Concepts in solution focused brief therapy

23 Mar 2015 18 May 2017

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SFBT, believe that solutions ensue when there is a change in negative interactive patterns and behaviour and as such, giving new meaning to clients problems and tools necessary to solve their them (Stalker et al., 1999). SFBT does not pathologize but rather focuses on clients strengths (Gehart and Tuttle, 2003). It orients clients to a solution talk rather than problem talk. The SF, therapist therefore works with ...

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Juvenile Delinquency and Mental Health Issues

23 Mar 2015 18 May 2017

7 (2,603 )

Juvenile Delinquency refers to "children committing crimes that result in legal intervention". A juvenile can be prevented from committing crimes if the causes of juvenile delinquency are well understood. Criminologists have established various theories to describe the onset of juvenile delinquency. These theories include Social Learning theory, Control theory and Strain theory. As stated by Social Learning theory, juvenile delinquency results when juveniles interact and learn from ...

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Research Onion - Explanation of the Concept

18 May 2017

10 (3,770 )

Keywords: saunders research onion, the research onion Introduction The research onion was developed by Saunders et al. (2007). It illustrates the stages that must be covered when developing a research strategy.When viewed from the outside, each layer of the onion describes a more detailed stage of the research process (Saunders et al., 2007). The research onion provides an effective progression through which a research ...

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The Over-diagnosis of ADHD

23 Mar 2015 18 May 2017

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A simple way to describe Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is that it is a brain based condition where there is an imbalance of the brains chemicals dopamine and noradrenaline, these chemicals being responsible for self-control and slowing down of impulses (Green and Chee, 1997: 3). Because of the slight imbalance of these important chemicals, people with ADHD will experience impulsive, hyperactive behaviour as well as inattentiveness with ...

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Factors For Increased Obedience

23 Mar 2015 18 May 2017

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Gross defines obedience as an outcome of social influence whereby somebody acts in response to an order from another person. It is assumed that without such an order, the person would not have acted in this way. The significance of obedience became more prominent after the Nazi atrocities of World War II. The general consensus was that citizens from Germany had a different character from the citizens ...

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Framo and Inter-generational Family Therapy

23 Mar 2015 18 May 2017

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In the words of marriage & family therapy theoretician, James L. Framo, his theory aims to build "a conceptual bridge between the personal and the social" (1992, p. 111). Framo, along with other theoreticians of the time, such as Murray Bowen, Carl Whitaker, and Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy, were interested in not only the internal intrapsychic processes occurring within individuals, but also the social spaces between individuals as well. ...

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Solution focused brief therapy

23 Mar 2015 18 May 2017

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Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) is rapidly becoming an important way of working with families and individuals, allowing clients to find solutions to their own problems (King & Kellock, 2002). SFBT is one of the most popular and widely used psychotherapy approaches in the world (Trepper et al., 2006; Gingerich & Eisengart, 2000). In general, solution-focused therapists accentuate the positive, look toward the future, and do not focus ...

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Freud's and Roger's theory of personality

23 Mar 2015 18 May 2017

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There are many theories for personality and various theorists have defined this in different ways. One fairy comprehensive definition for personality is by Pervin (1996, p.414. pg.3) who cited: "Personality is the complex organisations of cognitions, affects, and behaviours that give direction and pattern to the person's life. Like the body, personality consists of both structures and processes and reflects both nature (genes) and nurture (experience). In ...

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Theories of relationships and personality

03 Oct 2016 18 May 2017

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Tutor Assessed Question 1 (total word count: 259) Describe a study that has been used to investigate implicit personality theory. Provide at least two evaluation points for the study that you have used. Implicit personality theory explains the biases used by a person when meeting an unknown person, producing impressions using limited initial information. Asch (1946) was the first psychologist to broadly research into ...

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Personality Interests And Career Suitability

23 Mar 2015 18 May 2017

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The purpose of this report is to examine my suitability for the career I wish to pursue as well as look at other areas that maybe more suited to my personality and interests. I will highlight my suitability to the career in which I have chosen through self-awareness and career exercises. I will be analysing these findings and determining my suitability for my chosen career as well ...

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The Effect Of The Media On Violence

23 Mar 2015 18 May 2017

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INTRODUCTION Access and use of media is an imperative part of almost everyone's life. Media is so deeply integrated in our lives that hardly a day goes when we do not have some sort of interaction with some or another form of media. Media is used not only for entertainment purposes but also as the main source of education. However, despite its many advantages, one of the ...

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Is Intelligence Innate?

23 Mar 2015 18 May 2017

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Intelligence is innate is a very complex claim. It is hard to determine whether or not the genotype of humans solely affects our intelligence without considering external factors that contribute towards our developmental growth. The dispute over innate versus acquired; the performationist view versus the environmentalist view is driven by the everlasting nature and nurture debate. To further examine the claim that intelligence is innate, this essay ...

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The Psychological Effects of Cyber bullying

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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Abstract The last few decades have resulted in major transformation across important areas of our physical, economical, social and cultural systems. These changes are due to emerging potential computer technologies and ever enhancing awareness of the people. Additionally, the strong, effective and highly swift sources of communications across the world have also added to the diversity being observed at international levels. These transformations have influenced almost every ...

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The Importance Of Social Research

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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As social beings we have a continuous need to understand actuality of our surroundings, environments and our individual and social requirements. In this paper I will be discussing why social research is important and some examples of methods to show how we use the knowledge we have gained to benefit mankind. The human mind seeks knowledge to improve and sustain our quality of life in the present ...

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What drives teenagers to commit suicide?

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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Suicide can be defined as an act or an instance of taking one's own life voluntarily and intentionally. Suicide is not a choice to survive or a choice to escape. Instead, successful suicide is inevitably mortal. Suicide is the third leading cause of death and injury among adolescents and young adults in the worldwide. Suicide is a serious public health problem. According to the World Health Organisation ...

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Research Methodologies in Psychology

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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This chapter presents an overview of the methodological perspective of the research. It provides an overview of the different types of research designs that can be applied to research, each paradigms strengths and weaknesses followed by an outline of the approach taken. The research methodology section provides a detailed look at the chosen methodologies. Research design can be considered as a "blueprint" for research. It deals with ...

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The Functions Of Mirror Neurons

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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Researchers understanding of the functions of mirror neurons remains the subject of much debate. A myriad of possible functions have been suggested, including an explanation for the common coding theory (perception-action coupling), understanding and predicting the actions and intentions of others, learning new skills through imitation, theory of mind, language acquisition, and empathy (Fogassi, Ferrari, Gesierich, Rozzi, Chersi & Rizzolatti, 2005; Gallese & Goldman, 1998; Skoyles, 2010; ...

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Psychopaths: Theories and Treatment

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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There are characters in the society whose habits and moral behaviors are something out of the ordinary. These individuals exist in each and every society. They have the propensity to engage in certain inhuman activities without being empathetic in any way. The cruel acts they commit do not seem at all cruel to them and most of the time, they like shifting the blame from them as ...

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Epistemological And Ontological Research

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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Qualitative and quantitative researches are often presented as two fundamentally different paradigms through which we study the social world. These paradigms act as lightning conductors to which sets of epistemological assumptions, theoretical approaches and methods are attracted. Each is seen to be incompatible with the other. These paradigmatic claims have a tendency to resurface from time to time, manifesting themselves in the effects of different cultural traditions ...

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Psychological theories for criminal behaviour

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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Psychological theories have tried to explain why and how the crime occurs. The psychoanalytic point of view, two main theories: Freud's theory of stages of sexual development and the theory of addition of Intent by Bowlby in 1947. These theories conclude that there is a correlation between the formation of personality in childhood and future criminal behavior. Freudian theory of development, suggesting that we go through several ...

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Postnatal Depression - Baby Blues

13 Sep 2016 17 May 2017

5 (1,898 )

Keywords: postnatal depression, perinatal depression, postpartum depression, baby blues Postnatal depression is also known as postpartum or perinatal depression. It is a more serious type of depression than the “baby blues”. The baby blues, unless persistent, usually do not require treatment and are normal reactions to the hormonal changes and stress after delivery. It is thought that postnatal depression can occur at any time up to ...

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Review Of Conflict Management Styles

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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Conflict is an inevitable part of our lives. In organizations, specifically, different shared values and beliefs might lead to misunderstanding and create tension between all the employees. It is in the norm of various cultures worldwide that conflict must be avoided, however, if it is well-managed, conflicts too, can open new unexpected possibilities to the organizations. Even though the term of conflict is ambiguous, and there are ...

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Case study: Eating Disorder

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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Psychopathology refers to maladaptive behavior/s that causes distress to an individual and is brought about by a psychological disorder (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004). A number of factors contribute to the development of psychopathology: collectively referred to as the vulnerability-stress model (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004). This model breaks the stressors down into three categories: biological causes, social causes and psychological causes (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004). There are four dominant psychological theories of psychopathology that ...

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Family Effects On Juvenile Delinquency

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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The family is the foundation of humanity. Children who are rejected by their parents, who grow up in homes with considerable conflict, or who are inadequately supervised are at the greatest risk of becoming delinquent. Adolescence is a time of expanding vulnerabilities and opportunities that go along with it, widens social and geographic exposure to life beyond school or family. Family is one of the most influential ...

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Research Methodology in Memory Studies

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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Many studies, dating back to the pioneering work of the psychologist Ebbinghaus in 1885, have shown that we forget as much as 80% of everything we read within 24 hours. Since then our understanding of human memory has increased dramatically. However, memory cannot be observed directly and its existence is inferred by psychologists who use a variety of techniques to study memory, including controlled laboratory experiments, quasi-experiments ...

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Piaget's Theory of Child Development

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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The first two years are very important in a child development. In this essay you will find the key concepts and theories of cognitive, social and emotional development in infancy. I am going to explain what cognitive development is and focus on cognitive theory of Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget and acquisition of language and perception. This essay will tell you what are the most common emotions of ...

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Effects Of Cartoon Violence On Preschoolers

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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Research Question: Does the violence depicted in cartoons have a negative influence on young viewers between ages 3-5 in America? Does it promote aggression and/or violent behavior? Or is this assertion merely a false presumption? Introduction: Nowadays it is a common belief that the violence portrayed in cartoons has a negative impact on the behavior of young children. The main aim of this Essay will be to ...

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Research Results: Personality changes

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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CHAPTER 4 This chapter shows the results gathered by the researchers. As presented in the following graphs with corresponding analyses and interpretations, it answered the queries sought for by the researchers. This, in the process, gave more light to the research, itself. Age of Respondents Table 1 Analysis: The table shows that 7 respondents came from the 20 - 30 age group, 1 from the 31 - ...

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Classical conditioning Child development

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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Learning theories suggests behaviour is shaped by learning processes and children are shaped by the environment. There is less focus on a child's perception of an experience. Classical conditioning contributes to the study of child development as it plays a role in the development of emotions. For example, Watson's Little Albert was conditioned to fear all white, fluffy objects. It can be used to solve childhood emotional ...

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Factors that influence procrastination

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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The introductory chapter included several parts that provide a basic frame of study. It presented the background of study about procrastination, which was followed by the statement of problem with four research objectives and related hypotheses. Major variables that might appear in the study were defined in terms of conceptual and operational definition, as well as the significance of study of study and limitations were presented. 1.1 ...

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Literature review on depressive disorders

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Depression is one of the most prevailing medical disorders. Depression has been recognized as a distinct pathological entity from early Egyptian times (Reus, 2000). Depression is the most common psychiatric disorders. Each year, more than 100 million people worldwide develop clinical depression (Bjornlund, 2010). During a lifetime, it is estimated that between 8% and 20% of the general population will experience at least one clinically significant episode ...

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Measurement tools for measuring commitment

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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The following section is going to provide an explanation of the measurement scale that is going to be adopted for the dependent and independent variables and the rational behind for choosing the particular approach. Measurement of Commitment to the Organization Employee commitment to an organization has been defined in a variety of ways which can be composed into three themes: commitment reflecting an affective orientation toward the ...

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Risk Factors Contributing Children Behavior Problem

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Child behaviors become problematic and these affect not only the family, but also in social and academic functioning. As working in a low-banding secondary school in Hong Kong, I have found a lot of students who are burdened with different behavior problems. These externalizing behaviors affect not only their academic achievement, but also their relationships with teachers, peers, and family, but further disrupt their future. Early intervention ...

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To what extent does personality predict performance?

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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There are two approaches to personality: nomothetic and idiographic. The nomothetic approach presumes that personality is inherited and environmental factors don't play a high role (Buchanan, Huczynski, (2010). pp. 174). This approach takes a number of variables into account while studying personality such as traits (Iverson Software Co., 2006). This is on the nature side of the nature-nurture debate (Buchanan, Huczynski, (2010). pp. 174). This approach is ...

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What Extent Is Personality Innate?

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Personality portrays a psychological construct applied to a set of overt behaviours, thoughts and feelings. There is much debate amongst psychologists on how to specifically categorise, define and measure the concept of personality due to numerous meanings and theories associated with the term itself (Carver and Scheier, 2004). Although no single definition is universally accepted by psychologists, a useful definition when discussing different theories of personality is ...

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Difference Between Emotional Intelligence And IQ

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Intelligence is a term that is difficult to define, and it can mean many different things to different people. Intelligence is often defined as the general mental ability to learn and apply knowledge to manipulate your environment, as well as the ability to reason and have abstract thought. In education, Intelligence is defined as the ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or challenging ...

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Social And Cognitive Biases

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Cognitive bias is distortion in the way we perceive reality. A cognitive bias is a deviation or distortion in information processing, which manifests in a tendency toward processing information in a way that systematically favours particular conclusions. But in order to find out how cognitive bias may aid psychological practise we must first look at the different types of biases to have a better understanding of them. ...

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Visual perception: Gregory and Gibson

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Perception is basically the principle of how we perceive information of the world through our senses and how it is then processed to allow us interaction with the environment. In our natural environment we are surrounded with sensory information but we only take in a small amount of that information. For the purpose of this assignment the general principle which will be researched into, is the theory ...

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Examining the generation effect

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Generation effect is a phenomenon which has been examined in this study. It has been widely found that high frequency words produce generation effect, whereas possibility of generation effect with low frequency words has been found lately. The present study was conducted to test whether generation effect is possible for low frequency words during free recall. Another purpose of this study was to check the differences between ...

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Bullying effects on child development

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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One would not expect a victim of rape to have to single-handedly identify, trace, catch, arrest, prosecute, convict and punish the person who raped her. Targets of bullying often find themselves doing all of these whilst those in positions of authority persistently abdicate and deny responsibility."Tim Field. Research shows that bullying has long been a part of social behavior and is common practice throughout the world. It ...

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Case study: ATTRIBUTION THEORY

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Attribution theory was developed overtime from the theories of Fritz Heider, Edward Jones, Keith Davis, and Harold Kelley. All were social psychologists. Edward 'Ned' Jones was born August 11, 1926 in Buffalo, NY. He received his doctorate degree from Harvard University in 1953. He taught at Duke University in the psychology department and was chair of the department from 1970-73. He was on both the National Science ...

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Impact of work stress on employee performance

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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This study aim to identify and determine the issues faced by the stress of the employee performance in the organization. As the main focus of this study is on find so this study will use longitudinal research design and the methodology will be used in the quantitative and through this study these are all issues have to recognized and provide better solution and benefit for employee performance ...

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The Concept of Perception

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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In this essay I will be covering the concept of perception. Within the study of perception I will be explaining the process of perception, social errors in perception and methods to use to mend these errors. Perception is an everyday occurrence to you and every person around you. To perceive something is to understand it or how you may absorb it. This will then gradually lead you ...

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Social Phobia And Anxiety

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

4 (1,313 )

Many individuals experience severe social phobia and anxiety which they feel that they are being observed by other people or they are afraid of socializing with other people. ~ People with social phobia and anxiety are scared to mingle with others since they believed that they have been observed by them most of the time. ~ Social phobia and anxiety is common nowadays since a lot of ...

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Effects Of Bullying On School Achievement

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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This chapter critically analyzes extant literature on the relationship of bullying and school achievement. Many studies have been made on the development of the learning process but literature is scant on how bullying impacts upon the intellectual development of children. There is even less research conducted to determine how perceptions of educators or school staff influence the learning process in children. To provide backbone to this study, ...

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Research methods: Thee development of infants

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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The past five decades have seen an increasing interest in infants' world. This has produced an exponential growth in research on infants' perception, leading to advances in knowledge of infants' abilities. This essay will first succinctly review some of the theoretical perspectives influencing research in this area, namely empiricist and nativist views of infant's perception. Secondly, it will describe how new research methods employed in the study ...

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Attachment in children: Gender of primary care giver

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Although the stay at home dad is still considered an unusual phenomenon, with the current trend in unemployment and redundancies, traditional gender roles are increasingly changing and more men are becoming the primary care givers for their children. Just thirty years ago the typical Irish mother stayed at home looking after house and family and the father was the sole provider for the family. Today less than ...

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Aging, Ageism and the Power of Fear

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

4 (1,483 )

The Old Man in the Mirror: Aging, Ageism and the Power of Fear I admit it. On the road, when I am behind a driver who leaves his or her directional on, or who drives fifteen miles per hour under the speed limit, or who cannot seem to stay between the lines, I assume he or she is an elderly person. Sometimes, it is an elderly person. ...

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The Evidence and Theory of False Memories

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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False Memories Amnesia: The Evidence and Theory of False Memories Abstract In recent years there has been a blast of research on false memories in recalling events that did not happen. Steffens & Mecklenbrauker (2007) define these memories as “a subjective experience of remembering something of that something did apparently not happen in reality” (p 12). Yet, children, adolescents and even adults continue to report that they ...

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Reasons of impulse buying

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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You might have observed women went for grocery shopping along with pre-planned items list to be purchased but they came back with a nice colorful pair of shoes also that was not included in their shopping list. My area of thesis is to identify those factors that compel consumers, for such un-planned buying that is known as impulse buying. Background Today we are living in rapidly changing ...

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Human And Computer Information Processing

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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In this paper we explore about how human and computer memories work? In particular, what is the structure of short term memories of human and computers? We have discussed how the Information process in human and computers and the correlation between them. According to the experts the data or information can be stored in three different ways which become memory. 1) Sensory stage. 2) Short-term memory and ...

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Limitations Of CBT For Social Phobias

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Social phobia, also known as Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is considered as one of the most common psychological disorders on its own, and also as a comorbid disorder (Kessler, McGonagle, Zhao, et al., 1994). Current research literature suggest Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) as the first treatment choice for social phobia, unless in the case where the client opt for medication or if the client is suffering from ...

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Case study: Anorexia Nervosa

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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I began my study into Anorexia Nervosa by reading a general overview of eating disorders. Eating Disorders and Adolescents: An Overview of a Maladaptive Behavior" gave the basic facts on Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and some the key indicators. The four diagnostic criteria as presented in the DSM-IV were cited. Refusal to gain weight and maintain a healthy body weight Extreme fear of gaining weight or becoming "fat" ...

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Mobile Phone use: Reaction Times

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of divided attention upon response time. Participants consisted of 51 female and 10 male students from the University of Canberra, ranging in age from 19- 60 years (M = 24.95, SD = 7.99). Participants were asked to complete a spatial cueing task while using their mobile phone to either send text messages or make phone calls. Data ...

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Cognitive behavioural therapy formulation

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Introduction In spite of the main approach still being a medical one, formulations are starting to play a huge part in treating people living with mental distress. The purpose of formulations is to look at information gathered in the assessment of a distressed person. Formulations look at the life experiences of a distressed person and the meaning they make out of these experiences (Johnston & Dallos 2009). ...

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Psychological effects of bullying in adolescence

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Bullying is known cross-culturally as one of largest and most prominent psychosocial troubles adolescents face due to its entirely negative, damaging state (Sourander et al., 2007). A person is considered to be bullied when he or she is exposed to negative actions (such as physical or verbal harm, exclusion or the spreading of rumours) repeatedly over time, by one or more people considered of greater strength or ...

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Achievement Goal Theory

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Achievement Goal Theory (Nicholls, 1984, 1989) proposes that goal orientations are developed and altered through various socialization processes, including the motivational climate created by parents and coaches (Nicholls, 1989). In order to better understand the influence of motivational climates, it is necessary to understand the concept of the achievement goal theory (Dweck & Leggett, 1988). Achievement goals have been widely researched by Maehr (1980), Nicholls (1984) and ...

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College Students And Anxiety

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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There are various studies related to college students and anxiety, each has a unique way of looking at the anxiety in college students. Anxiety can be a debilitating disorder alone but can be lost and forgotten when working with younger individuals. It is a common idea that any student faces anxiety during their college experience but the affects of anxiety can affect more than one's test but ...

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Factors for stress to secondary school teachers

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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The importance of teachers in a nation building is indubitable. A discussion cannot be made on the role of education in the development of a country without giving main attention to teachers being themselves centric agent of the development. Academic excellence, professional or personality development are few aspects which teachers are expected to develop among their students however the major work of the teachers is human resource ...

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Borderline Personality Disorder | Overview

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Borderline personality disorder is a mental illness that develops during adolescence or early adulthood. BPD is marked by patterns of emotional instabilities, impulsive behaviors, and distorted self-imaging, and/or unstable relationships. Approximately 5.9 percent of people will develop BPD. According to the American Psychiatric Association, there are three major causes of borderline personality disorder: Genetics, environmental, and serotonin abnormalities. A scientific study on twins and BPD suggested that ...

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Birth Order and Personality

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Birth order can be defined as the order in which siblings are born. Personality can be defined as the characteristics that distinguish an individual from another individual. Over the course of history, people have wondered about these and how and to what extent birth order affects personality. The theory that can describe this is called the birth order theory. The father of the birth order theory is ...

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An Introduction into Solution Focused Therapy

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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In this paper, I have chosen to talk about solution-focused therapy. I have always liked this therapy due to its brief nature and how it focuses on solutions rather than the actual problem. I have worked in drug treatment and crisis intervention facilities in my short career, and I have a strong belief that solution-focused is a useful intervention for many clients. Overall, I believe that solution-focused ...

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Theoretical Perspectives Within Psychology

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Showing a greater understanding for the different theoretical perspectives within psychology, brings the psychologist or scientist closer in understanding the complexity of human nature and the variety of personalities within society. This paper will focus on 6 of the perspectives [see appendix 1 for a list of theoretical perspectives]. The different theoretical perspectives of psychology have come to exist through the works of different schools of thoughts, ...

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Is Depression The Main Cause Of Suicide?

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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The Oxford Dictionary defines suicide as the act of killing oneself intentionally. Over millions people commit suicide each year, making it the tenth-leading cause of death worldwide. People who attempt suicide are often trying to get away from a life problems that seemed impossible to deal with. (Oxford Dictionary ,N.D) Suicide is a main public health problem. It is the eleventh leading cause of death in the ...

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Female Offenders: Court Sentences

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Female Offenders Receive Harsher Sentences in the Courts than do their Male Counterparts Most research implies that there is a significant difference in the way women and men ware treated by the criminal system and that these differences are mainly due to the operation of gender stereotypes. Research studies have hypothesised that gender does affect sentence in a number of ways. The effect is not necessarily ...

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Case study: DYSLEXIA

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Disability as the name suggests is the lack of ability of some kind (Shaywitz 2003). The lack of ability could be mental, physical, development, mental, sensory or a combination of some or all of them. Disability is a complex phenomenon which encompasses the inability of one to coordinate his/her body parts to perform tasks that perceived by the society as normal. I am going to look at ...

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Social Learning Theory Evaluation

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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There are many definitions of social learning. These definitions reflect the meanings and attachments that these authors have to them. Their moral values affect these definitions as well (Cullen & Agnew, 2011). General theories of social learning include religious, moral, and other conventional values. On the other hand, specific definitions focus more on the persons or specific acts that take place within their life (Cullen & Agnew, ...

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Athlete Psychological Responses To Injury

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Sport psychology has become an academic discipline that is broadly concerned with the relationship between psychological behaviour and sport and exercise (Heil, 1993). It has three related focal areas of study, social issues, health and well-being, and performance enhancement (Taylor & Taylor, 1997). According to Heil (1993) the most focused upon of these three areas is the later, dealing with motivation, leadership, team building, group cohesion, and ...

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Psychological Aspects Of Cold Environment

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Of all the stressors that affect human mind and body, environmental stress is quite significant, which can be critical in a military context. Extreme cold is a potent stressor causing both deterioration in morale and decrements in performance. Servicemen are expected to perform at optimal levels in all types of climates, including the cold and the extreme cold. Thus understanding the impact of extreme cold weather conditions ...

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Observations Of Students In Library Situations

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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This research presents an ethnographic account of personal actions and performances of the students in University of Southampton, who are supposed to share a limited area with other students at the university's library in order to get benefit of every single resource provided by the university. The observation is based on four days participant observation of the students about eight hours per day just before supplementary exams ...

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Sexual harassment opinions

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

6 (2,310 )

Effects Sexual harassment often has adverse effects on the victim's performance at work. Both the quantity and the quality of work may suffer, as' well as the employees' morale, attendance, and ability to work with others. Sexual harassment can cause employers losses in productivity and can lead to greater employee turnover and use of sick leave. The harassment can also harm the victim's psychological and physical well-being. ...

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A student on parental effects on education

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

10 (3,967 )

This chapter gives an overall picture of the design of the study research tools used for the study, nature and selection of the sample, analysis and interpretation of the data in the light of other research studies. Academic achievement is one of the aims of education. A child's academic achievement is highly improved by parent-child relationship. It is also enforced by the nature of the school and ...

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Effects Of Compulsive Buying Disorder

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

6 (2,182 )

Compulsive buying disorder or Omniomania commonly known as shopping addiction was recognized in the early nineteenth century, and considered as a psychiatric disorder in the early twentieth century. It is characterized by excessive behavior regarding shopping and spending which may lead to dangerous consequences. Why compulsive buying is considered a dangerous symptom? Although it is not specifically listed in the diagnostic of mental disorders it does seem ...

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Comparison of models of psychotherapy

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Depression is one of the most common and widespread psychiatric disorders in the UK. Of over 5000 British residents, approximately 5.9% of males and 4.2% of females suffer from depressive illnesses (Based on DSM-IV criteria) (Ohayon, 1999). Consequently there has been much emphasis on implementing techniques and psychotherapy to solve these issues and find effective treatments for depression. This essay describes and critically evaluates psychodynamic therapy which ...

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The Fight Or Flight Syndrome

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

4 (1,469 )

The fight or flight response was coined by Cannon and refers to the physiological reactions that prepare us for a strenuous efforts required by fighting or running away, (Martin, Carlson & Buskit, 2010, p 750). There is evidence for and against the modern man/women being ill because of the fight or flight syndrome. For example if the stress is short-term then there will be no adverse effects ...

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Psychopathology And Depression: Case Study

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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The authors aim is to produce a case study containing all information on the individual in question. Then to diagnose the illness and the long term effects and prognosis for them. Depression is a major illness, however many people think it's not a real illness because they cannot see it. It is a mood disorder that debilitates the suffer, as it affects the person as a whole: ...

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Reducing stress through exercise

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

5 (1,644 )

"How can exercise reduce stress?" Some people might joke, given that most people think of gym or exercise at classes as a source of stress. However, cardiovascular exercise such as running, tennis, and other forms of activity that raise the heart rate as well as lower-impact forms of exercise such as meditation and yoga can have a profoundly beneficial impact on the mind of an individual under ...

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Advantages And Disadvantages: Qualitative Research

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

3 (1,197 )

Qualitative research accepts the fact that there are many different ways of investigating and understanding our social world. It realises that nothing is pre-determined and that there is always room for new findings in the future. It helps understand people in a certain setting. In qualitative research, the methods most commonly used are; qualitative case study, ethnography, content analysis and action research. There are many advantages and ...

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Theories of autobiographical memory

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

8 (3,194 )

Autobiographical memory is characterised by individual and gender differences resulting from significant social interchanges and cultural milieus experienced during the early-developmental and mature phases of life. The study is designed to explore the theoretical concepts encompassing the different types, neural basis and several theoretical dimensions pertaining to the autobiographical memory. Keywords: autobiographical memory, cognitive behaviour, cognitive psychology Theories of Autobiographical Memory 3 Autobiographical Memory: A Theoretical Overview Autobiographical ...

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The aspects of attitude | Analysis

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

4 (1,268 )

In the early 19th century the term attitude was referring to a person's posture. Someone's physical appearance showed whether he had threatening or defiant attitude. Even though we can still refer to the word in this manner, nowadays attitude connotes the psychological and mental state of a person. The definition of attitudes is, "Attitudes is a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with ...

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Relationship between motivation and job satisfaction

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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According to Higgins 1994, motivation is an internal force based on employees needs to drive him/her to achieve a goal. Base on this every sales employee is in charge of their own destiny to achieve or enhance their performance which in a result would make them feel more satisfied at what they are doing i.e. in terms of amount of sales they make. This all depends on ...

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Borderline personality disorder: Object relations perspective

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

15 (5,601 )

The term Borderline was coined by Stern in 1938 to describe a group of clients that exhibited primitive thinking and defense mechanisms, regressive transferences, destructive behaviors, and intense countertransference reactions (Berzoff, Flanagan, Hertz, 2008; Gunderson, 1984). Today, Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a well known and recognized diagnosis; yet, it is still perceived to be a frustrating, perplexing, and complicated disorder for clients and clinicians to experience, ...

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The Severe Problem Of Social Isolation

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

4 (1,298 )

Social Isolation is one of the top causes of suicide. It is important socially, emotionally, and psychologically to have friends and family to count on. Without them life seems impossible. Many wonder what the causes of this suicide epidemic are. The root of this severe problem lies with the social isolation which is caused by loneliness and depression. Loneliness is the lacking of desired social relationships, a ...

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Theories Of General Intelligence

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

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General Intelligence is defined as the ability to think about various ideas, analyze different situations and conditions, and find solutions by solving problems. Different types of Intelligence tests are used to measure general intelligence. What is General Intelligence? In everyone's mind the main question is what is general intelligence? The general intelligence factor or the g-factor is an arguable concept which is used in the field of ...

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Why do we dream?

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

6 (2,008 )

Why do we dream? The proposed question of ‘why do we dream?' is one that can be easily asked but harder to explain. At this moment in time, there is a certain degree of ignorance to sleep and dreams based on the fact that we are yet to know the function of dreaming. Despite there being several theories about the concept of dreaming, there has yet to ...

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Neurotransmitters: The nervous system

03 Oct 2016 15 May 2017

8 (3,131 )

Introduction In our nervous system, the nerve impulse is transfers through neuron, the neuron accept signal from other neuron, integrate the information and then transfer the signal to other cells. Neurons communicate with each other at a specialized junction called synapse. Synapse is a structure that enables the neuron to pass electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or other cells like muscle cell. According to ...

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Entrepreneurship Approach Characteristics

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

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Psychologists have contributed to the field of entrepreneurship in many ways. For long they have directed their efforts to distinguish entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs as well successful entrepreneurs from the unsuccessful ones though a set of common characteristics and distinctive features that entrepreneur possess. The belief that entrepreneurs have distinctive personality characteristics has a long tradition in entrepreneurship studies. In psychology entrepreneurship can be discussed under two main ...

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The key theories of addiction

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

6 (2,080 )

Illegal Drug Use and Addiction This review will look at the key theories of addiction and the use of illegal drugs. It will examine dominant theories behind the psychological factors present in the decision process that leads to the intake take illegal drugs; it will define the most common aspects of addiction and outline both traditional and modern innovative treatments for individuals who have an addiction. For ...

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Why is intelligence such a thorny issue?

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

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Why is intelligence such a thorny issue in the wider culture but not so much in psychology? Human intelligence is the most controversial area of psychology to study. Controversial issues in psychology are those that initiate concern in psychology and society. Intelligence has always been a thorny issue in the wider culture, but not so much in psychology. Intelligence have been indentify as human unique feature. ...

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Visual illusions, sensation and perception

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

7 (2,597 )

Visual illusions have been a source of fascination since the ancient Greeks period when visual compensatory methods were employed in architectural design to combat illusory effects. The Parthenon temple of Athens illustrates this. In an effort to stop the Parthenon temple from giving the appearance of sagging in the middle, the temples designers made use of linear perspective in the construction of the temples columns and also ...

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The Personality And Interest Assessment

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

7 (2,526 )

Four dominant psychological personality assessment questionnaires exist, each intended to measure one of the four central models of personality. The Myers-Brigs Type Indicator assesses personality traits based on Jungian theory. Eyesenck's model measures the presence of only three trait dimensions, while Catell's model proclaims detailed complexity in human personality through the measurement of sixteen traits. The Big Five model includes five core traits which are believed interact ...

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Explanations for schizophrenia

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

3 (1,102 )

Schizophrenia is a very serious mental condition or illness, it is known as the 'split' of the 'mind'. When an individual is classed as a schizophrenic, it is usually believed that they have a significant loss of contact with reality and they experience emotional, social and mental disturbances (Butcher et al, 2004: 458). On average 1% of the population is schizophrenic, this essay will discuss the aetiology ...

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Self Determination Theory | Analyis

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

7 (2,788 )

Quality effective coaching is about interdisciplinary knowledge. As well as the ability to recognise implicit and explicit decision making. Coaching is essentially about problem solving, a good coach uses a procedural and declarative knowledge compilation to help towards problem solving. A good example of this would be the Kolb's Experimental Cycle (1984). It shows a continuous flow of development, including; reflective observation, abstract conceptualisation, active experimentation and ...

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Theories Of Counseling And Psychotherapy

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

4 (1,340 )

What is psychoanalytic theory and who is its creator? Where did this theory originate and why is it important to psychology today? What are its strengths and weaknesses? How does it influence psychology today and how does it compare to Christian principles? The psychoanalytic theory is a complex and multifaceted idea that still commands for study and revision to this day. This paper is going to look ...

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Preparedness theory and Phobias

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

5 (1,845 )

Suffering from a phobia can be a debilitating and distressing condition. Phobias induce physiological responses and can impact upon daily routines, inhibiting life experiences and opportunities. While more people are likely to have unpleasant experiences with non-biological stimuli there is research to suggest that phobias have a biological specificity i.e. most phobias are based upon a fear of biological stimuli (Jacobs & Nadel, 1985). Science has attempted ...

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Role Of Fathers In The Lives Of Children

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

16 (6,394 )

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between paternal role identity and fathering outcomes by linking fathers' metaparenting beliefs and behaviors with their pre-teenage and teenage children's perception of fathering roles in their lives. A convenience sample of 25 fathers (18-65 years) and their pre-teen/teenage daughters (n=25; 11-17 years) participated in the study. Three data collection instruments were used: the 16-item Fathering Relationship Questionnaire, ...

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The effectiveness of personality tests

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

7 (2,570 )

Introduction In order to discuss the use of Personality Assessments in Selection we must first understand what Personality is and what Personality Assessments are. Personality relates to our natural and primarily mental structures that provide guidelines for individuals' choices and behaviour (Soldz & Vaillant, 1999 ). It is therefore evident that personality is a collection of characteristic thoughts, behaviours and feelings that are unique to every individual. ...

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Analysis of attribution theory

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

4 (1,262 )

Attribution theory was developed overtime from the theories of Fritz Heider, Edward Jones, Keith Davis, and Harold Kelley. All were social psychologists. Edward 'Ned' Jones was born August 11, 1926 in Buffalo, NY. He received his doctorate degree from Harvard University in 1953. He taught at Duke University in the psychology department and was chair of the department from 1970-73. He was on both the National Science ...

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Biological And Social Learning Perspectives

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

7 (2,489 )

Aggression has been a factor of human behaviour that has puzzled philosophers and psychologists throughout the existence of our species. Aggression has always been prevalent in human civilisation, with around 15000 wars in 5600 years, averaging out at 2.7 wars a year (Eysenck, 2002). Early thinkers, such as Hobbes (1651) stated that people have a natural instinct to be competitive and hostile, and will only work towards ...

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Why to use panel unit root tests?

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

7 (2,604 )

The main advantage of using panel unit root tests is that their power is significantly greater compared to the low power of the standard time-series unit root tests in finite samples against alternative hypotheses with highly persistent deviations from equilibrium. Monte-Carlo simulations have also shown that this problem is particularly severe for small samples like ours (see Campbell and Perron 1991). Since the power of unit root ...

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