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Toxoplasmosis Is An Infection Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,272 Words)

Toxoplasmosis is an infection that pregnant females can get from a microscopic parasite. This parasite is called Toxoplasma gondii. The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular eukaryotic pathogen of the phylum Apicomplexa may cause toxoplasmosis in many warm-blooded animals, including humans. Trans-placental passage of the parasite causes congenital toxoplasmosis. Transmission frequency and severity of disease vary with gestation time: during the first weeks, vertical transmission is ...

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Biochip Microfluidic Vortex Chamber Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,547 Words)

The simulation of fluid flow, diffusion and convective, and electric conductivity in biochip microfludic vortex chamber performed using COMSOL Multiphysics in order to investigate the fluid flow in both the main channel and the vortex chamber, calculate the change in ion concentration with time and calculate the measured vortex chamber fluid electrical resistance and hence conductance. In this report, we presented results made possible by use of ...

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Purpose And Role Of Renal Dialysis Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,586 Words)

1. The basis of the changes from normal that occur in the blood biochemistry and haematology during renal failure Function of kidneys The kidneys excrete metabolism wastes from the body, e.g. urea. They play an essential homeostatic role by regulating the fluid balance and maintain pH of the blood at a constant level. Moreover, the kidneys secrete important hormones into the bloodstream which include erythropoietin and angiotensin. Erythropoietin ...

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Use Of Spectrophotometry In Enzyme Kinetics Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,705 Words)

An enzyme catalyses the conversion of a substrate to a product. The rate of the catalysed reaction or the activity of the enzyme can be determined by measuring either the decrease in substrate concentration or the increase in product concentration as a function of the reaction time. The development of an enzymatic reaction is monitored by the alteration in absorbance as a function of time - due ...

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Venom As A Neurotoxin Or Hemotoxin Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

21 Pages (8,302 Words)

Historically, venoms have been differentiated from poisons by the route of entry into a recipient organism: venoms are injected or introduced into a wound produced by the delivering organism, and poisons are injected (accidentally or intentionally) in the recipient organism. The term venom typically is applied to simple or complex secretions (usually containing multiple toxins) produced in a specialized gland which causes deleterious effects and/or death when ...

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The Evolution Of Human Nutrition Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

30 Pages (11,788 Words)

During a lifetime, a human being will eat thousands of pounds of food. The body will use this food to grow, to repair damaged tissue, and to maintain organs such as the brain and heart. Some of these foods will be enjoyable to eat because they are perceived to look appetizing and taste delicious. Other foods may not be enjoyable to eat, but will be consumed anyway ...

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Isolation Purification And Characterisation Of Rubisco From Fresh Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,632 Words)

Carbon is essential for life. Unfortunately, carbon in the earth and atmosphere is locked in highly oxidized forms, such as carbon dioxide. In order to be useful, this oxidized carbon must be "fixed" into organic forms. Plants perform this taks by 'carbon-fixation' - through photosynthesis. There is an enzyme inside plant cells, called Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). It takes carbon dioxide and attaches it to ribulose bisphosphate. ...

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All Plants And Animals Have Cells Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,082 Words)

Cells are the basic structure of all living things.Â All plants and animals have cells.Â All cells have three main parts, the nucleus, cytoplasm, and membrane.Â The nucleus is an organelle that is in the center of the cell and acts as the control center of the cell.Â It contains the DNA of an organism, which "governs the construction and operation of the cell..." and also holds ...

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study of the bivalve mollusc, cockles

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,177 Words)

Introduction Cockles are small, bivalve molluscs from the family Cardiidae that are found in sheltered beaches around the world. There are over 200 species of cockles found in various places, but the most common species around the UK is the Cerastoderma edule, also known as the Common Cockle. The Common Cockle is found on beaches on the northern European coastline from the Bearing Sea as far south ...

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Optimal Temperature For Enzyme Amylase Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,696 Words)

In this experiment the objective was to determine the optimal temperatures for fungal and human amylase. Four sets of tubes were used, human, fungal, starch with human, and starch with fungal amylase were used. Four water baths were also used with different temperatures at 0°, 40°, 60°, and 95° Celsius. With intervals of two minutes two drops were added to spot plates to their corresponding temperature and ...

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Pituitary Adenoma Diagnostic Value Of Dynamic Mr Imaging Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

13 Pages (5,095 Words)

Methods: The study included 20 patients suspected to suffer from pituitary adenomas on clinical and laboratory evidences, they were referred to the Radiodiagnosis Department, Faculty of medicine, University of Alexandria. All patients were subjected to: Full history taking and thorough clinical examination, Laboratory investigations (hormonal profile) and Full MRI examination of the sella-MRI was performed on a 1.5 Tesla closed-configuration Philips Gyroscan Intera (Netherlands, Eindhoven) system using ...

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Neurotransmitters and their respective receptors in cancer growth

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,375 Words)

The classic concept of neurotransmitters is defined as endogenous chemical messengers which are synthesized by a neuron and released into a synapse, and can transmit signals to a target cell through binding to their receptors. Conventionally, neurotransmitters can be divided into three types . Amino acid and biogenic amines belong to two classic types of neurotransmitters. The former includes glutamate, glycine and ÃŽÂ³ aminobutyric acid (GABA). The ...

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Use Of Oncolytic Viruses As Cancer Therapeutic Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (3,678 Words)

Interest of oncolytic virotherapy is mounting from over the past few decades for treating many kinds of malignancies. Despite oncolytic viruses attain many successes in cancer therapeutic era; they all have still challenges in their developments. The interaction between virulence factors of viruses, hosts' immune defense system, microenvironments and tumour factors are the hazardous influences in their achievements of novelties. Currently, with the thanks of modern recombinant ...

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Discuss The Genetic Modification bureaucratic organization

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,852 Words)

Introduction: In the late eighteenth century, industrial revolution brought so many challenges for the organizations for the ways in which work was planned and manage. Most of the organization whether its small or large has its own business principles that lays the foundation of any organization and its all depends on the owner or top level of the organization that how to implement these principles. Any organization ...

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Natural And Synthetic Polymers Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,007 Words)

A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units. These subunits are typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. Although the term polymer is sometimes taken to refer to plastics, it actually encompasses a large class of natural and synthetic materials with a wide variety of properties. Because of the extraordinary range of properties of polymeric materials, they play an essential and ubiquitous role in ...

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Metabolism Of Tay Sachs Diseases Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,726 Words)

Since evolutionary, time living organism have always strives to maintain survival capability that further prolong their lives. Build in internal environmental surveillance, known as homeostasis had always enhance the organism ability to detect any damage and fix, the mistake before any substantial amount of damage can occurs. Normal function of this system is always under threat from pathogen and cell defects within the system that lead to ...

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Medical Benefits Of Honey Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,468 Words)

Honey is a sticky solution which is made by worker honeybees. Nectar is a normal sweet material which is described as a plant exudation that is gathered by honeybees and combined with certain secretion for the purpose of ripening and maturation.1 The main source of honey is flower nectar which, after collection , is modified and stored in honeycombes in order to be used as nourishment for ...

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Endosymbiotic Theory The Modern Or Organelle Containing Eukaryotic Cell Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (2,982 Words)

In 1883, Andreas Schimper proposed that particular organelles developed from the symbiotic joining of two different organisms, (while he was studying chloroplast division within green plants and observed a similarity between chloroplasts and free living cyanobacteria.), (Vargas-Parada, 2010). In 1905, Konstantin Merezhkovski devised the term, 'symbiogenesis' , due to his work on lichens leading him to speculate that "more complex cells evolved from a symbiotic relationship between ...

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Restriction Enzyme Analysis Of Dna Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,053 Words)

Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method used in biochemistry and molecular biology. It is used to separate DNA or RNA molecules by size. Since DNA and RNA have negatively charge, when they go through an agarose matrix with an electric field, they will move from cathode to anode. The shorter molecules move faster and migrate farther than longer molecules; therefore the different sizes molecules can be separate. ...

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Practical Investigation On Osmosis Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,418 Words)

In this investigation I am going to investigate the topic of Osmosis. I will be doing this investigation to find out whether I can prove the theory of osmosis The movement of water from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane [1] or not by my simple experiment on potato chips. The aim/ purpose of the investigation are to investigate ...

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History Of Tomato And Civilizations Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,847 Words)

Tomato, also known as Solanum lycopersicum, is one of the oldest domesticated species of the human civilization. Tomato belongs to that family of plants whose all members have the innate ability of being domesticated. Today, almost all the regions of the world use tomato as a food product and majority also cultivate it as their main crop. It is a self-pollinating species of plants and both its ...

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Formulation Development Of Amlodipine Besylate By Direct Compression Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

12 Pages (4,622 Words)

Karalis et al in 2008 discussed the issues in the conference involved physiological factors affecting drug absorption, the role of pre-systemic effects on bioavailability (BA), the impact of variability in bioequivalence (BE) studies, and a final closing panel session on unresolved issues in BA/BE regulations. Several important aspects of drug absorption were highlighted. It was presented how the complexity of gastrointestinal (GI) physiology and the site dependent ...

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Vitamin C Content In The Commercial Fruit Juices Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,306 Words)

Determination of Vitamin C content in the commercial fruit juices by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometry method. 1.0 Introduction : Nowadays, market is flooded with those fruit juices or syrup with the label "vitamin C enriched". Vitamin C had become a famous compound in medical and food industry. Then what is vitamin C and its function? Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble vitamin and it ...

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Effects Of Moderate Hyperhydration On Blood Pressure Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,473 Words)

Introduction The heart is an efficient machine that supplies the body with oxygenated blood and recycles unoxygenated blood (Weedman, 2009). Unoxygenated blood comes into the heart, is pumped to the lungs, oxygenated, and then returned to the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body (Weedman, 2009). Blood pressure (BP) can be found by measuring systolic over diastolic pressure. Systolic pressure is the pressure in ...

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The Smart Material Property Of Reversible Photochromism Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

11 Pages (4,058 Words)

In this report I will be looking at the smart material property known as Reversible Photochromism. This property contains a range of chemicals that react to UV light. This report will explore a range of the effects of the compound, which will include a review of the applications of this property and the process that make them possible, by exploring the, 'Ring Process', method. This report will ...

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A Variety Of Membrane Filtration Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,304 Words)

Ultrafiltration is a variety ofÂ membrane filtrationÂ in whichÂ hydrostatic pressureÂ forces a liquid against aÂ semipermeable membrane.Â Suspended solidsÂ andÂ solutesÂ of high molecular weightÂ are retained, while water and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane. ThisÂ separation processÂ is used in industry and research for purifying and concentrating macromolecular (103Â - 106Â Da) solutions, especiallyÂ proteinÂ solutions. Ultrafiltration is not fundamentally different fromÂ microfiltration,Â nanofiltrationÂ orÂ gas separation, except in terms of the size of the molecules it retains. Ultrafiltration is applied in ...

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The Role Of Nociceptors Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (2,837 Words)

Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Nociceptor A nociceptor is a sensory receptor that sends signals that cause the perception of pain in response to potentially damaging stimulus. Nociceptors are the nerve endings responsible for nociception. They are silent receptors and do not sense normal stimuli. Only when activated ...

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Relationship Between Neanderthals And Modern Humans

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,783 Words)

The Neanderthal was discovered in Feldhofer Grotto, in the Neander Valley, Germany in August 1856. The existing material was revealed in a limestone excavation near the city of Dusseldorf. The findings were comprised of a skull cap, two femora, the three right arm bones, two of the left arm bones, part of the left ilium and fragments of a scapula and ribs. Neanderthals are classified as the ...

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Mushroom Fungi Nutritional Content Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,086 Words)

INTRODUCTION Mushrooms have been a component of our human diet since time immemorial. They were used as food before man understood the use of other organisms. Certainly mushrooms were one of man's most basic foods, and they were often considered an exotic and luxurious food reserved for the rich. Today mushrooms are food for both the rich and the poor. They can be grown anywhere as long ...

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Two Main Types Of Cells In Nervous System Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,356 Words)

There are two main types of cells in the nervous system. These two types are neurons and neuroglia. A neuron is a nerve cell that transmits impulses of the nervous system. Three main parts make up a neuron: cell body, axon, and dendrite. The cell body of a neuron contains the nucleus and cytoplasm. The axon conducts impulses away from the cell body and is away from ...

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Different Concentrations Of Enzyme Effect On Reaction Rate Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,377 Words)

In this experiment, I am going to determine the effect of different concentration of enzyme catalase on the rate of reaction of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Normally, hydrogen peroxide is produced naturally in human or plant cell. Hydrogen peroxide is the by-product of respiration. As an oxidizer, it will decompose to form oxygen and water. The chemical equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is 2 H2O2 ...

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Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Of Ibuprofen In Standard Nurofen Tablets Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,888 Words)

(Figure 1: ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY 2010)Nurofen is a branded product manufactured by Reckitt Benckiser which contains the active constituent ibuprofen shown by figure 1. (Royal Society of chemistry 2010). Nurofen has become a worldwide over the counter power brand for mild to moderate pain and is available in a variety of formulations, with the focus of this essay being the standard nurofen tablets which contain 200mg ...

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Importance Of Membranes In Living Organisms Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,668 Words)

All kinds of living organisms consist of cells, which are the smallest known living units, the smallest parts of any existence of life. The cell is the morphological and functional unit that all organisms are composed of. Robert Hooke was the first that observed a plant cell using a compound microscope (1655) and used the word 'cell' for the first time. After a long time Theodor Schwann ...

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The Production Of Carbon Dioxide Through Fermentation Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (936 Words)

All organisms require constant supply of energy in order to keep bodily functions and to fight against entropy. Basically, sun is the primary source of energy. The energy from the sun is being converted to chemical energy, thereby producing organic compound (like glucose). Atoms of these molecules are being held together by chemical bonds which need to be broken. High energy phosphate bonds capture the released energy ...

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Examining The Bromination And Debromination Of Cholesterol Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,307 Words)

Bromination/debromination which is an important organic reaction that aims in purification of crude cholesterol from impurities which include 3-cholestanol, 7-cholesten-3-ol, and 5,7-chlestadien-3-ol was performed in a laboratory scale for two weeks. Due to steric constraints, only cholesterol reacted with bromine and crystallized from the solution making it possible to be separated (Feiser, and Williamson 63). The dibromocholesterol formed is regenerated by reacting with Zinc dust. In addition, ...

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Cause And Treatments Of Typhoid Fever Infections Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,979 Words)

The burden and rigourness of typhoid fever infections caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is a substantial universal populace concern, particularly in developing countries (Demczuk, Finley, Nadon, Spencer, Gilmour & NG, 2010). It is a systemic infection primarily involving the alimentary tract (Christopher, 2002). It has been found that humans are the only natural reservoirs of S. Typhi, with contagion occurring through consumption of faecally contaminated food ...

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Role Of Antibodies In Rejection Of Transplanted Organ Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (3,885 Words)

Through this project I have researched transplants of organs, cells and tissues, Transplant rejection, the Human Immune System and the role of antibodies. Transplatation is the process where healthy cells, tissue or organs are moved from one site to another. There are different types of transplants and many problems that can occur with transplantation. The largest threat to a successful organ transplant is the Human Immune System, ...

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Innate Immunity And The Immune System Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,664 Words)

The immune system is a complex network consisting of molecules, cells, tissues, and organs that operate in a highly interdependent manner, with the main aim of defending the body from attack by foreign organisms. The immune system in vertebrates is broadly divided into 'Innate' immune system and the 'Adaptive' immune system. Innate immune system comprises of those elements which offer immediate host response. An important property of ...

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Applications Of Organogel Based Drug Delivery Systems Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

13 Pages (5,152 Words)

Gels are defined as three-dimensional crosslinked network structures with an immobilized external solvent phase. If the immobilized solvent is an apolar liquid, the gels are referred as organogels. The methods of preparation of organogels are very simple and easy. Of late, organogels have seen an increased used as drug delivery vehicles due to patient compliance and its ability towards tailored release of the bioactive agents. The current ...

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Organic and inorganic mineral fertilizers

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,458 Words)

Review of Literature Integrated nutrient supply of organic and inorganic sources is of great importance for maintaining of productivity. The basic concept underlying the principle of IPNM is the maintance and improvement in soil fertility for sustained enhanced crop productivity through optimizing all possible sources of plant nutrients. The major possible sources of organic manures are farmyard manure and crop residues green manure etc. Farmyard manure is ...

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The Effects Of Preservatives And Chemicals In Food Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,222 Words)

There are preservatives and other chemical additives in most grocery store food products, whether during processing, packaging or storing.Â Â Some additives are natural, like salt or sugar, but some are not.Â All substances we ingest have an effect upon our bodies.Â What are the effects of these chemicals additives on humans, on children, and on unborn babies?Â There are many effects that these preservatives have, every time ...

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Beer spoilage associated with Pediococcus spp

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,185 Words)

Introduction In average lager fermentation gradual decrease of pH and specific gravity is expected while ethanol concentration is increasing. Some flavours are also formed during fermentation as esters and other flavour compounds are formed. They can remain in beer or be gradually removed either due to evaporation or further metabolism of yeast. Deviations from the average pattern of changes can signalise a contamination. Fermenting wort is therefore ...

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T Cell Receptor And The B Cell Receptor Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,530 Words)

The entire world is full of pathogens which we need to fight off to leave a normal life. Due to this, we have an immune system that helps us fight off and prevent/manage subsequent infections. Our immune system can be classified into two, the innate and acquired immune responses. The innate immune response is broadly specific and provides the first defensive action against any infection. Their response ...

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Background Information On Enzymes And Catalase Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (3,630 Words)

By completing this lab about enzyme activity, the knowledge about the five main factors that affect the rate of enzyme activity was easier to comprehend. Before understanding those concepts, it's crucial to understand the background information of the molecules involved with this lab. In order to have a larger perception of the lab and a better understanding of why it was done, one must interpret the general ...

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Correlation Between In Vitro Dissolution And Bioavailability Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (3,978 Words)

The pharmaceutical industry had an estimated turnover of $773 billion in 2008,1 however not all of this revenue was taken as profit; a significant cost goes into research and industry guideline compliance. With regards to new generic medications, proving bioequivalence is crucial to success, however necessary in vivo testing can be costly.2 Drugs which meet certain Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) criteria may be exempt from these expensive ...

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What Is The Difference Between Totipotency And Pluripotency Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,120 Words)

Totipotent cells are cells with unlimited potential, mostly recognised as the produced cells when the sperm meets the egg during fertilisation. Each time these totipotent cells divide, identical cells are created and may develop into a foetus, with the outer layer of cells forming the placenta. Thus, totipotency is the process whereby a stem cell can divide into a new individual. After totipotent cells eventually specialise in ...

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Selective Toxicity Of Anti Cancer Agents Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,416 Words)

Cancer is known to be caused by a large group of various diseases, all involved in cellular malfunction. It dates back to about 1600 BC when it was first found in an Egyptian papyrus (Wu et al, 2006) and thought to be incurable till surgery and radiation became the means of treatment in the mid-1900s. After many years it was realised that using either or combination of ...

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Malaria Mosquito Borne Infectious Disease Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

16 Pages (6,250 Words)

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasites of the genus plasmodium. It begins with a bite from an infected female mosquito (more than 30 anopheline species), which introduces the parasite via its saliva into the circulatory system, and ultimately to the liver where they mature and reproduce. The disease causes symptoms that typically include fever, chills and headache, which in ...

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Emerging Infectious Disease In A No Anolog World Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,517 Words)

Changes in the natural environment through human activities will have broad impacts on global health and human habitation. The links between rapid environmental change and novel pathogens suggest we are entering a new transition in the history of emerging infectious disease. Scientists, however, have not reached consensus regarding an increase of emerging infectious diseases under the broad conditions of environmental change and climate change. This is an ...

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Pathophysiology Of Acute Renal Failure Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (3,989 Words)

The following pages will concern the scenario of Georgina Lawson. I will examine the pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure and then highlight the pharmacological management specific to Mrs Lawson's treatment. I will then concentrate specifically on Mrs Lawson's condition by identifying three signs and symptoms that she displayed upon admission, and discuss how the diagnosis of Acute Renal Failure has been reached. Next there will be a ...

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Generation of Antibody Diversity

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (944 Words)

We are surrounded by countless bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms that are constantly seeking entry into the favorable growth medium that human bodies provide. Antigens can be eliminated by the inflammatory response, the action of protein complement and also the engulfment of macrophages. The major barrier to infection include those allow the host to remove only specific antigens quickly and efficiently by recognizing each antigen with ...

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Laboratory Practical Ferric Reducing Ability Of Plasma Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,393 Words)

Antioxidants are compounds that can protect the body or foods against the potentially harmful effects of free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this laboratory practical, you will use a method called the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay to measure the 'antioxidant power' of a number of plasma and food samples. The method measures the ability of antioxidants in plasma or in foods to ...

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Formation And Trapping Of Benzyne Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

12 Pages (4,628 Words)

Back ground: Benzyne (didehydrobenzene) is an example of an aryne (-yne = triple bond) ,derivative of benzene produced by abstraction of two hydrogen atoms, especially one produced by abstraction from neighbouring atoms to produce a formal triple bond. Benzyne is a reactive intermediate, which tends to undergo addition reactions. Isolation: Benzyne is strained and highly reactive due to the nature of its triple bond. In normal acetylenic species (e.g., ethyne) the ...

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Agricultural Biotechnology: The Production Of High Yielding Clones

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,236 Words)

Biotechnology is most briefly defined as the art of utilizing living organisms and their products for the production of food, drink, medicine or for other benefits to the human race, or other animal species. Technically speaking, humans have been making use of biotechnology since they discovered farming, with the planting of seeds to control plant growth and crop production. Animal breeding is also a form of biotechnology. ...

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The Peripheral Arterial Disease Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

19 Pages (7,256 Words)

Peripheral artery disease is an under-diagnosed, chronic and progressive disease caused by narrowing of the arteries outside of the heart and brain. Previously called peripheral vascular disease (PVD), PAD is now recommended to describe atherosclerotic disease affecting the lower or upper extremity arteries (Creager, et al., 2008). Symptoms of PAD are often variable or not present; therefore, diagnosis is often missed. Risk factors are the same as ...

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The Organic Derivatives Of Water Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,098 Words)

The distinction of various organic derivatives or water may be based on their characteristic solubility behaviour and reactions. During this experiment the 8 organic compounds used were Ethanol, 2-Butanol, tert-Butanol, Phenol, Diethyl ether, Unknown 1, 2 and 3. Small amounts of these organic compounds were tested for 2 purposes. First was to test their solubility reaction and behavior by the use of the Bayer's test,Chromic acid test, ...

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Yeast Two Hybrid Analysis Of Protein Interactions Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (3,916 Words)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a unicellular eukaryotic fungus (Clark 2010). Investigating protein-protein interactions involved in the activation of GAL4 genes in yeast that regulate the metabolic breakdown of carbon energy sources is the purpose of this project. In the yeast two hybrid system the binding domain is supposed to bind to the UAS of the GAL4 gene in the yeast (BIOL 466). The bait is bound to the ...

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The Anti Viral Properties Of Saliva Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

11 Pages (4,090 Words)

Saliva is a potentially important barrier against viral infections; The aim of this essay is to understand the mechanisms surrounding antiviral properties. It is possible that they could be exploited for pharmaceutical purposes in the future. The main body of my work concentrates on a few salivary proteins and their action for inhibiting HIV, but I will look at a herpes simplex virus and influenza viruses as ...

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General Information About Hydrilla And Photosynthesis Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,743 Words)

All green parts of a plant have chloroplasts in their cells and can carry out photosynthesis. In most plants, however, the leaves have the most chloroplasts (about half a million per square millimeter of leaf surface) and are the major sites of photosynthesis. Their green color is from chlorophyll, a light-absorbing pigment in the chloroplasts that plays a central role in converting solar energy to chemical energy. ...

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The Digestion Of A Chicken Sandwich Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,635 Words)

Throughout this essay the digestion of a chicken sandwich will be explained with reference to five different points; the need for digestion, physical digestion with regards to muscular and nervous involvement and chemical involvement, hormone and enzyme action, how each enzyme acts on each part of the sandwich, the tissues and lining of the digestive tract and, finally, how each part of the chicken sandwich is digested ...

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A Report About Bacteria Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,420 Words)

Bacteria are microscopic single celled organisms known to reside in a large proportion of the body as natural flora. They help in normal processes such as digestion and production of nutrients. However if taken out of their natural environment they can become pathogenic and in some cases fatal. These organisms are divided into two main groups namely gram positive and gram negative bacteria (this essay places its ...

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Forms of Liver disease and Case study

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,208 Words)

The liver being the largest visceral organ in the body has been known to have a wide range of functions in the body ranging from the metabolism of hormones and drugs to the conversion of fatty acid to ketones. When the liver is diseased, there is an inability of the liver to perform its function properly due to either an acute or a chronic damage. Liver disease ...

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Formulation And Evaluation Of Mouth Dissolving Nimesulide Tablets Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,570 Words)

ABSTRACT: Mouth dissolving tablets has number of advantage viz., faster onset of action, elegance, ease of administration, ease of manufacturing, ease of storage and transport. A novel attempt has been made to develop mouth dissolving tablets of Nimesulide by including clove oil as flavouring and local anesthetic agent on taste buds. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method. The formulated tablets were evaluated for Pre formulation ...

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Three Main Types Of Plant Cells Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,314 Words)

Parenchyma cells are one of the three main types of plant cells. They are the general and multifunctional cells that make up much of a plant (Dengler, Nancy). Within the Parenchyma genre, there are several different varieties of the cell. Some Parenchyma cells are called Chlorenchyma cells ("Parenchyma Cells and Tissues"). Chlorenchyma cells are filled with chloroplasts. Other variations of the Parenchyma cell are filled with air, ...

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Theories Regarding The Latitudinal Diversity Gradient Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,306 Words)

Aim Different publications' theories regarding the latitudinal diversity gradient were examined and analysed to attempt to show how theories explaining the latitudinal diversity gradient have changed in the period 1980-2010. Method In total, six main theories were identified from the literature and resources studied by searching abstracts and articles for relevant key words. Main Conclusions The main conclusion drawn was that no single theory can adequately explain ...

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study of the various types of xenotransplantation

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,514 Words)

Xenotransplantation is the procedure where live cells, tissues or organs from an animal are implanted, or infused into human patient. There are four different categories of xenotransplantation procedures which include; 1) Solid-organ xenotransplantation; where the source animal organ such as kidney or liver is completely transplanted into a human, 2) cellular and tissue xenotransplantation; where the transplantation of tissues and cells to the recipient happens without surgical ...

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Pathophysiology Of Dorv And Surgical Management Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

12 Pages (4,732 Words)

Advances in genetic techniques and ability to detect the chromosomal abnormalities in the cellular structures; have had a great impact on the detection of congenital cardiac defects. Although in the past congenital heart diseases have long been recognised as a constituent of complex genetic syndromes, a genetic cause for specific congenital heart diseases has less been apparent; as the sources of these defects has been believed to ...

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Signs And Symptoms Of Lung Cancer Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,109 Words)

Cancer is related to mutations in the cells that cause on controlled growth of these cells. Cancer of cells results in the formation of masses of cells called tumors, this is due to the increased and uncontrolled division of the cell. So, lung cancer is a disease which affects our respiratory organ (lungs) resulting in uncontrolled growth and division of lung epithelial cells. Lung cancer can be ...

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Sodium Alginate And Polymer Drug Delivery Systems Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

13 Pages (5,190 Words)

Sodium alginate is a hygroscopic material,although,stable at low humidities and at cool temperatures. Aqueous solutions of sodium alginate are most stable at pH 4-10.below pH3, alginic acid is precipitated. Sodium alginate solutions are susceptible to microbial spoilage during storage, which may effect on solution viscosity. Subsequent loss of viscosity due to depolarization was observed when sodium alginate was heated above 70°c.preparations containing sodium alginate for external use ...

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Effects Of Changing The Temperature Of Catalase During Reaction Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (940 Words)

For each reaction trial, the amount of oxygen produced, final temperature of solution, final volume of solution, and total reaction time were recorded. The amount of oxygen produced was found by observing the amount of water displaced in the 100 mL graduated cylinder that was in the pneumatic trough. The final temperature of the solution was found by using a thermometer to find the temperature of the ...

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Introduction to Physiology and Pharmacology

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,178 Words)

The aim of this experiment is to prepare a sample of guinea pig ileum and to determine the contractile "dose response curve to acetylcholine" and "dose response curve to carbachol and biological variation". Abstract In this experiment pharmacological effect of acetylcholine and carbachol are studied by using an isolated tissue preparation, which is a guinea pig ileum. The contractile property of the smooth muscle is used for ...

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Temperature On The Membrane Permeability Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,810 Words)

Abstract The effect of various temperatures on the membrane permeability of Beta Vulgaris, more commonly known as the red beet, will be investigated in this experiment. Using seven different samples, each treated to a different temperature, it was possible to compare how temperature effects betacyanin secretion, which is not released under normal conditions. The amount of betacyanin pigments released was determined using light spectrophotometry at a wavelength ...

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Articulation Of Skeletal Specimens For Osteological Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

11 Pages (4,099 Words)

This report is about the proper techniques for preparing, cleaning, whitening and articulation of skeletal specimens for osteological, biological, veterinary or zoological study. It will explain the three usual techniques used to clean the bones of soft tissue and a few of the more uncommon ways to do so. It will go slightly in depth in each category and then move onto the proper ways and improper ...

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Identifying Bacteria Cultures Using Various Differential Tests Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,561 Words)

Introduction The purpose of this lab was to identify unknown bacteria cultures using various differential tests. The identification of these unknown cultures was accomplished by separating and differentiating possible bacteria based on specific biochemical characteristics. Whether the tests performed identified specific enzymatic reactions or metabolic pathways, each was used in a way to help recognize those specifics and identify the unknown cultures. To initiate differential testing of ...

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The Effect Of Water Hyacinth Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,959 Words)

Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes is a highly invasive weed which is considered to pose a threat to the many aquatic ecosystems it grows in Navarro Phiri, 2000. It is a fast-developing and -reproducing plant which is able to quickly overtake a body of water such as a lake or river. The problem is exacerbated in slow-moving water bodies. Because of the density of the mats it forms, ...

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The Properties Of Betal Blockers Propranolol And Atenolol Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,643 Words)

This essay reports the properties of propranolol (lipophilic β1-selective blocker) and atenolol (hydrophilic β1-selective blocker) in the point of view of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and physical chemistry. It is observed that their pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties are different, but its physicochemical properties are relative close. Introduction to β-blockers The β-blockers are drugs which act by blocking the effect of mediators and agonists on the relevant receptors. The β-blockers ...

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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biotechnology Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (2,958 Words)

The objective purpose of this assignment is the, familiarization of the connection between the biotechnology and agriculture; bringing on the contribution of the biotechnology science to agriculture. On the way to assess the specific contribution, citations of positives and negative effects are allocated as well as thoughts and worriers regarding the future of the association between biotechnology and agriculture. Ever since agriculture was developed, before 10 000 ...

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Seven Essential Functions And Comparisons Of Snapping Turtles Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,349 Words)

In order for the Alligator Snapping Turtle to maintain life, it relies on seven essential functions, which are the feeding (digestive), respiratory, circulatory, excretory, response, movement, and reproductive systems. These functions/systems need to operate efficiently because the organism needs to keep homeostasis, which is the tendency of a system to retain stability to any situation that disturbs its environment. Feeding, or the process of ingesting and eating ...

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Osmosis Blood And Diffusion Of Potassium Permanganate Kmno4 Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,340 Words)

Osmosis is the movement (natural) of a solvent, in the case of living organisms (water) selectively through a semi-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient. In other words it is the movement of water across a selectively semi- permeable membrane from an area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solute concentration) (Bowen, 2000). Semi-permeable membrane A membrane is ...

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study on hereditary vs sporadic cancer

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,260 Words)

Cancer is a common disease, so most families will have some members who have had cancer. Cancer that is not due to inheritedÂ gene changesÂ is called "sporadic cancer." It is believed that most- perhaps 90%-of all cancers are sporadic. This means even if cancer does not run in a family, a family member can still be at risk for some type of cancer in his or her lifetime. ...

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Abnormal Uterine Bleeding In Gynaecological Practice Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

18 Pages (7,024 Words)

INTRODUCTION Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common complaint in gynaecological practice, & represents a major proportion of out patients attendence.One, in 20 women in UK consulted their GP for menorrhagia.[1] A menstural cycle of fewer than 21 days or more than 35 days or a menstural flow of less than two days or, more than seven days is considered abnormal.[2] AUB can be categorized as excessive ...

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Shape And Function Of Cardiac Muscle Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

15 Pages (5,752 Words)

The capacity for cells to utilize biochemical energy to generate both mechanical force and movement of the human body is a dominant feature found in muscle cells. There exist three distinct categories of muscle tissue, each differing by specific structural and functional properties. These categories include smooth muscles, skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles. Smooth muscles are involuntarily contracting, non-striated muscles that surround the inside walls of hollow ...

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Spectrophotometric Assay Of Two Vitamins Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,634 Words)

Many molecules absorb specific amounts of energy to promote electrons in their bonds from its ground energy state to an excited electronic state. In our surroundings, energy can be obtained through light. Some light energy is absorbed by the molecule as light energy is used to shift electrons from a lower energy state to a higher energy state. Every molecule has different bonds which require a different ...

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Introduction To Beta Blockers Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,592 Words)

The blockers are drugs which act by blocking the effect of mediators and agonists on the relevant receptors. The -blockers show an antihypertensive effect, which is caused by reduced cardiac output, decreased release of renin, central decrease of sympathetic action. Also, they exhibit an antianginal effect, which is caused by slowing of the heart rate and thus decreased metabolic demand. The main side effects of general -blockers ...

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Bariatric Surgery And Applications Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,075 Words)

The rise of bariatric surgery is partly due to the epidemic of obesity in the United States.Â Because of this epidemic, the number of bariatric surgeries in 2003 was near 103,000.Â This number was up from 16,000 in 1992.Â Americans have increased in extreme obesity.Â Lack of exercise, failure of diets, the desire to want everything right now, has fueled the explosion of the medical procedure.Â Â ...

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Tumour Supressor Genes And Retinoblastoma Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

17 Pages (6,554 Words)

Throughout our life time growth is constant. Barring a few cells, most cells continue to grow, divide and replace themselves. Such processes require a strict regulation and this is brought about by cell cycle processes. These processes are carried out by proteins which control the growth and development. Proteins are coded by the genes and when the genetic information is altered or is mutated, it leads to ...

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The Digestion Of Spaghetti Bolognese Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

15 Pages (5,609 Words)

Spaghetti Bolognese is not only delicious but a highly nutritious meal containing the seven key components of a balanced diet, which is: Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, water and fibre. The table below shows the ingredients within spaghetti bolognese which give us our seven components and the reason they are needed by the human body. As this happens saliva produced from the salivary glands lubricates the mouth ...

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Hereditary Disease And Symptoms Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,510 Words)

Heredity can be defined as the study of what causes resemblances and differences between organisms. Another definition of is that the process by which mental and physical characteristics are passed by parents to their children; these characteristics in a particular person. A number of severe diseases occur through out the world but generally few are affected by each one, as they arte primarily linked to certain families ...

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Exposing The Human Gut Microbiome Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (3,796 Words)

In western populations, obesity is increasingly becoming a major preventable cause of death. Although health care providers understand the basic and most common proximate causes for obesity, the alarming rates of obesity within the United States suggest that other traits are critical to understanding the increasing prevalence. New evidence indicates that diet plays a central role in shaping the human gut microbiota, which is critical to how ...

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Tissue Culture Studies In Pecan Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

16 Pages (6,040 Words)

In the words of Paek and Read (2007), "modern biotechnology owes much to its roots derived from plant tissue culture and micropropagation". Gottileb Haberlandt (1902) is referred to as the "Father of Tissue Culture", is often cited as the origin and emergence of plant tissue culture and its subsequent application". Plant tissue culture techniques have become a fundamental tool for studying and solving basic and applied problems ...

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Analysis of the Glycerinated Muscle Fiber

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,746 Words)

The goal for this lab was to determine the conditions that demonstrate what chemicals in muscle fibers are necessary for contraction and which ones prevent muscle contraction from occurring in a simplified system in order to determine the minimum requirement for contraction. Methods In order to prepare muscle fibers, a single thread was obtained from a mass of glycerinated muscle fibers which was about 0.5 mm in ...

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Thalassemia Linked To Increased Risk Of Stroke Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,078 Words)

This paper reviews the contributions of stroke and its correlation with the increased occurrences among persons positive for thalassemia. It also examines the relationship between the person's type of thalassemia, hemostatic changes, coagulation factors, thromboembolic manifestations such as deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism; including plasma markers and abnormal red blood cell phenotype. INTRODUCTION thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder where red blood cells (RBC) cannot manufacture ...

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Patient With A History Of Malignant Hyperthermia Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,394 Words)

A 29 year old, 78 kilogram, 65-inch (165-centimeter) female presented to the operating room for knee arthroscopy for complaints of knee pain and occasional dislocation of the patella. The anesthesia provider initially evaluated the patient in the preoperative holding area and a thorough preoperative anesthesia assessment was completed. The assessment revealed a health history of suspected malignant hyperthermia during an oophorectomy procedure one year prior. The patient ...

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Preparation Characterization Applications Organogel Based Drug Delivery Systems Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

15 Pages (5,884 Words)

Gels are defined as three-dimensional crosslinked network structures with an immobilized, continuous solvent phase. If the immobilized solvent is an apolar liquid, the gels are referred as organogels. Organogels have recently seen an increasing trend as drug delivery vehicles due to greater patient compliance when using this form of treatment and their ability towards tailored release of incorporated bioactive agents. The current review gives an overview on ...

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Human Carbonic Anhydrase Ii Catalyses Carbon Dioxide Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

13 Pages (4,891 Words)

Human carbonic anhydrase II is one of the fastest studied enzymes known with a variety of roles in reaction catalysis. Its primary function is to catalyze the reversible hydration reaction of carbon dioxide. In addition to carbon dioxide hydration, it is also capable of other latent skills, such as catalyzing esterase activity. The ability of human carbonic anhydrase II to function as a catalyst derives from key ...

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Evaluation Of Progesterone And Estrogen Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,377 Words)

Steroid hormones viz. progesterone, estrogen were estimated through TLC in a concentration and time dependent manner i.e. 2.5mg/ml, 5.0mg/ml for 30 & 45 minutes and, 0.2mg/ml, 0.4mg/ml for 30 & 45 minutes respectively. Progesterone and estrogen were stained with 50% v/v aq. solution of Conc. H2SO4 and were estimated through TLC in a concentration and time dependent manner.Different steroid hormones travel at different rates due to the ...

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Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,351 Words)

The digestive system plays a huge role in the survival in all living animals and our digestive system, through a series of physical and chemical changes, breaks down the food we eat into molecules that are absorbed and used by the cells in our bodies. Like many things in life, we often take advantage of the systems in our body and do not take proper care of ...

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Type Shape And Abundance Of Chromatophores Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,515 Words)

To identify the type, shape and abundance of chromatophores present in Crustacea subjected to different colour backgrounds To identify the shape, type and abundance of chrmatophores on the scales of fish subjected to different colour backgrounds The ability of an animal to change their coloration, according to their background, allows protection from predators through camouflage and mimicking. Chromatophores possess numerous granules in which pigments are stored. The ...

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A Study On The Human Digestive System Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,475 Words)

The tongue is made up of muscle fibers which help in the movement of food and the teeth have different shapes; sharp and pointy, which help in chewing and to break down the food. To support the teeth, the salivary glands will produce saliva that contains enzymes called: amylase to digest starch. The main functions of the mouth are based on chemical and mechanical digestion, these include: ...

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Swimming And The Skeletal Structure Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,395 Words)

Swimming is the movement through water with the use of any artificial apparatus. Swimming can be the act of a person or thing that swims, swimming is also referred to as a competitive sport. Swimming has been around for thousands of years and has been known since prehistoric times. Swimming is an activity that's burns lots of calories, easy on the joints, builds muscular strength, and improves ...

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