Anxiety Research Within Sport Psychology

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

22 (8,651 )

High levels of anxiety are a common response to stressful competitive sports situations, and are known to affect the athletic performance. The results of anxiety are reported as an unpleasant emotional state associated with perceptions of situational threat. The studies in this dissertation considered primarily psychometric, methodological and conceptual issues of relevance for the study of anxiety and sports performance. It is based on the investigating the ...

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Theories for prejudice, discrimination and stereotyping

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

6 (2,183 )

Contemporary Social Psychology largely follows Allport's 1954 definition of prejudice; "Ethnic prejudice is an antipathy based upon a faulty and inflexible generalisation. It may be felt or expressed. It may be directed toward a group as a whole or toward an individual because he/she is a member of that group" (Glick & Fiske, 2001). Social Cognitive approaches to the understanding of prejudice focus on aspects of individual ...

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Gestalt Approach to Psychotherapy

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

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The first part of this essay sets out to describe the Gestalt approach to psychotherapy. The second part details how I would incorporate the Gestalt approach into a hypnotherapy session. Gestalt therapy was first developed by Fritz and Laura Perls in the 1940/50s. Though the Gestalt approach originally developed in the United States, it has spread widely, and there are now Gestalt practitioners all over the world. ...

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Academic Procrastination And Perfectionism

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

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This focus of this dissertation is to determine the relationship between academic procrastination and perfectionism amongst university students in Mauritius. The study therefore addressed some factors that are believed to affect university students in their life as a student and play an important role on the level of academic achievement. This chapter will serve its introductory purpose by defining the key terms (subsection 1) that will be ...

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The Effect Of Parental Incarceration

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

4 (1,562 )

Incarceration does not solely affect the person incarcerated but also the family, children and other loved ones. Evidence of the increase on incarceration is felt in society. According to Harrison & Beck (2006), the Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that there were about 1.5 million children are suffering the consequences of parental incarceration every year. Parental incarceration has been associated with long and short terms risk factors ...

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Social Skills Improvement System Rating Scales

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

9 (3,355 )

Abstract The objective of the Test and Measurement unit is to assist students get to understand the importance and the need of tests and measurement in the field of psychology. During counselling psychology, many testes and measurements are applied in the identification as well as definition behaviours as well as the mental state of clients. Among them is the Social Skill Improvement Rating System, which is just ...

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An evaluation of the five factor model

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

3 (1,115 )

Personality, the intricacy of the motivations behind our actions and behaviour, has always been a field of interest of psychologists in the past as well as present time. There are various ways of looking at Personality, namely the social learning approach, psychobiological approach, psychodynamic approach, humanistic approach as well as trait theories approach. Each approach invests in theories or models that seek to surface a better comprehension ...

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Counselling and psychotherapy

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

4 (1,536 )

The objective of the final assessment was to video a short counselling session, and then to write a reflective essay critiquing the session in light of the particular counselling method selected. The logistics of the interview were made difficult by a recent move to a country area, where I did not have access to recording equipment, a DVD burner, or classmates willing to volunteer to act as ...

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Case study: The initial consultation

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

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The initial consultation begins from the very first time you have contact with a client, from either the initial contact or the first time an enquiry is made via an email. It is important to appear professional at all times. As soon as you set up your appointment with the client, send off a letter and a brochure, providing there is time to do this, it will ...

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Social Cognitive Theory And Alcohol

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

4 (1,447 )

Throughout history, alcohol have been produced and consumed by humans and it is a socially accepted factor in todays society. Consuming alcohol can be an enjoyable experience. However, excess consumption can lead to a serious range of health problems. There are several social cognition models' aimed to change disruptive health behaviour. Albert Bandura developed social cognitive theory (SCT) proposing that behaviour depend on the environment and the ...

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Erikson's theory of lifespan development

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

4 (1,459 )

Erik Erikson was born on June 15th, 1902 and died May 12th, 1994. Erikson was a developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst. He was known for his theory on social development of human beings and is famous for creating the phrase 'identity crisis'. Erikson is one of the only biggest followers and challengers of Freud. Over the years Erikson's clinical work and studies have been based either on children, ...

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Classical Conditioning Associated With Phobias

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

4 (1,276 )

Classical Conditioning in plain terms is a method by which an organism determines why and the cause of a condition, while also what brought it about, and whereas, 'operant conditioning is a method ofilearning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behaviour' (psychology.about.com). Classical Conditioning can be used to create phobias. 'A phobia can be defined as an intense and irrational fear. There are three types of ...

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Validity, reliability and generalization

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

4 (1,280 )

Nowadays, as what we known students are prefer to do their research and gain the information throughout the online sources as opposed to the past time students. By using the modern way, students probably will face several problems in term of comparison the information and linking the data together cause the student neglect the three different approaches of the literature to guide the student in form of ...

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Approaches To Treating Mental Disorders

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

5 (1,735 )

Psychodynamic, biological and cognitive approaches are models used to explain psychological abnormality. These approaches attempt to explain the causes and cures for all psychological illnesses from different approaches. Evaluation of these approaches may be done in terms of appropriateness and effectiveness. Ethical implications are raised as the psychologist use human subjects for these therapies. Psychodynamic therapies are based on the approach of Freud (1915), mental health illness ...

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Triguna Prakriti Concept And Applications

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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Abstract In this scenario, the need of the hour is to develop a theory of personality that transcends this problem of cultural and racial bias to propound one that is valid across the world. For this, the basic requirement is that it should be universally acceptable, be of an elemental nature, and be valid to people across all genres. To understand this, the first source of knowledge ...

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The Effect Of Depression Amongst Teens

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

6 (2,308 )

Depression is not prejudice it affects people of genders, ages, and any background. People once believed that teens never went through any form of severe depression. Some still believe this to be true, but if it was why are so many teens homicidal and suicidal in the society. This report should give support for the fact that a teen's depression deserves attention, not the shrug of the ...

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Types of Qualitative Research | Analysis

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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Qualitative research is associated with the interpretive philosophy (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005). This is because researchers need to draw meaningful conclusions from the subjective and socially constructed data that has been collected about the phenomenon under study. This type of research is sometimes referred to as naturalistic since researchers usually operate in natural settings and would therefore need to establish trust, encourage participation as well as acquire ...

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Anxiety Disorders: Theory and Research

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

6 (2,166 )

Discuss the Theory and Research into one or more Anxiety disorders This assignment will attempt to discuss theory and research into one specific Anxiety disorder. The assignment will firstly describe in detail what Anxiety is. This will then be followed by an in-depth discussion on Panic disorders which will look at theories and research surrounding this particular Anxiety disorder. There are many misconceptions around Anxiety disorders ...

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Treatment plan for an adult client

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

4 (1,225 )

Introduction This paper presents a case of an adult suffering from Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), and proposes a treatment plan for this mental disorder. Borderline personality disorder is a mental ailment that involves prolonged disturbance of an individual's personality function, and is usually found in persons over eighteen years of age, although it can also occur in adolescence. Borderline personality disorder is characterized by deep and varying ...

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Case study: Dysfunctional families

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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The paper aims to describe, compare and contrast research methods of varying natures i.e. quantitative, qualitative and mixed, in regard with the topic 'dysfunctional families'. The paper will give a brief introduction of the research topic itself, and will then progress to describe in detail the strengths, weaknesses and suitability of each of the research methods mentioned above. These methods, and their data collection and analysis methods ...

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Can We Ever Leave The Past Behind?

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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To answer the question, we need to look at the origin of human behaviour, ideas, and feelings? - are they innate or learned? (from past experiences) - nature or nurture? Nature is inherited abilities and genes present at birth, and Nurture is behaviours acquired after birth from the influence of experience. Many modern theories suggest that experience, environment and genetics all play a role in influencing our ...

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Hans Eysenck's Biological Trait Theory

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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Hans Eysenck is a well-known psychologist and psychotherapist, one of his main tasks he believed was the selection of clinical psychology as an independent discipline. He established his department that was the first to begin training health psychologists using the recently developed methods of behavioral psychotherapy. Basic research by Eysenck lied in the theory of personality, the study of intelligence, social attitudes, behavioral genetics and behavioral psychotherapy. ...

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Loneliness: An Introduction

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

5 (1,635 )

Adolescent's Loneliness According to APA Dictionary of Psychology, Loneliness means cognitively or emotionally discomfort of perceiving oneself to feel alone or solitary. However, different subfields of psychology can explain it differently. Social psychology explains loneliness is a kind of emotional distress when social relationship becomes a problem while Cognitive psychology says it is an emotional distress when an individual wants and actual social relationship isn't met. Loneliness ...

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The Theory Of Planned Behaviour

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

4 (1,371 )

Anorexia is an eating disorder where a person has fear of gaining weight and decides to go on an extreme diet by limiting their food intake. Anorexia is often linked with weight and diet. People who have anorexia are basically obsessed with being thin. They deem that they are fat eventhough they are underweight. People suffering from anorexia are always concerned about the calories they take in ...

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Predicting Individual Differences In Mindfulness

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

8 (3,175 )

The purpose of this study was to identify possible predictors of individual differences in mindfulness as measured by Mindful Attention Awareness Scale by using three variables: trait anxiety (TA), attentional control (AC) and conscientiousness. A convenience sample of 89 psychology students (both sexes) completed self-report measures related to the study. A one-tailed cross-sectional correlational design was employed to examine the data following by a multiple linear regression ...

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Psychodynamic approach: Treatment and intervention

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

12 (4,585 )

The place of psychoanalytic and psychodynamic treatments within psychiatry is controversial (Auchincloss 2002; Gabbard, Gunderson and Fonagy 2002; Kernberg 2002; Wallerstein 2002). Based on the now aged principles of Freudian psychology, as of today there are several theoretical orientations in understanding human emotion and development (Leichsenring, Rabung and Leibing 2004). However, the intervention generally refers to a specific type of treatment in which the patient is analysed ...

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Motivating Employees And Job Satisfaction

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

15 (5,973 )

The work in the modern economies has made an understanding of the psychology of motivation and job satisfaction as a key component of business and management syllabuses. The aim of the study is two-fold: Firstly, literature reviews for the motivation theories and Theories on job satisfaction. Secondly, the relationships between employee motivation and job satisfaction. Motivation theories clarifying the importance of addressing employees' needs at work, the ...

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Case study dealing with depression

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

11 (4,002 )

Depression is one of the most common and widespread psychiatric disorders in the UK. Of over 5000 British residents, approximately 5.9% of males and 4.2% of females suffer from depressive illnesses (Based on DSM-IV criteria) (Ohayon, 1999). Consequently there has been much emphasis on implementing techniques and psychotherapy to solve these issues and find effective treatments for depression. This essay will explore, psychodynamic and CBT therapy, in ...

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The Importance Of Ethical Issues In Research

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

5 (1,763 )

This essay will explain two different types of methods used in psychological research, case studies and experiments, and give two examples of each, and one demonstrating ethical concerns. The evaluation of the importance of ethical issues raised within research will be a concluding consideration. The case study is used by psychologists to gain an in depth understanding through descriptive research, of an individual, a small group, or ...

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What Motivates Students To Cheat?

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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This research is about what motivates students to cheat during an examination. There are many factors that may contribute in their motivation to cheat such as demands to obtain excellent grades, pressure from parents, self-imposed stress to succeed, and so on (McCabe, Trevino & Butterfield, 1999). 120 students of Sunway University were voluntarily chosen to participate in this study. Survey questionnaire that contains 11 questions was used ...

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Eyewitness Testimony In Children

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

8 (2,839 )

Memory is not reliable; memory can be altered and adjusted. Memory is stored in the brain just like files stored in a cabinet, you store it, save it and then later on retrieve and sometimes even alter and return it. In doing so that changes the original data that was first stored. Over time memory fades and becomes distorted, trauma and other events in life can cause ...

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Person centered theory vs cognitive behavior therapy

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

4 (1,538 )

This theory was put forward by an American psychologist Carl Rogers in the 1930s (minddisorders.com 1). Person-centered therapy is known by other terms which include client-centered, non-directive or Rogerian therapy. It is an approach to counseling and psychotherapy that focuses on the client during the treatment process without the therapist taking a directive role. In other words it emphasizes on the person in need of the therapy ...

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Characteristics Of Female Offenders

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

5 (1,677 )

Criminal behaviors are typically described in relation to the male offender population. This is due to the disproportionately larger size of the male offender population compared to the size of the female offender population (Salisbury & Van Voorhis, 2009). In 2011, the imprisonment rate for males was more than 14 times the imprisonment rate associated with females (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2012). According to Salisbury and Van ...

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Leading Theories and Practices

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

5 (1,753 )

The purpose of this paper is to discuss two major career theories applied to own career development. Explain the theories and how they would have influenced career development as well as to compare and contrast the effect of these two theories on own personal career development. Career theories After reading chapter two and three, there are many reasons that can influence the selection of a specific career, ...

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The multi store model in memory psychology

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

8 (3,001 )

One's memory is crucial in one's understanding of one's self, of the environment, one's understanding of knowledge, with past and present experiences and with one's identity; according to Blackmore; "without memory, we would be servants of the moment, with nothing but our innate reflexes to help us deal with the world." He furthered this statement, commenting that without memory there would be no language, science, art, or ...

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The James Lange Theory Of Emotion

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

12 (4,595 )

Everyone is unique as we all behave and react differently to events just like our intelligence. Emotions can be defined as a complex state of feelings that result in the physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behaviour. There are many theories which attempt to understand why we experience emotions. We experience many emotional states that can outlook our lives or how someone might respond to ...

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Looking At The Personality Theory

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

26 (10,047 )

A person is a flow of powerful subjective life, conscious and unconscious; a whispering gallery in which voices echo from the distant past; a gulf stream of fantasies with floating memories of past events, currents of contending complexes, plots and counterplots, hopeful intimations and ideals…A personality is a full Congress of orators and pressure groups, of children, demagogues, communists, isolationists, war-mongers, mugwumps, grafters, log rollers, lobbyists, Caesars ...

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Postpartum Depression: Causes And Treatments

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

4 (1,436 )

Postpartum depression (also known as postnatal depression) is a form of depression that can affect women and, less frequently, men after the birth of a child. It is widely regarded as treatable. Studies show between 5% and 25% prevalence and the methodological differences of these studies makes the true prevalence rate not clear. The postpartum depression (PPD) is a form of depression that affects women after giving ...

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Gross Motor Skills In Middle Childhood

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

4 (1,253 )

Gross motor skills are very important for young children. These motor skills give children independence, and allow children to interact comfortably with others on the playground, or classroom. They also promote feeling confident when they engage in physical activities and organized sports. Gross motor skills are those required to move the large muscles of the body, including the arms, legs, feet, and torso. When a child is ...

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Self Presentation In Understanding The Self

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

3 (1,083 )

Much of the research on the self has focused on the importance of self-esteem. Although this property of the self is of great significance in understanding the self, it may be questioned if it is the most important. This essay will discuss the importance of self presentation as one of the many properties of self. Self-presentation is the attempt to produce particular self images in order to ...

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Skills of counselling and consulting psychologists

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

7 (2,577 )

In recent years, many fields of endeavour are impacting training in schools, colleges, universities, other learning institutions, agencies, and seminaries, by setting rules and regulations, ethical and other standards that govern those who practice in such fields. They also record and suggest best practices, and create competency benchmarks that trained graduates and working professionals alike are expected to exhibit in the execution of their duties in the ...

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Social Psychological Theories Of Attitude Formation

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Attitudes have been described as one of the most important concepts in social psychology. According to Petty and Cacioppo (1981) 'the term attitude should be used to refer to a general, enduring positive or negative feeling about some person, object, or issue'. All attitudes have a structure and according to the 'three-component attitude model' a person's attitude is a combination o three components: affective component (what a ...

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Justification for qualitative research in organisations

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

8 (3,002 )

"Qualitative research is a field of inquiry in its own right. It crosscuts disciplines, fields and subject matters. A complex, interconnected family of terms, concepts, and assumptions surround the term qualitative research. These include the traditions associated with foundationalism, positivism, postfoundationalism, postpositivism, poststructuralism, and the many qualitative research perspectives, and/or methods connected to cultural and interpretive studies." "...qualitative researchers can access fascinating data by observing mundane settings ...

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Research Report On The Stroop Test

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

5 (1,674 )

The Stroop interference is postulated to be a processing mishap that occurs when the brain tries to process two parallel procedures simultaneously and cannot decide which one is more important (Hintzman et al., 1972). When reading through the congruent list of color-word pairings, the brain interprets the color and the word as the same and does not falter allowing the brain to vocalize the agreed response. Inversely, ...

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The Subject Of Self Perception

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

4 (1,337 )

Nowadays, our society of "what's hot and what's not" influences the young children's self-esteem and self-concept. The self-concept is connected to beliefs, knowledge, and attitudes, ideas people have about themselves; however self-esteem is "a personal judgment of worthiness that indicates the extent to which the individual believes himself to be capable, significant, successful, and worthy" (Mruk 2006). The self-concept is understood as the accumulation of knowledge, information ...

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Looking At Behaviorism Theory

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

4 (1,576 )

Psychology is the science of mind. Its goal is to study human behavior and to understand reason behind particular behavior (Carlson and Buskit, 1997). In this essay I will discuss behaviorism theory and psychoanalytic theory. Followed by their relation to Nature and Nurture. It will also compare and contrast the theories and application of these theories to social work practice. Behaviorism Theory: Behaviorism theory sees personality as ...

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Biological Factors Influence Human Relationships

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Abraham Maslow, a humanist psychologist claimed that a basic human being desires to be accepted by others as relationships are a significant source of happiness or unhappiness. People live in families and form other groups such as friendships and partnerships to define themselves in terms of being important to others as relationships tend to influence our emotional state as well as our health (#1). Different types of ...

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Theories Of Lifespan And Human Growth

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

6 (2,136 )

G Stanley Halls Adolescence and his original theory will be outlined in some detail. More contemporary theories of psycho-sexual, psycho-social and behaviourist psychology will be compared to Hall's findings and comparisons and contrasts will be made. The period of "storm and stress", penned by Hall, will be defined and more recent arguments against it raised, using contemporary research statistics. Erikson's psycho-social theory on Adolescence and the idea ...

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Concept Of Role And Role Episode Model

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Role stress is highly inevitable in nature and has become problem at workplace for employers and organization. The main purpose of this paper to study the concept of role, role stress, their biosocial variables as well as role episode model. . Number of studies found that there is difference in the impact of role stress across occupations..This paper also deals management of role stress with the help ...

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Theories for gender role identification

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

5 (1,634 )

This essay concerns the development of gender-role identification and what theories have been regarded as the most influential in explaining the process. One theoretical approach into gender-role identification is the social learning theory. Bandura (1973) pioneered work on gender development. The social learning theory contends that gender roles are heavily determined by environmental factors (Bandura,1986; Bandura and Bussey, 2004; Bussey and Bandura, 1999 in Brannon, L. 2008) ...

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The Importance Of Occupation In Therapy

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

5 (1,750 )

Occupations are a part of everyday life and may even form a part of a person's existence. The occupation discussed is not necessarily one's career choice but according to Kielhofner's it is "the doing of work, play or activities of daily living within a temporal, physical and socio-cultural context that characterises much of human life" (1). Kielhofner emphasises the importance of occupation, however one cannot fully understand ...

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Big Five Personality Traits

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Empathy is important in day to day interaction with people and personality was believed to have strong relationship with empathy. To investigate whether there are any correlation between empathy and agreeableness as well as between empathy and neuroticism, 76 psychology students took part in a personality and empathy assessment. All the participants completed the NEO-FFM and 'Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task'. As hypothesized, participants who ...

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Psychological Formulation Of Case Study

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

5 (1,602 )

Introduction - to the perspective you are using to construct the formulation, which should include the key ideas underpinning the approach (500 words). There is no doubt that some of original Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic principles have been enormous miscalculations. However, his conviction that the dynamic of psyche depends on understanding of the adoptive significance of its components was, without a doubt, spot on (Nesse & Lloyd, 1992). ...

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Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

11 (4,111 )

Mindfulness and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy are two approaches that are becoming very popular in the counseling world. Their treatment of anxiety disorders is very effective and is proven with new MRI studies. The brain's structural changes can be documented when individuals practice meditation, which is known to cause improved emotional regulation. This is important for individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) because of the results of this ...

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Leading Questions And The Eyewitness Report

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Elizabeth Loftus is a prominent figure in the research into eyewitness report. Although not the first of her career, the 1975 paper entitled Leading Questions and the Eyewitness Report is the first in a long line of research based on the effect of question wording and information on eyewitness memory. Validating the study, Loftus presses for 'socially important forms of memory research', highlighting how prior experiments are ...

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Anxiety Disorder: Agoraphobia

03 Oct 2016 11 May 2017

6 (2,286 )

Agoraphobia among the anxiety disorders and describes it as anxiety, or avoidance of places or situations from which escape might be difficult (or embarrassing) or in which help may not be available in the event of having a panic attack or panic-like symptoms. The greek work “agora” means, “assembly or market place” (Wittchen, H., Gloster, A. T., Beesdo-Baum, K., Fava, G. A., & Craske, M. G., 2010). ...

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Features of the perception process

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Perception in simple term is how people see things. The book defines perception as a process which a person takes to mean the sensory systems and how he or she gives meanings to the environment they belong. This report analyses the features of the perception process and illustrates the ways an individual's perception affect other people, group and organization. This analyses the theories and concepts of perception ...

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Teens And Anorexia Nervosa Theory

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder that causes a person to obsess about their weight and the food they eat (MFMER. 2008, Para. 1). Anyone can have the disease, but women are particularly susceptible. People who have this condition will view themselves as fat when they look in the mirror although they are in reality dangerously thin and far below the normal weight for their body's height ...

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Job Satisfaction And Absenteeism Relationship

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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In organizational research, the term absenteeism is marked by "nonattendance of employees for scheduled work when they are expected to attend" (Huczynski & Fitzpatrick, 1989, p. 250). Absenteeism varies widely within organizations and within different sectors. Work attitudes are considered important determinants of withdrawal behavior (Appelbaum et al., 2003; Harrison and Martocchio, 1998; Sturges et al., 2005). Job satisfaction is considered the main determinant of absenteeism. 1.0 ...

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AC DC Three Phase Generators

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Aims and Objectives The main objective of this report is to describe the investigation into operating characteristics of AC-DC Three-Phase generators and motors. The following subjects must be covered in this report for it to successfully document the investigation, these subjects will be constructed using a series of lab experiments and learner comments:- Operating characteristics of DC and AC generators supplying resistive, capacitive and inductive loads. Relationship ...

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The Effect Of Stress On Police Officers

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

4 (1,404 )

First of all, stress is the body's reaction to internal and external stimuli that interferes with the body's normal state. It usually upsets this normal state. The stimuli that cause stress can be physical, mental, or emotional. The body has to react to stressful situations which are called the flight-or-fight response. ( ) Stress can weaken and disturb the body's defense mechanisms and may play a role ...

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Relationship between marriage and job satisfaction

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

5 (1,702 )

The purpose of this review in to determine the difference between marital status; married vs. single working adults in terms of job satisfaction and the relationship between job satisfaction and life satisfaction. The findings are concluded from different working industries and country. The results obtain from the studies shows that there is a relationship between job satisfaction and life satisfaction and several research proves that married working ...

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Gender differences in intelligence?

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

5 (1,996 )

Sex differences in intelligence have been a popular argument for generations. "Francis Galton had little doubt that men were more intelligent than women" (Mackintosh, 2000, p. 182), whereas Cyril Burt and Louis Terman agree that this should be as straightforward as any concept, and can be answered through empirical evidence. In general intelligence, the findings of various studies have arrived at similar conclusions of either no difference, ...

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The Conscious And The Unconscious

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

3 (1,085 )

Theories of the mind are as old as history itself, but its only in the 19th century that doctors and scientists started to study it more carefully. Freud is the first to put the concept of unconscious into a unified framework. Freud's concept is based on three states of the mind: conscious, pre-concious and unconscious. The conscious part of the mind is what readily available to our ...

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Short and long term memory

03 Oct 2016 11 May 2017

5 (1,687 )

Memory can be defined as a cognitive function that acquires information through encoding by changing it to a usable form, storage for later use and retrieval by bringing stored memories into conscious awareness state (Sternberg, 1999). Sensory memory store lasts for a brief period of time when information is received from sensory systems before it is processed (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968). Thus, this information is selected ...

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Minority influence research: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

4 (1,383 )

Minority influence research can be said to begin with Solomon Asch himself being influenced by Muzafer Sherif's (1936) classic study on group norms. Asch then went on to conduct his own famous study on conformity (majority influence) in 1951 and his subsequent finding that 37 percent of his participants conformed to a clearly erroneous majority opinion was a surprise for many in the field at that time. ...

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Examination Of Clinical Psychology

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

4 (1,276 )

Psychology is a broad field that is divided into several branches of study. Clinical psychology is among these fields that at times people fail to comprehend the kind clients it handles and the services it provides. Clinical psychology is an expansive branch of psychology that uses psychological ideologies to examine, curtail, and ameliorate mental distress, disability, and unhealthy conducts, and to improve psychosomatic and physical welfare. The ...

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On Being Sane In Insane Places

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that psychiatrists cannot reliably tell the difference between those patients who are sane and those who are insane. Procedure The study consisted of two parts. The main study is an example of a field experiment. The manipulation (Independent variable) was the made up symptoms of pseudo patients, the dependent variable was the psychiatrists' diagnostic admission of the ...

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Dancehall Queen | Analysis

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

8 (3,100 )

Dancehall Queen from an Inclusive Stereotypical perspective Film Summary Dancehall Queen is the story of a woman called Marcia, a street vendor living in the inner-city slums of Kingston, Jamaica. A single mother living with her two daughters and her younger brother Junior, Marcia worked selling snacks in the daytime as a means of earning a meagre income for her family. Uncle Larry, a wealthy friend, contributed ...

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What Influences Teenagers To Smoke?

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

11 (4,212 )

Why and what influences teenagers to start smoking? This is the topic that no one has the accurate answer. It has been recorded that teenagers smoking is on the rise lately and the exact reason for it, is still unknown. It cannot be denied that everyone dislikes smokers and even the smell of cigarettes can be an unpleasant feeling, but no-one tries to understand why teenagers start ...

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Behavior Change Model | Analysis

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

10 (3,878 )

Introduction The transtheoretical model posits that health behavior change involves progress through six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Ten processes of change have been identified for producing progress along with decisional balance, self-efficacy, and temptations. Basic research has generated a rule of thumb for at-risk populations: 40% in precontemplation, 40% in contemplation, and 20% in preparation. Across 12 health behaviors, consistent patterns ...

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Sheldons Somatotype Theory And Its Application Psychology Essay

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

6 (2,344 )

Sheldon believed that by analyzing the somatotypes of humans he could predict personality traits and body physique. He aspired to predict the genetic outcome of humans to the point of predictability thus allowing humans to breed desired qualities into their offspring. Sheldon's research was flawed in that he utilized poor research and techniques. The outcome of Sheldon's work was not the predictability of humans through somatotyping, but ...

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Critical Appraisal Skills For Practice

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

7 (2,573 )

The purpose of this assignment is to critically appraise a research paper which is relevant to practice. My chosen published paper is based on qualitative research, and interprets the feelings and thoughts of older people, after suffering heart failure and how they cope with transition from independence to dependence and for some even death (Waterworth et al, 2010). I intend on using Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) ...

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Relationship between infant temperament and attachment

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

4 (1,365 )

Psychologists have argued for several years over the concepts' of nature v nurture, and which is seen more crucial in determining or causing such individual differences in personality as well as behavior. The majority of modern psychological researchers' currently believe that both biological and environmental factors interconnect to form a child's personality. Further, it is also indicated researchers are convinced that temperament is existent at the birth ...

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Neural structures: Subserving psychological function

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

9 (3,356 )

This essay will evaluate what is known about the role of neural structures in subserving emotion. It was concluded that although emotion is a difficult behaviour to study scientifically, clear importance of the role of the amygdala has been found. Nonetheless, other structures and brain regions are involved in the responses to emotion, and how they interact together is an area in need of further investigation. Neural ...

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Theories of behaviourism

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

26 (10,024 )

Breadth The breadth section will discuss behaviorism as conceptualized by three of its major proponents. In this section, the principles developed by John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner and Albert Bandura will be compared and contrasted in an attempt to have a deeper understanding of behaviorism. Watson, Skinner and Bandura are among the greatest proponents of behaviorism and conducted empirical studies to prove their point. The significant aspects ...

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Freud's Stages Of Psychosexual Development

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

6 (2,026 )

An individuals personality is the complex of mental characteristics that makes them unique from other people. It includes all of the patterns of thought and emotions that cause us to do and say things in particular ways. Personality is expressed through our temperament or emotional tone. However, personality also colours our values, beliefs, and expectations. There are many potential factors that are involved in shaping a personality. ...

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Case study: Structuralism and functionalism

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

4 (1,368 )

In this assignment the assumptions of structuralism and functionalism will be analysed to see how they have affected modern experimental psychology and critically evaluate the strengths and weaknesses throughout the following paragraphs. Introduction Experimental psychology began at the end of the nineteenth century with Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) (Gross, 2010), establishing the first formal psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany; 1879 (Gross, 2010). This laboratory was seen as the ...

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Counselling video | reflection paper

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

5 (1,903 )

Counselling refers to a formal arrangement involving a skilled practitioner who agrees to meet with a client in a private and confidential setting in order to explore the distress the client is facing. The need for the client to seek the services of a counselor may be linked to a specific event in the past, present or future, or the client may be experiencing situations in life ...

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Different types of sexual offenders

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

5 (1,997 )

There are different types of sexual offenders, and each type varies in the victim of choice, the offenses and what the offender psychological gains from the offenses. Some of the different types of sexual offenders include rapists, pedophiles, child molesters and incest offenders. According to Bartol & Bartol (2008) rapists and child molesters are the two most frequently discussed sexual offenders and the two groups of sexual ...

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The Types Of Anxiety Disorders

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

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Anxiety is a general term for several disorders that cause nervousness, apprehension and worrying. These disorders affect how we feel and behave, and they can manifest physical symptoms. Mild anxiety is vague and unsettling, while severe anxiety can be extremely debilitating, which will cause a serious impact on daily life. (medicalnewstoday.com, 2010) It is different as fear, as we only feel fear when the stimulus is present, ...

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The Development Of Altruism

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

9 (3,216 )

The development of Altruism. Altruism is a term that derived from the Latin language, means "to others" and "of others". It served as an antonym for "egoism" that refers to other-regarding behaviors. According to the literature, the definition of altruism contains many facets. Author of "The Heart of Altruism: Perceptions of a Common Humanity", Kristen Renwick Monroe, defines altruism as "entailing action, with no conditions or reward-seeking, ...

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What Is Criminal Profiling?

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

7 (2,687 )

What is a Criminal profiler? Many people have mistaken what a real profiler does and who they are. They are not the normal person that works for the police; there is more to a criminal profiler than you might think. Catching serial killers and murderers is a 24 hour job for many of the profilers that work for law enforcement or the FBI. Some ask the question ...

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Physical attractiveness and intimate relationship

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

5 (1,999 )

Physical attractiveness depends on individual's preference. Intimate relationship can be defined as affectionate, kind, and sense of protectiveness. Few articles were evaluated, to find the connection between physical attractiveness and intimate relationship. Different people have different tolerance to their partners' attractiveness. Dissimilar attractiveness level in relationship causes inferiority between couples, leads relationships to fail. Courtship is important in developing intimate relationship. Hence, attractiveness s highly considered when ...

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Literature review of work and family conflict

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

15 (5,633 )

This chapter introduces and explains the important theoretical and practical resource for an understanding of the conflict between work and family among married female teachers in Malaysia. This chapter consists of two sections namely; section I: Theoretical framework of work-family conflict from Western and Islamic perspectives. For section II: Literature Review on Work-Family Conflict. Focus of the study is to examine the impact of work-family conflict-efficacy WFC ...

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An introduction to kinesiology

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

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In this chapter, basic kinesiology definitions are introduced and problem-solving approaches in kinesiology tasks are classified as quantitative or qualitative movement analysis. Definition: Derived from the Greek word "kinesis" meaning motion and the suffix -ology or -logy from the Greek "logos" or "logia" (meaning field of study). It is the scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and mechanics of body movement. Introduction to Kinesiology You might think ...

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Theories For Violence In Sports

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

8 (2,823 )

Violence in sports involves the execution of behaviors that cause harm and happen out of the rules and regulations of sports. Currie (2000) defines violence in sports as "physical assault that is intended to cause physical pain or injury to another player (or fan, coach, game official etc), where such harmful actions bear no direct relationship to the rules and associated competitive goals of the sport". Violence ...

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Eating Disorders: A Psychological Perspective

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

16 (6,027 )

Historically, eating disorders such as Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa were misunderstood to be a consequence of an individuals' desire to be thin. However, it is now known that they are in fact distinct, self-maintaining psychological disorders with multiple causes. The purpose of this essay was to describe the various psychological causes, effects and treatments of eating disorders although it was also felt to be appropriate to ...

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INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

16 (6,086 )

By 1992, more than 1,000 articles had been published on aspects of sport personality (Ruffer, 1976; Vealey, 1989, 2002). This voluminous research demonstrates how important researches and practitioners consider the role of personality to be in sports. With that in mind, this research attempted to determine if there is a relationship between types of personalities and sports preferences. Athletes from different sports and non-athletes will play a ...

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CASE STUDY: Social Psychology

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

4 (1,326 )

Decades of studies and research into the mass media portraying evident allegations upon hostile aggression in society, is being linked to viewing anti social behaviour in the media and is somewhat of an open subject, with much controversy and hearsay. Mass media corporations such as newspaper publications, video game industries, film makers and television programmes are all under constant scrutiny within society as to whether or not ...

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Clinical and experimental neuropsychology

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

9 (3,447 )

Neuropsychology is a form of neuroscience interested in investigating and uncovering the nature of the relationship between the mind and brain (Beaumont, 2008). Clinical neuropsychology is concerned with diagnosing, treating and rehabilitating patients with brain pathology, whilst experimental neuropsychology is concerned with discovering normal models of cognition and understanding the brain functions of healthy individuals (Ogden, 1996). However, clinical and experimental neuropsychology, whilst separate disciplines, are not ...

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Assessment Of Frontal Lobe Dysfunction

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

8 (2,813 )

It has been established that the frontal lobes play a major part in an individual's decision making, planning, problem solving, social, emotional and behavioural skills. Consequently dysfunction of the frontal lobe can cause a wide range of symptoms (Kolb and Wishaw 1996) leading to relatively specific clinical dysfunction therefore a neuropsychological assessment is necessary to be carried out on the patient. The present study looks at the ...

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Ethical Dilemmas: Breaking Confidentiality

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

10 (3,661 )

One crucial factor that influences our behaviour towards others, our everyday interactions, our decisions and many other areas of our lives is our personal values. The personal values of an individual are important to them and have a lasting effect. A person develops their values while growing up and are influenced by the culture this person is a member of. Values have a great impact on peoples' ...

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Challenges in classifying normal and abnormal behavior

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

3 (908 )

When defining and classifying normal and abnormal behavior in psychology, culture is one of the challenges that a therapist faces when assessing a client (Nairne, 2008). This is because a certain disorder is classified differently by people from different cultures. There are cultures that allow a broad diversity of behaviors than others and some behaviors. In addition, in such cultures some behaviors are not classified as abnormal ...

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The Theories Developed By Sigmund Freud

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

5 (1,649 )

Sigmund Freud, an Austrian psychiatrist and known as the father of psychoanalysis, developed an entirely new and fascinating approach to understanding the human personality. He is referred to as 'one of the most influential and controversial minds of the 20th century'. Freud was born on the 6th of May 1856 and died after being diagnosed with cancer on the 23rd of September 1939. During the course of ...

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Baddeley's Working Memory Model

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

6 (2,134 )

A wide range of research in short term memory was conducted in the 1950s, with the development of new techniques and advanced theoretical approaches based on previous concepts of information processing. Psychologists attempted to find a link between short term memory and working memory. Working memory is defined as being part of long term memory, which also encompasses short term memory. This perspective suggests that working memory ...

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Paranoid Schizophrenia: Analysis and Overview

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

5 (1,801 )

Auditory hallucinations are the common symptom of paranoid schizophrenia, which can cause distress and debilitation. Although individuals may experience different symptoms and those symptoms will affect them differently; however auditory hallucination is the most common one that will affect their behaviour, their ability to function and causes them to withdraw from the social life. The following essay will discuss the symptoms and treatment for paranoid schizophrenia, nursing ...

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Factors That Cause People To Smoke

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

14 (5,471 )

Smoking has always been a controversial debate over so many years ago and up to current issue. Smoking has faced relentlessly myriad of opinions, judgment and perspective whether it brings about benefits or disadvantages. The rising trend denotes that the number of smokers has increased tremendously over the years. To make things worse, the rising trend of number of youth engaging in this habit is relatively huge ...

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Personal construct theory

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

6 (2,270 )

In social psychology, individual difference research aims to find out why individuals act differently in the same scenarios (Butt, 2007). This essay will be looking at two different theories, Kelly's (1955, cited in Butt, 2007; Stevens, 2002) personal construct theory and Eysenck and Rathman's (1965, cited in Butt, 2007) trait theory of personality, which study and interpret individual differences to personality in two different ways. This essay ...

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Team Cohesion

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

6 (2,197 )

Before I start talking about Team Cohesion, I want to take a closer look at cohesiveness and what it exactly is. Cohesiveness means that you feel included, responsible for others in a group or you feel like the group works together good. Only if the group has high cohesiveness, you will feel that way. If you are in a group with low cohesiveness, some group members might ...

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