social influences on the development of an individual's personality. Of a psychoanalytic background, Erikson believed that childhood experiences are important in personality development, but not that development had a sexual focus and only occurred during childhood ...

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A Grounded Theory Analysis of Bereavement

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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Almost all people tell stories. The stories that people tell are not chance occurrences. Rather they often recount important events in the teller's life - births, marriages and deaths (Bruner, 1990, 1991; Gersie, 1991). For example, Bruner (1991) suggests that stories are told about events which are departures from the ordinary, so it is possible to argue that major life-events are worthy of storytelling because they are ...

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Strengths And Weaknesses Of Experimentation

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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Construction management (CM) research examines real-world means and methods in an effort to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the construction industry. The academia has a critical role in developing the new knowledge that construction practitioners need to envision, undertake, and sustain successful innovation. However, the new knowledge created by the academia often does not satisfy the needs of practitioners. One reason for this unfortunate situation is ...

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What Are The Causes Of Autism?

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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Over the years, autism has increasingly become people's concerns. According to Shauntay (2010) , autism is defined as "a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life". Surprisingly, the number of children with autism has increased alarmingly. In accordance with the latest statistics of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of autistic patients increased by 78% from 2002 to ...

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Primary and secondary research

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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This chapter will be exploring the various types of research strategies that can be used for both primary and secondary research, taking into account the strategy and approach that best suites the acquisition of information and analsis of data relevant to the subject matter. This report is aimed at exploring the importance of stakeholder management as an effective tool in the rich oil and gas Niger-Delta region ...

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Alzheimers disease and music therapy

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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The uses of music to improve the lives of people with dementia and Alzheimer's disease are vast and have been investigated for decades. When reviewing the literature addressing the impact of music and music therapy interventions with dementia patients, many benefits emerge. Individuals decrease problem behaviors, increase social skills, improve emotional and cognitive skills, make gains in maintaining and improving active involvement, and have improved recall and ...

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Research: Investigation of a problem

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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4.1 Introduction The process of finding a solution to a problem after a thorough study and analysis of the situational factor is known as research (Sekaran-2000). This implies that research is an organized and systematic investigation of a problem. In a research, there are various methods, techniques and instruments been use to gather the information. After gathering the information's, those information's need to be analyzed and evaluated align ...

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Jung's Theory of Personality

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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Describe and evaluate Jung's theory concerning personality types and their relationship to different forms of psychological disturbance. Introduction In addition to his contribution as a pioneering psychiatrist, Carl Gustav Jung's influence extended across an astonishing spectrum including medicine, psychology, art, literature, religion, science, and the humanities (Dunne, p.8). His wide-ranging vision consistently pointed the way for a revolution in psychic and spiritual understanding, and his work provided ...

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What Is Naturalistic Observation?

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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Naturalistic observation which sometimes called field work or field observation occurs when a researcher observes a person or group in their natural habitat while restricting their own effect on the individual or group. Cozby and Bates (2012) highlighted that in a naturalistic observation, a researcher makes observations of people in their natural environment. Cozby and Bates (2012) also emphasized that both humans and animals could be used ...

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Academic Procrastination And Academic Achievement

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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Academic procrastination has almost always been a substantial reason for poor academic performance especially among student who are academically capable which is shown in a study done by Onwuegbuzie and Jiao (2000), where 95% of students engage in academic procrastination in a college level while approximately 60% procrastinate at a graduate level. Despite students knowing that procrastination leads to poorer academic performance, students rarely try overcome procrastination ...

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Guilty Feelings We Tend to Have

03 Oct 2016 09 May 2017

7 (2,572 )

Introduction: Guilt can come from many different situations. The event or many events that I will be focusing in this paper is the guilt that comes with my obligations towards my family whether it’s me volunteering to take care of my siblings, doing the small things, or helping maintain the house operative. Some humans feel the obligation to do certain things for others. They could do these ...

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A study on thinking, language and intelligence

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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Thinking is the capability to manipulate words and images. It requires understanding, recalling, processing information as well as the ability to communicate. According to cognitive psychology, mind is involved in perceptions organization, processing information as well as interpreting experiences. Thus, development of concept help one to simplify thing through grouping the available information of events, ideas, objects, persons among other which have commonalities. As a result this ...

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Mental Retardation Disability

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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Mental Retardation Disability Introduction Mental retardation is a disability that is characterized by significant limitations that are both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior that are expressed in conceptual, social and practical skills. This will mean that such a problem will be from the age of about 18 years of age. This problem can occur to people from all races; ethnic, educational and social background meaning this ...

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The Limbic System Human Brain Function

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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The limbic system can arguably be stated as the parts of the brain responsible for those functions that make us all human. The structures of the limbic system are very much related to what is necessary for our survival. The limbic structures are involved in memory and emotions such as anger, fear, and pleasure, which include feelings experienced after eating or sexual behavior. The limbic system is ...

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Psychology Of The Nazi Obedience

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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The Holocaust is known as one of the most devastating, or perhaps even the most devastating incident in human history. The mass executions, the terrible conditions, the ruthlessness, and the passivity of the majority of witnesses to the traumatic events all seem like a giant, twisted story blown out of proportion to scare children. In a time of desperation, when a country was on its knees to ...

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Self Love, Self Confidence And Self Esteem

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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During clinical rotation of Mental health nursing in Karwan-e- Hayyat, I interviewed a 34 years old male patient who is diagnosed with schizophrenia. He wants to become a doctor but due to low grades he was not selected for premedical later he did his graduation and unable to complete his studies from university. He is unmarried living with his parents and brother who is mentally retarded. He ...

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Scientific perspectives on positivism and hermeneutics

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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The purpose of this chapter is to describe the method that how the work will be carried out and what approach we have chosen. The aim of this research design is to answer the main questions. We would also present the overview of the choice of methods used for data collection, analysis and the results of the data. Research perspective There are two main scientific perspectives, positivism ...

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Moral development in children

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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Introduction As with the rest of human life, morality and moral education have an outside and an inside. Seen from the outside, morality provides a way of getting along with others, and from the inside it is a way of getting along with oneself. More crudely, moral education is at once a necessary condition for social control and an indispensable means of self-realisation. Most of us, including ...

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How people recall memories

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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In 1932 British psychologist Frederick Bartlet put forward a theory of how people organise and recall memory. His idea was that memory is not like a video recorder that can be played back, but that in fact there are a number of factors that lead to distortion and reconstruction of information. His theory is known as reconstructive memory and his ideas are still in use in current ...

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Factors for Schizophrenia

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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Schizophrenia has been diagnosed by one percent of the population all over the world. There is a cultural differences pertaining to the perception of what causes the syndrome of schizophrenia. While studying the causes of schizophrenia, one must understand how genetic, biological, and environmental factors contribute to causes of the disorder. Background Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disease. It affects millions of people worldwide. ...

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Concept of lateralisation of function in the brain

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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The concept of brain lateralisation is part of the main cerebral asymmetry in the brain. Laterality of function can be affected by environmental factors as much as genetical factors, such as gender, handedness and emotion. Lateralisation is relative however not absolute because both hemispheres play a role in everyday behaviour. The left hemisphere is well known for the construction of language and the right hemisphere is known ...

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Attribution Theory on human health behaviors

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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The analysation of health behavior is grounded on two premises, like in nations where industrialization is more particular, ratio of fatality from main reason of decease is a certain behavior pattern which is changeable (Stroebe and Stroebe 1995). It is now clearly known that people play active part in their health by adapting certain health behaviors like doing exercise and stay away from some others things like ...

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Literature review on the research of narcissism

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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This paper explores mainly on three published research articles which report on results from research conducted on narcissism. Many research articles related to narcissism have been published. Some published research articles use theory to explain about narcissism while some use point of view. This paper chooses the research articles which use theory to do the explanation in the research. The chosen published research articles, however, vary in ...

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Image And Impression Management

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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This sections aims to uncover and analyze past researches that had been done by other researchers on related topics of image and impression management. This chapter, will provide the theoretical foundation for this research. First, the historical background of impression management will be discussed. Second, the definition and scope of impression management will be examined. Review should contain critical evaluation and discussion of other related research. Image ...

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Are faces special? How?

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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Most of the people use faces to recognize others. Faces are important to signal identity, gender, race, mood, gaze direction, attractiveness and etc, however, faces would be hard to be differentiated due to the problem of structural similarity. It had been argued whether faces are special which are treated diversely from other objects by the brain (Farah, 1996, as cited in Liu & Chaudhuri, 2003; Liu & ...

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The Effect of Alzheimer's on Cognition

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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Alzheimer's Disease Memory - Effect of Alzheimer's on Cognition The statement by Ronald Reagan that he had Alzheimer's disease spurred the American public into identifying their own exposure in a way no other public figure has done. Norman Rockwell and Rita Hayworth, both victims of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), were beloved and admired, but they were not former presidents of the United States and did not have the ...

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Stress is all in the mind

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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The concept stress is a popular theme used by people to suggest a state of distress. From my experience, I have observed people become apprehensive over certain issues while others within similar circumstances show less or no concern. Obviously, people behave differently but what makes a person to show less or no concern over situations that make others nervous? In view of the topic, I intend to ...

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Occupational science and therapy

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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This essay will attempt an explanation of occupational science and its' value for the Occupational Therapy profession in viewing occupational experiences, looking at the core skill of activity/occupation analyses in professional practice, and how this applies to the process of occupational analysis with a chosen personal occupational performance to discuss the 'form, function and meaning' of a personal experience and will conclude with an evaluation of how ...

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The Impacts Of Music On Health

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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In December 2007, Dr. Claudius Conrad conducted a test on the healing effects of music. He made post-operative critical care patients listen to Mozart piano sonatas and found a 50% increase in pituitary growth hormone, which he asserted curbs inflammation and created a sedative effect. On top of that, the patients experienced a 20% drop in the stress hormones epinephrine and interleukin-6, and a reduced need for ...

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Detecting Deception From Nonverbal Behaviours

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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Deception involves various factors that influence behaviours (Kraut, 1980). Three theoretical perspectives (the emotional, cognitive effort and attempted behavioural control) are often used to explain the relationship between deception and behavior. Depaulo, Lindsay et al's (2003) meta-analysis of cues to deception summarized 158 indicators of cues and 1338 estimates from previous studies, compared to truth tellers, liars tend to have more tense voice, less pleasant looking faces, ...

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Piaget's theory of cognitive development

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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Jean Piaget (1896-1980) is well known for his theories of development which have been a hot subject not only for psychology but also for educational fields (Berger 1988). The following text is going to discuss the main features of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Furthermore, is going to analyze the concepts of schemas, the developmental stages, assimilation - accommodation and finally, equilibrium. Jean Piaget was a Swiss ...

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Mental Status Examination

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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In order to thoroughly evaluate, Jason it would be very helpful if a Mental Status Examination is conducted. The MSE would give insight to the examinees thought process, thought content, perception, and cognition. Also, the examiner would be able to document the examinee's appearance, mood, and affect. A semi-structural interview style may be the best approach to conduct the MSE. This approach would have standard questions but ...

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Parenting Styles: Child's Holistic Development

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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This book speaks about the effects of family, school and culture on the social, emotional and personality development of children. It addresses the topic of social and emotional development and the impact the parenting styles have on it. Additionally, it focuses on the effect of development and family influences on the topic. Jannette B. Benson and Marshall M. Hiath both have a Doctorate in Philosophy and have ...

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Study on experimental cognitive psychology

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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It is very likely, that the worst part about this scenario would not be the pain, neither amputation, nor even the possibility of death, but the worst part would be the immediate thought that might come in mind; "this moment a shark is going to attack me." (English translation of passage taken from: http://tech.pathfinder.gr/xpaths/unexplained/622736.html ) By this simple example we can clearly view the complexity of the ...

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Case Study: Psychological Disorders

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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A psychological disorder can occur at any stage in one's life and to anyone. Much like a physical disease such as cancer, they do not discriminate. In our society, there seems to be certain stigmas and stereotypes attached to psychological disorders (although there is more understanding in recent years) and counseling for them, even though many may be overcome, or at least managed in this way, and ...

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Quantitative Research About Likert Scales

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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A scale is basically a continuous spectrum or series of categories and has been defined as any series of items that are arranged progressively according to value or magnitude, into which an item can be placed according to its quantification. Likert Scales originally being developed from 1946 to 1970 by a sociologist, Rensis Likert at the University of Michigan. It was being used initially as psychological attitudes ...

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Stress: Effects on nursing staff

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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Job stress has become an increasingly common outcome of today's dynamic life. Stress in the workplace is better understood as the psychological state that represents an imbalance or inconsistency between an employee's perceptions of the demands and their ability to cope with those demands. Most jobs consist of situations or events that employees find stressful; however, some jobs encounter more job-related stress than others. It is now ...

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Social Psychological Research

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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What are the strengths and weaknesses of a 'critical' compared to a 'traditional' approach to social psychological research? Limit your answer to one (or possibly two) areas of relevant research. How does one identify self and are there a universal set of constructs that humans use in creating and living that identity? Such are the questions of social psychology, yet the ways in which theorists and practitioners ...

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Personality Development Erikson's Eight Stages

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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 A pool of 208 items that survived a clinical analysis was administered to 528 subjects and then factor analyzed. It focuses on life-span development. Due to this fact, the study reports on the development and initial validation of an instrument, the Inventory of psychosocial balance (IPB). It was designed to measure all eight stages, with a primary focus on its implementation to adult subjects. The method is ...

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Explain multi store model of memory

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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Many theorists suggest that the memory system is divided into three stores. A significant theory of this type was proposed by Atikinson and Shiffrin (1968) and this essay is going to explain and evaluate the multi-store model of memory. Apart from becoming the standard description of the memory system; it is also belived that, their model was raised from the information processing approach, which in turn is ...

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Study on the definition of Motivated Forgetting

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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In our memory system we do forget sometimes. Based on Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the founder of psychoanalysis. The major contribution in the memory research explained why we forget by Freud. 'Motivated forgetting' is developed by Freud for the painful or traumatic memories are 'banished' from the unconscious awareness and it will be forgotten too. Some of this circumstances can resurface when it's cause discomfort and emotional distress. ...

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Factors That Cause Or Influence Schadenfreude

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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When another experiences a misfortune, we can have several emotional responses, one of which is Schadenfreude. Described by numerous psychologists as the "delighting at the misfortune of others" (Sorrow) Schadenfreude is as common an emotion in us all as happiness and sadness. The rules and constructs of society however have categorized it as a negative and even sinful emotion as declared in the Book of Proverbs, "Rejoice ...

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Psychology: The Heritability Of Intelligence

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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One of the many popular controversies in psychology is the heritability of intelligence. While psychologists have sufficient reason to believe that the environment that an individual is exposed to plays the most important role in shaping his intellect, genetic engineers have repeatedly proven the role of genetics as being omnipotent. Despite extensive researches carried in both genetics as well as psychology over the past two centuries, concrete ...

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Validity and reliability of assessment in medical education

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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Assessments have become a hallmark of the quality of any educational system and with a greater understanding of learning and developments in the field of psychometrics, assessors and test developers have been held accountable for the inferences that are made on the basis of the assessment scores. This has led to validation exercises in assessment and all educational assessors have to consider validity at some point of ...

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Effectiveness of group therapy

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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This chapter presents a review of some of the major theoretical approaches, which attempt to examine the effectiveness of therapy of group and family contribution in the treatment process. Thus we will look at, existing studies and support on group therapy as an effective method of treatment, and, family contribution to a substance addict individual, and family therapy. "By the crowd they have been broken; by the ...

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Using Observation As A Tool In Research

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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According to Cohen L et al (2009,p396) one of the distinctive feature of observation as a research process is that it offers the investigators the opportunity to gather live data from naturally occurring social situation. Therefore we can say that observation is one way to gather information directly on what's happening in a school or classroom rather than relying on second-hand. Five dimensions of observation have been ...

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Advantages of visual object and space perception battery

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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Ans. Neuropsychological assessment is incomplete without the visual and space perception (Warrington & James, 1991 as cited in Bonello et al., 1997). Visual object and space perception (VOSP) is a new measure of perception which aims to assess those skills which people who have suffered from a right hemisphere damage show deficits (Bonello et al., 1997). VOSP is made up of eight subtests (four of object perception ...

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Cognitive Behavior Perspective In Nursing Practices

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Anything, we do like eating, hanging out, sleeping, talking, sneezing is referring as behavior. Evidently, people are interested in actions and response which are observable called as overt behavior but the psychologists usually study about covert behavior refer as internal activities such as dreaming, remembering, and other mental events (Jackson, 2008). This clarifies that psychology is based ...

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Successful Aging Through Modelling Selection

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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This article seeks to address the creativities of Albert Bandura and Martin Seligman as developmental psychologists, their views on creativity as well as how their theories can compensate Paul Baltes' SOC. It will review Paul Baltes' life stories and recognising his creativity via references to his life-long contribution to developmental psychology. It will also evaluate the applicability of Paul Baltes' theories for counselling and guidance specifically how ...

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Language Relativity Hypothesis

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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Language Relativity Hypothesis Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis Does Language Affect Out Thoughts? Abstract Benjamin Lee Whorf and his teacher and mentor Edward Sapir developed the theory that language affects our thoughts and perceptions. This theory proposes that there is a systematic relationship between the grammar of a language a person speaks and how that person both understand the world and behaves in it. Today linguists now ...

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Fundamental Attribution Error Theories

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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In social psychology attribution theory tries to explain the ways in which people attribute the behavior of themselves or others to something different then what actually was the cause for the behavior. Often time's people think that they know the reasons that others do things but in fact are incorrect because the actual reasons for the presenting behaviors are other then the suspected causes. When a person ...

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Child development: Gradual or in stages?

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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The development of children occurs from birth to adolescence. Children start developing their physical, intellectual, social, and emotional senses at an early age and while people change throughout their lives, the developmental changes occur mostly during childhood. All the way through this stage, the infant becomes someone who can control his language, he becomes self-aware, and he can think and socialize with others. Child development is studied ...

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The Topic Of Spanking Children

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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One day last summer, I hung out with my friends Elizabeth and Kisha. Elizabeth is a young mother with a 3-year-old son named Raine. Elizabeth did not know how to control her son; on that day, the three of us went to a strip mall to shop for clothes, and Raine was with us. While we were shopping, Raine wandered off many times from his mother, and ...

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Personality disorders and treatments

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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Everyone has a personality with character traits such as stinginess, generosity, arrogance and independence. However, when these traits are rigid and self-defeating, they may interfere with functioning and even lead to psychiatric symptoms. Personality traits are formed by early adulthood, persist throughout life and affect every aspect of day to day behaviour. Individuals with personality disorders often blame others for their problems. They at times deny that ...

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Is profiling an art or a science?

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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Profiling is broadly defined as a behavioural and investigative technique in forensic science that helps investigator to profile an unknown subject or offenders, with the analysis of the behaviour and circumstances associated with serious crimes in an effort to identity the probable characteristics of the perpetrator. A specific profile analysis or known as criminal investigative analysis by the FBI, offender profiling, criminal personality profiling, behavioural profiling or ...

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Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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Work environment has gone through a lot of significant changes worldwide. It is still evolving very rapidly and relatively unexpectedly. However, many people, especially researchers, still do not think that emotions do play a major role or are useful in managing a company. Emotional intelligence is still difficult to measure and measuring methods are fully confirmed in terms of theory (Dulewicz & Higgs, 2000; MacCann & Roberts, ...

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The Origins of Psychology and psychodynamic approach

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Psychology emerged as a separate discipline from philosophy in the late 1800's. Philosophy is described as the study of nature of existence, of man, and man's relationship to existence and psychology is the study of the human mind and behaviour. Psychology dates back to the ancient Greeks and was a branch of philosophy until 1879, it then became a separate discipline. Other fields that psychology boarders on ...

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Speech And Language Disorders

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Young children can have unclear speech and mispronounce words, but as the children get older they learn how to use their tongue, lips and brain to work in harmony to say difficult and unfamiliar words. For most children speech difficulties pass with time but for some they find it hard so they repeat or pro-long sounds. This can be very hard for children so they can struggle ...

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Study of Gate Control: Theory and Pain

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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I thought I knew what pain meant until I got asked to define it. That is when I realised my ignorance and surprisingly, I was not alone. People frequently find it hard to describe commonly used words despite the fact that they are very much part of our lives. In my search for an official definition of human pain I came upon the one provided by the ...

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The Cognitive Dissonance Theory

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Almost half a century ago social psychologist Leon Festinger developed the cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957). The theory has obviously stood the test of time in that it is mentioned in most general and social psychology textbooks today. The theory is somewhat counterintuitive and, in fact, fits into a category of counterintuitive social psychology theories sometimes referred to as action-opinion theories. The fundamental characteristic of action opinion ...

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Two psychological approaches/perspectives

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Psychodynamic Perspective and Cognitive Perspective: Psychology is characterised by a variety of different approaches, each emphasising different factors in their explanations of mind and behaviour. This essay is going to outline two of the five approaches which are psychodynamic and cognitive approaches. The Psychodynamic approach was mainly initiated by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and he explained behaviour in terms of unconscious drives and the dynamics of the id, ...

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Respondents Of The Research And Sampling Techniques

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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This chapter presents the methods used in this research. The respondents of the research and sampling techniques, instruments and methods adopted, the data gathering procedures, and statistical methods implemented on data. There are several methods which could be used to carry out the research ant it is dependent on research problem area. When dealing with research problem, one can use any of the three categorization of research ...

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The APA Code of Ethics

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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APA Code of Ethics Understanding the American Psychological Association (APA) code of ethics is the key influence to good professional behavior that Psychologist should adhere to. Almost 60 years APA has been working and defining these guides, and serves as a guide in this profession (Fisher, 2009). The code of ethics consists of a Preamble, five general principles, and ten ethical standards. The Preamble and general ...

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The Objective Of Conducting Job Analysis

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Job analysis helps in analyzing the resources and establishing the strategies to accomplish the business goals and strategic objectives. Effectively developed, employee job descriptions are communication tools that are significant in an organization's success. The main objective of conducting job analysis is to know whether the job description and job specification which was mentioned to hire right quality of work force by the company is appropriate or ...

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The cognitive model

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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The DSM-IV-TR definition of Panic Disorder presents individuals with panic disorder to experience reoccurring and unexpected panic attacks. After this, for at least one month, the individual progresses to continually worry about either, another panic attack occurring, worry about the possible detrimental effects that the panic attack may have incurred, or significantly change their behaviour due to the attacks. APA; American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical ...

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The Theories Of Forgetting

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Memory or forgetting' labels a diverse set of cognitive capacities by which we retain information and reconstruct past experiences, usually for present purposes. Memory is one of the most important ways by which our histories animate our current actions and experiences. Most notably, the human ability to conjure up long-gone but specific episodes of our lives is both familiar and puzzling, and is a key aspect of ...

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The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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(16PF) is a measure of normal personality, based on R. B. Cattell's factor-analytic theory of personality (Cattell, 1933, 1946). Since the original 16PF Questionnaire was published in 1949, it has been revised four times, in 1956, 1962, and 1968 and the latest fifth edition in 1993. Description of Test - 217 The 16PF Fifth Edition Questionnaire contains 185 multiple-choice items. The questionnaire is written with simple (fifth ...

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Theories of memory: Explaining why we forget

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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There are many reasons as to why one forgets things. This could be due to the fact one does not want to pay attention. One does not encode the information into ones short term memory and rehearse it long enough to stay in the long term or it could be that one does not wish want to remember it. Forgetting information happens usually in the first few ...

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The Garden Path Model Of Sentence Processing

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

7 (2,606 )

A central aim of psycholinguistic enquiry is to provide a logical account of how individuals construe structurally ambiguous sentences (Ni, Grain & Shankweiler, 1996). Human sentence processing is an intricate process directed by rules of language and syntax (Ferreira, Christianson & Hollingworth, 2001). Of late, researchers have begun to investigate and explain the human mechanics of how individuals build meaningful sentences from words (Whitney, 1998). A key ...

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Social construction: Inclusion and exclusion

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

8 (2,995 )

Critically analyse the ways that the social construction of identity impacts upon social welfare and on a person's experiences of inclusion and exclusion. Draw on the experiences of working class women. Since the late nineteen eighties feminist theorist such as Skeggs(1997) have maintained that in any social analysis women should be treated as a separate class. Women’s class position by and large has been determined by the ...

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The Definition Of Mental Illnesses

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

7 (2,673 )

Psychiatry entails the study of the mental state, models that identify the causes of mind related disorders, grouping of schemes for the defects, information search pertaining to the disorders and treatments measures that are administered to address the disorders. Philosophy on the other hand attempts to explain the conceptual, social, metaphysical, ethical and epistemological procedures that pertain to psychiatry. It is on this tenet that the nature ...

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Classical and operant conditioning

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

5 (1,928 )

A phobia is 'a disrupting, fear, mediated avoidance, out of proportion to the danger posed by a particular object or situation....recognized by the sufferer as groundless (Davison & Neale, 1996, p.131). A phobia is classed as a type of anxiety disorder and is quite a common disorder, they can be about objects or situations and their target can either be general or focal. Specific phobias include for ...

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Critical evaluation on two theories of aggression

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

6 (2,334 )

Aggression is a form of anti social behaviour, which shows a lack of emotion concern for the welfare of others (Baron and Richardson, 1994). There are two main social psychological theories, the Social Learning Theory and the Deindividuation Theory. The social learning theory of Bandura emphasizes the importance of observing and modelling the behaviours, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. The theory suggests that for an individual ...

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Emotional And Behavioural Difficulties: Communication Problems

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

21 (8,341 )

Social, emotional and behavioural difficulties generally co-occur with language and communication problems. The aim of this paper is to analyse and discuss this relationship whit the relevant literature. First of all, language and communication skills will be discussed. Then, language, emotional, social development, links between these development areas and communication problems will be discussed respectively. Finally, after discussing assessment and support methods, conclusion will be present. Language ...

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How perception affects other people

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

6 (2,145 )

Perception is the process by which people organize and obtain meaning from the sensory motivation they receive from the environment. This report focuses on perception, its importance and how it affects other people, groups of people and the social climate of an organization. Perception is defined and the key factors affection perception is described. The elements which determines those factors (perceiver, target and situation) are stated in ...

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Theories of Adult Development

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

6 (2,378 )

This assignment will state adult developmental stages using current and influential theorists to date. It will then further discuss whether these developmental stages are largely determined by physical maturation and decline processes. Adult Development/Adulthood To understand adult development, we must first define what an adult is. It is not very easy to define a pattern or any stage when a child finally becomes an adult (adulthood), as ...

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Frustration in our everyday lives

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

9 (3,532 )

We all strive to gratify our wants, desires, our goals and ambitions. Self realization make this evident and our experiences with others confirm the generalization. However, we are often unable to reach our targets - our ambitions sometimes exceed our abilities or often-external barriers stand in our way. It could be a traffic jam delaying our journey, or a university rule preventing us form taking up a ...

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The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

2 (573 )

1) Describe Vygotsky's (1978) concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and the role it plays in children's Cognitive development. Lev Vygotsky presented his ideas on the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) in 1933 but died a year later (Meira and Lerman, 2001). Despite not being able to add further detail to his concept, Vygotsky's work on the ZPD has been influential for those studying the ...

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What is stress? An overview

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

3 (905 )

Stress Life these days is full of stress. We have school, work, family, holidays, and many more things that contribute to our stress. What is stress? What does stress do to your life? Does stress harm your body? Does it affect your family and friends? What can you do to relieve all of this stress we have? Stress has become a part of everyone's life at some ...

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The History Of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

9 (3,397 )

This essay's purpose is to consider the supporting and refuting evidence for the above claims. Firstly, an outline of cognitive behavioural principles and therapeutic techniques will be presented. Then, an analysis of the applicability of the terms 'mechanistic', 'totalitarian' and 'arbitrarily imposed' to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) will be given. Finally, the effectiveness of CBT as a form of therapy will be briefly evaluated. The basic premise ...

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The Theories Of Sigmund Freud

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

5 (1,653 )

Sigmund Freud, an Austrian psychiatrist and known as the father of psychoanalysis, developed an entirely new and fascinating approach to understanding the human personality. He is referred to as 'one of the most influential and controversial minds of the 20th century'. Freud was born on the 6th of May 1856 and died after being diagnosed with cancer on the 23rd of September 1939. During the course of ...

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Boyatzis' Theory Of Self Directed Learning

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

5 (1,846 )

It was proved by Dr. Richard Boyatzis that medicinal and rehabilitative solutions to addictions do not last permanently and why addicts keep coming back to rehab facilities time to time. What this theory has shown is that adults learn what they want to learn. Other things, even if acquired temporarily (i.e., for a test), are soon forgotten. Students, patients and clients may act as if they care ...

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Social psychology theories

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

8 (2,921 )

Racism can be described as the prejudice and discrimination against people based on their ethnicity or race. It was previously thought of as a particular way of thinking and acting that referred to the idea of human races, and the differentiation and ranking of groups and individuals in terms of their natural phonotypical or genetic attributes (Wieviorka, 1997). However, this point of view did little to sufficiently ...

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The history of projective testing

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

9 (3,583 )

The origins of projective approaches began in the very early years of human history. Wall cravings of symbols and signs of early ages were found in caves. For centuries, people are fascinated by meanings of paintings, images in clouds and the importance of meaning of dreams (Klopfer, 1973). From a famous story in Exodus in the Bible, Moses's dreams were thought to be projections of the future. ...

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The boundaries between phenomenon and context

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

9 (3,557 )

The basic aim and objective of this chapter is to describe in perspective the research methodology that would be used to check the correlation between multinational oil corporation's participation in economic activities in Nigeria through the means of international trade policy and its effect on economic growth and the influence such corporations exert on international foreign trade policies of the host country Nigeria. In order to achieve ...

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Defining Drug Addiction

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

20 (7,736 )

Sweet Jesus, Aunt Betty… the white ladys riding a white horse. Heroin, heroin … heroin and heroin, these are all slang words for one thing, heroin. It is back in full force. Heroin used to be predominantly used by poor, urban youth, but in recent years, it has grown more popular in the middle class, and affects suburban people of all ages. It is here and it ...

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The History And Background Of Drug Addiction

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

5 (1,620 )

How do risk factors such as genetics and environment contribute to adolescents' susceptibility to substance use and abuse? One study suggests that genetics and environment may actually affect adolescents' susceptibility to substance abuse in different ways. Silberg, Rutter, D'Onofrio, & Eaves (2003), researchers and authors of Genetic and environmental risk factors in adolescent substance use, conducted a follow-up on the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development ...

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Two theories of cognitive development

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

5 (1,637 )

This essay will explore similarities and differences between Piaget's and Vygotsky's respective theories in explanation of childhood cognitive development. Specifically it will examine their stances on the importance of social interactions in influencing development. I will give a brief overview of the four "grand theories" which initiate perspectives, epistemology and methodology within debates on development. Piaget's and Vygotsky's particular theories will then be outlined, with key terms ...

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Case study: Cognitive Theories

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

7 (2,436 )

There are three predominantly cognitive theorists that will be discussed in this paper. They are Jean Piaget, Edward Chace Tolman, and Albert Bandura. This paper will discuss the theorist's main theories and the applications that their theories has on education. Jean Piaget's major theoretical concepts are intelligence, schemata, assimilation and accommodation, equilibration, and interiorization (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Edward Chace Tolman's major theoretical concepts are confirmation versus ...

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Observation studying on an autistic child

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

9 (3,507 )

Nowadays, Autism is a very popular topic to discuss. Some biological experts said that genetics can cause autistic problem. Asperger's syndrome is one of them. People who have this syndrome may have normal or highly intelligent compare with other people. This syndrome is difficult to analysis because their intelligent can replace the autistic personality. The objective whose name is Z.H was born in 2004 in a Chinese ...

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Skinner's Contributions And Influence On Modern Psychology

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

7 (2,550 )

This paper reviews and analyzes B. F. Skinners contributions to psychology. It is my intention to discuss the important influences of his methodological inventions and his interpretation of human and animal behaviors. Skinner's roots in classical and/ or early behaviorism guided him to develop and achieved greater results on his theories and studies related to external stimuli. Skinner's contributions, inventions, and writings have made him perhaps one ...

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Evaluating five accounts for sleep and sleep deprivation

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

7 (2,487 )

Sleep deprivation has the potential to result in a range of problematic behaviour, from which serious adverse effects can result. In order to design a treatment it is critical to initially establish an understanding of what motivates normal and abnormal behaviour. This essay will evaluate the 5 different psychology perspectives to establish which has the best study methods, and their perception on the motivation for sleep and ...

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The stroop effect and relation to selective attention

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

5 (1,969 )

Early "bottleneck theories of attention" (Edgar, 2007 p.17) allowed for only one channel of input to be semantically examined all other information was discarded. Later discrepancy to attention theory suggested that all inputs were examined but that a great deal of this is automatic and unconscious. However, automatic processes are hard to control and unlearn. This project is a study of the Stroop effect and how over ...

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Children raised by a single parent

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

6 (2,112 )

Human development is incredibly unlikely to occur within an entirely context free situation but rather within a particular ecological setting consisting of the family, a school, a neighbourhood and a community, the social context of our world exists within a sequence of layers surrounding the individual. The purpose of this assignment is to critically analyse the research evidence which claims children raised in one parent families are ...

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Measurements Statistics And Significant Digits

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

9 (3,349 )

Have you ever wondered why the package of MMs you just bought never seems to have enough of your favorite color? Why is it that you always seem to get the package of mostly brown M&Ms? Is the number of the different colors of M&Ms in a package really different from one package to the next, or does the Mars Company do something to insure that each ...

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Evaluation of Rosenberg's self-esteem scale

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

6 (2,318 )

Psychological tests are tools used to measure differences between individuals or between the same individual under different circumstances. A psychological test is an objective and standardized measure of a sample of behavior. Before a test is released, researchers have to check its reliability and validity. By the term reliability it is meant consistency of scores obtained by the same person on different occasions. Validity of a test ...

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Schizophrenic Serial Killer: David Richard Berkowitz

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

6 (2,278 )

David Richard Berkowitz also known as the son of Sam and the 44. Caliber Killer is an American serial killer, whose crimes terrorized New York City from July 1976 until his arrest in August 1977. He said, "I didn't want to hurt them; I only wanted to kill them." All serial killers think in the same way like David Berkowitz. (Freeessays, 2003) In my paper, I will ...

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Quantitative And Qualitative Methodologies

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

7 (2,742 )

This essay analyses the key viewpoints underpinning the theory and 'critically evaluate the suitability of quantitative and qualitative methodologies to undertake an empirical research into procurement practice' through a literature review. However the way in which research is conducted may be conceived of in terms of the research philosophy subscribed to, the research strategy employed and so the research instruments utilised in the pursuit of a goal ...

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What Is Emotional Resilience?

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

9 (3,287 )

Edith Grotberg defined resilience as the, Human capacity to deal with, overcome, learn from or even be transformed by the inevitable challenges of life. Emotional resilience has been widely recognised as one of the most important factors in the development of the personality. It has been defined in a number f ways and continues to develop. Emotional resilience look's at one's ability to adapt to stressful situations ...

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