Biology Essays | Free Essays on Biology

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Cell Culture And Proliferations Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,684 Words)

To study the cell proliferation of Mouse Y1 adrenocotical cells by using MTT (3-(4, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) and crystal violet staining methods. INTRODUCTION In general, Cell proliferation means multiplication/Reproduction of cells for increasing cell population in a very short span of time. The assay of cell proliferation is to measure the number of cells which are present in the dividing culture medium. Cell proliferation is controlled by ...

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Viral diseases

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,410 Words)

Most of the new viral diseases that enter the human population are enzootic viruses that have changed their hosts. These enzootic viruses tend to have a severe effect in humans. A viral disease emerges in a population through a series of steps the initial infection, the spillover, and lastly the host to host transfer. These steps are further aided or prevented by the virulence factors present in ...

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Properties And Types Of Enzymes Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,438 Words)

Enzymes were discovered by a German chemist Eduard Buchner near the end of the 19th century. He had been trying to extract a fluid for medicinal use from yeast, however, the yeast extract kept going bad. He then decided to add sugar to the yeast, however, the yeast converted the sugar into alcohol, which is also known as fermentation. Buchner investigated into this and soon found out ...

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Analysis Of Inorganic Fertilizers Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,275 Words)

In modern agriculture, fertilizers are important substances that help improve the growth of plants in more efficient ways by putting in the soil or on leaves. Fertilizer are consider as the nutrient for plants and contain trace elements. Since modern agriculture are established and depends heavily in science and chemistry, more and more researchs, regarding to different types and different processes of fertilizer, are available to increase ...

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Application Of Phase Diagram Of Two Components Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (2,825 Words)

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of chemical equilibrium. Since chemical equilibrium is dependent on the composition of the system, the pressure, and the temperature, a phase diagram should be able to tell us what phases are in equilibrium for any composition at any temperature and pressure of the system. First, a few terms will be defined, then we will discuss two component phase diagrams starting ...

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Study Of Traditional Drugs Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

13 Pages (4,950 Words)

There are about 1.75 million known species of animals, plants, fungi, & micro-organisms on earth. Each species contains a wide spectrum of chemical moieties that number hundreds to thousands. The use of plants as sources of medicine is as old as the history of mankind. Today, there are at least 120 distinct chemical substances derived from plants that are considered as important drugs currently in use in ...

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The Effect Of Two Cytochalasin Drugs Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,673 Words)

Cytoplasmic streaming is the cells transport system which moves a cells content around as required . This occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, the fluid which fills the space between organelles and contains cell solutes. Movement in the cytoplasm is thought to be facilitated by actin-myosin motors (Britannica, 2012). These are molecules made up of the two proteins actin and myosin which interact to move solutes ...

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Graft Rejection Is An Important Obstacle In Transplantation Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,497 Words)

Allorecognition a. Direct allorecognition In direct allorecognition T cells recognise intact MHC molecules on donor cells.7 Because there are enough similarities between the recipient and donor MHC molecules, T cell can determine non-self MHC molecule. Studies have shown that T cell receptors are capable of recognizing foreign MHC molecules with some, but not other, bound peptides suggesting that the type of peptide determines whether ...

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Terrestrial Plants And Animals Distribution In The Uk Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,321 Words)

Haeckel (1866) first defined Ecology as 'the science of relations between organisms and their environment' (Bramwell 1989). The study of ecology has developed over the years from an initial descriptive field of study in the 19th century to a more quantitative, experimental and analytical discipline in the 21st century (Mayorga et al. 2002). The definition has also developed. Krebs (1972) defined it as 'Ecology is the scientific ...

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Aseptic Technique And Cell Counting Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

12 Pages (4,710 Words)

Introduction to Aseptic techniques In microbiological and biochemical engineering studies, one almost always deals with a pure culture or a mixture of known cultures, except perhaps in waste water treatment studies. Unless aseptic culture techniques are followed strictly, an originally pure culture will definitely become contaminated with other unwanted species. The use of a contaminated culture with unknown microorganisms will only lead to incredible results that are ...

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The Turbidity Test For Pasteurized Milk Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (3,650 Words)

Milk and dairy products, such as cream and yoghurt, are an important food group in the food pyramid. This food group provides us with calcium, which is not only crucial in strengthening our bones, but also important in many biological processes, such as facilitating the release of neurotransmitters that transmit nerve impulses across a synapse. Since dairy products serve such importance in our diet, dairy products manufacturing ...

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The Sub Grain Structure In Polycrystalline Ceramics Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

15 Pages (5,877 Words)

Pure un-doped zirconia is a polymorph which has three allotropes namely: Monoclinic, Tetragonal and finally Cubic. These phases tend to transform into each other when exposed to certain temperature ranges and such transformation is important for the processing and mechanical properties of zirconia. The monoclinic phase of pure un-doped zirconia is stable at room temperature and remains so up to about 11700C, where it then transforms into ...

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Effect Of Synthetic Detergents On Vigna Growth Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

13 Pages (5,047 Words)

Do different concentrations of different detergents (Tide and Surf Excel) affect the growth of root and shoot in Vigna Radiata (Mung bean)? Abstract: Plant growth is characterized by cell division and cell expansion along with the increase in the size of the cells. This growth is inhibited by the presence of certain toxic substances in the surrounding environment caused by damage at cellular levels. The present study ...

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Plasmids: Chromosomal DNA molecules

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,307 Words)

INTRODUCTION: Plasmids are circular, self-replicating, double -stranded extra chromosomal DNA molecules. E.coli plasmids can be tailored for its extensive use as cloning vectors in Recombinant DNA technology because of its genetic simplicity. (Sandy .B Primrose,Richard M Twyman,Robert W Old 2001)These plasmids usually have a high copy number, low molecular weight, ability to render selectable phenotypic traits and a single site can incorporate a number of restriction endonucleases. ...

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Effect Of UV Rays On Pool Chlorine Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,890 Words)

Pools have always been a source of leisure for Australians. They provide enjoyment and good times for many households generated in a family or local swimming pool. Despite this, pools have to be maintained by using chemicals or disinfectants, lest unwanted pathogens create health hazards. However, the over use of these chemicals can also result in health hazards such as; serious irritation and breathing problems. A balance ...

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The Quantification Of Opiates In Hair Samples Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

15 Pages (5,668 Words)

The analysis of controlled drug abuse has been primarily been carried out using urine samples. This is then complemented further with use of other biological fluids such as blood, sweat and saliva. There are many advantages as to why urine is a better biological fluid to use in comparison to the other biological fluids. Some these include: Less invasive - No needles required to obtain the sample. ...

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Definition And Composition Of Chitin Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (3,018 Words)

Chitin, poly (b-(1-4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine), is a natural polysaccharide of major importance. It was first discovered by Braconnot (1811), a professor of natural history. He isolated chitin from mushrooms by treating it with warm alkali. Later Odier (1823)Â found chitin while studying beetle cuticles and named "chitin" after Greek word "chiton" (tunic, envelope). The silk worm was also discovered as a source of chitin when Lassaigne (1843) isolated it from ...

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What Are The Uses And Structures Of Antacids Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

13 Pages (4,849 Words)

Antacids are medications that increase the pH balance in your stomach. A number of symptoms, including heartburn, gastritis, and gastro -esophageal reflux disease (GERD), can be treated with them. In most cases, antacids start working within a few minutes. It is important to note that they may not always be necessary, and they can have serious consequences if used improperly. C:\Users\ABHI\Desktop\getimage.jpg The most common of these bases ...

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Chemistry And Composition Of Bevacizumab Solution Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,110 Words)

Introduction AvastinÂ® (Bevacizumab solution for injection; Genentech, San-Francisco, Canada), is a humanised (93% human, 7% murine sequence) IgG 1 monoclonal antibody prepared by recombinant DNA technology. It is a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) specific angiogenesis inhibitor. It belongs to the class of drug considered the fourth modality for cancer treatment. In 2004, it became the first angiogenesis inhibitor drug approved solely for cancer chemotherapy; firstly for ...

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Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis in leafs

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (3,077 Words)

Photosynthesis is the process in which light is converted to the chemical energy of sugars. It can be summarized in the following equation : This process occurs in the chloroplast of plant cells which are primarily found in the leaves. Photosynthesis is the building up of sugars using carbon dioxide and water as the raw materials. The energy for the process comes from light and a green ...

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The Chikungunya Virus In India Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,531 Words)

Chikungunya virus, also known as Chikungunya fever, is most often found in urban areas of India and also in other countries such as Africa and other regions in Southeast Asia. They tend to appear in very crowded areas, which allow transmission of the virus to be more efficient. It is a single stranded, enveloped RNA virus that is a part of the genus Alphavirus (Riezebos-Brilman). All Alphavirus' ...

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Pathology And Biochemistry Of Chronic Kidney Disease Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,485 Words)

The kidneys are a pair of organs that function to removing metabolic wastes like urea, carbon dioxide, salts, and chemicals from the blood and excreting these wastes as urine. Kidneys also regulate the concentration of body fluids and electrolyte concentrations, arterial pressure, secretion/excretion of hormones and acid-base balance of body fluids (Guyton & Hall, 2005). The main functional filtering unit of the kidney is the nephron. At ...

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Morphometric Analysis Of Drainage Basin Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,231 Words)

Morphometric analysis of a drainage basin demonstrates the dynamic equilibrium that has been achieved due to interaction between matter and energy. It helps to understand the prevailing geo-hydrological characteristics of the drainage basins. In the present study, morphometric analysis has been carried out using remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques to assess the geo-hydrological characteristics of four sub-watersheds of Etmadpur area of Agra district, Uttar ...

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Cow Milk Composition And Factors Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,374 Words)

Over the past two decades, the world saw a general increase in per caput consumption of dairy milk, with more growth in developing country, led by Chinas new ferocious appetite, consuming 28.7 kg/ capita / year in 2007 (9.7% annual growth rate) up from 4.5 kg/capita/year in 1987 (FAO 2012). Bovine milk is a nutritionally rich product, designed to nourish the young animal to adulthood and is ...

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The History Of Molecular Modeling Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (3,881 Words)

Molecular modeling is a collection of science and art that study molecular structure and function by using computational technique to generate a realistic model of molecule based on molecular properties and behavior. A special computer graphics application and viewer is required to study the image of molecular structure and chemical process. Normally, molecular modeling is applied in field that related to drug design and computational biology who ...

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Evaluation Of Firewall Effects On Network Performance Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,382 Words)

In an age where our society relies so heavily on electronic communication, the need for information security is constantly increasing. Given the value and confidential nature of the information that exists on today's networks, CIOs are finding that an investment in security is extremely beneficial. Without security, a company can suffer from theft or alteration of data, legal ramifications, and other issues that all result in monetary ...

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Applications Of Microwave Remote Sensing In Forestry Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

17 Pages (6,583 Words)

BACKGROUND: Microwave remote sensing at wavelengths ranging from 1 cm to 1 m has gained a lot of importance over the past decade for a wide range of scientific applications with the availability of active radar imaging systems. Its potential in spatial applications has been scientifically established in various sectors like forestry, agriculture, land use and land cover, geology and hydrology. A variety of applications have been ...

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Negative Staining In Transmission Electron Microscopy Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,149 Words)

Biologic structures, because of low mass density, show little contrast hence contrast enhancement of such samples is necessary in order to study them. Negative staining is one such contrast enhancement method. Negative staining for light microscopy is an indirect staining where the background instead of the specimen is stained the unstained specimen appears as bright object against a dark background hence the name 'Negative Staining' [1]. Similarly ...

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Electronic Effects Of Axial Ligand Field Strength Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,739 Words)

Nickel is a group 8 transition metal which can form complex ions with various ligands as it has partially filled d orbitals. The regular octahedral complexes can either be high spin or low spin depending on their ligand field strength. A distortion of the regular ligand field can arise when a trans-axial ligand (X) is present in a 6-coordinate metal complex. The spin state can have important ...

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The Concept Of Haccp And Risk Analysis Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,207 Words)

Food safety is an important issue. The trust of consumers, food safety and quality, and this will be they expected to. Consumers also expect to be able to provide the information; you can help them make informed decisions about the composition of the food, this information, whether it is on the product label or by advertising, not false or misleading. Food safety is a discipline to be ...

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Rheumatoid Arthritis And Guillain Barre Syndrome Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,121 Words)

Inflammation is a protective reaction associated with vascular tissues in response to different stimuli such as irritants and pathogens. In addition, other causes of inflammation may include physical injuries and immune reactions on body cells and tissues. Therefore, inflammatory reactions serve to eliminate the stimuli and start the process of healing on damaged cells, tissues, and organs (Ferrero-Miliani et al., 2007, p. 227). Conversely, these inflammatory reactions ...

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Natural Antioxidants In Anti Aging Skin Care Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

12 Pages (4,526 Words)

It has been shown that natural antioxidants are main ingredient of anti-aging skin care products. More and more people pay more attention on appearance of skin condition, and try to slow down the aging process as late as we can, and avoid the fines and wrinkles. In order to achieve this aim, natural oxidants become much important than any other time, it has been widely apply to ...

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Caffeine Can Stimulate The Central Nervous System Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,314 Words)

Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, known medically as trimethylxanthine with a chemical formula of C8H10N4O2 [1]. It is soluble 1 in 46 of water, has a dissociation constant pKa of 0.6 [2], and a log P value of -0.07 [1]. From the structure of caffeine (fig. 1), three amide groups and two aromatic amine groups could be observed. Although the amide groups of caffeine ...

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Industrial Application Of Polyester Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

14 Pages (5,470 Words)

Polyester is a synthetic fiber derived from coal, air, water, and petroleum. Polyester fibers are formed from a chemical reaction between an acid and alcohol, and is developed in a 20th-century laboratory. In the formation of polyester reaction, two or more molecules combine to make a large molecule whose structure repeats throughout its length. Polyester fibers can form very long molecules that are very stable and strong. ...

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The Conservation Of Madagascar And Its Lemurs Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,552 Words)

The extraordinary island of Madagascar is unlike anywhere else on earth. Roughly the size of France, with an area of 226,658 square miles, it is the world's fourth largest island. It lies in the Indian Ocean, approximatly 250 miles off the coast of Southern Africa. Madagascar, and the tiny island of Comoro, provide the only present-day native habitat to lemurs (Butler, 2009). "Nicknamed the 8th Continent" because ...

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Chemical Engineering Innovation In Food Production Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (3,793 Words)

The inherent safety, convenience, availability, nutritional content, aesthetic appeal, and variety that characterize food supplies are a hallmark of modern life. Chemical engineering knowledge can be accredited with improving the conversion of raw foodstuffs into safe consumer products of the highest possible quality. Among those, membrane-based separation and other filtration techniques are most common. Chemical engineers have applied their expertise to chemically synthesize fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides ...

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Advantage Of Using Absolute Ethanol Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,087 Words)

The yield obtained through this experiment is 39% of the theoretical mass of ethyl-p amino benzoic acid. There are few events that could be improved in order to issue the amount of yield obtained. Firstly, the quality of reagent used is relatively small to acquire a good percentage of the product. In order for a greater percentage yield in this experiment, a great amount of reagent should ...

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Vascular Plants And Coal Age Flora Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,445 Words)

The Rhyniophyta is the most primitive group of vascular plants and appears to be the first one to most of the major divisions of vascular plants. These plants date from the Silurian about 425 million years ago and became extinct in the Devonian about 380 million years ago. Rhyniophyta relatively is one of the simplest vascular plants in structure and is seedless and leafless. The Rhyniophyta had ...

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Zoonotic Pathogens Cause Disease In Animals Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,603 Words)

Introduction Zoonotic diseases are of major concern to both animal and human health and welfare. Zoonoses are diseases caused by pathogens capable of spreading from animals to humans and vice versa. Of the 1,415 known human pathogens, more than 60% are zoonotic and kill over 14 million people annually (Taylor et al. 2001). Zoonotic pathogens damage biodiversity in sensitive wildlife (Daszak et al. 2000), cause tremendous loss ...

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Benzodiazepines For Therapy The Benefits And The Dangers Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,418 Words)

The benzodiazepine family of drugs is a complex group of substances that have garnered controversy and attention from the media since they broke onto the medical scene in 1957 (Center for Substance Abuse Research, 2005). As with other drugs, more and more people began to use benzodiazepines and negative side effects such as addiction and withdrawal eventually were revealed. (Ashton, 2005, p. 249). Benzodiazepines, however, should not ...

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Analysing The Processes Of Halal Slaughter Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

15 Pages (5,889 Words)

Harmonisation of Halal standard is an urge in the current market and there are several main aspects that we need to focus on for harmonisation. In the following session, we will discuss about aspects in Halal standard that should be harmonise between ASEAN countries. Malaysia Halal certification is based on the Malaysian standard of MS 1500:2009 which is the General Guidelines covered the Halal Food Production, Preparation, ...

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Review Of Laboratory Rearing Of Drosophila Melanogaster Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,315 Words)

Drosophila melanogaster Linnaeus was reared for single generation in the laboratory on a simple diet of 13gm yeast, 250gm milk, 20gm cellulose tissue and 1L water. Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster, laboratory rearing, developmental stages, artificial diet Introduction Drosophila melanogasterÂ is commonly known as fruit fly since it's always found near unripe and rotted fruit. The fly inspired its genus name from the Latin word means "dew loving". This genus ...

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Analysis on the success of the blood bank in Singapore

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,667 Words)

Executive Summary The main objective of this report is to know more about the blood bank. Based on the history of the blood bank, how they improve along time, to make Blood Bank @ Health Science Authority (HSA) to be what it is now, one of the top ranking blood bank in the world. Introduction- history of Blood Bank @ HSA During 1939, an emergency blood collection ...

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The Importance Of Hair Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,151 Words)

The hair follicle is a highly dynamic organ found only in mammals. It is an important characteristic for mammals. (1) Hair plays a key role in providing protection against heat loss. The correctly functioning follicles are crucial to many mammals' survival because loss of fur or faulty colouration can lead to death from the cold or predation. (2) Hair also protects the epidermis from minor abrasions or ...

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Ecological Factors Influencing Terrestrial Plants And Animals Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,770 Words)

Ecology was first defined by Ernst Haeckel in 1866 as "the science of relations between organisms and their environment (Bramwell 1989). The study of ecology has developed over the years from an initial descriptive field of study in the 19th century to a more quantitative, experimental and analytical discipline in the 21st century (Mayorga et al. 2002). The definition has also developed. Krebs (1972) gave the following ...

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Stress Corrosion Cracking Of Brass In Ammonia Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,855 Words)

Six samples of brass were taken, stamped to induce residual stress, were then exposed ammonia and ammoniacal copper sulphate solutions of different concentrations and composition for a period of 4 days to study the corrosion characteristics of brass in ammonia. Five samples were immersed in the solution and one of the samples was suspended above solution. On visual examination of the samples revealed some corrosion products with ...

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Human Body Organisation And Structure Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,176 Words)

In this essay I will be looking at the human body and how it is organised, from the simple cell to how the body systems co-operate with each other and that everything functions properly. Firstly I will be looking at some simple cells that will group together to make up a tissue. The first cells I will be looking at will be the erythrocytes, the ova cells ...

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Examining Transcription In Prokaryotes And Eukaryotes Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,459 Words)

Biology is broad and therefore embraces various topics in life that concern living organisms. Micro biology for instance deals with the study of very small organisms that are able to reproduce and sustain their generations. This is where the study of prokaryotes comes into the scene. The contrasting organisms to prokaryotes are referred to as eukaryotes. Contrary to prokaryotes, eukaryotic organisms have complex cell structures. Biology tends ...

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Endoplasmic Reticulum Er Apparatus A Closer Look Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

12 Pages (4,608 Words)

Morphological sciences were developed in relation with the improvement of different preparative techniques and development of optical instruments which began in the middle of 19th century [1]. Improvements like correction of microscope lenses and finding aniline dyes as selective staining of tissue components which led to great discoveries in cell biology field that was the foundation of modern histology. The last decade of this century was called ...

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Structures And Functions Of Cells In Nervous System Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,330 Words)

Neurons are the nerve cells; they contain a cell body, an axon, and dendrites. The cell body is the part that contains the nucleus and cytoplasm. The axon is a piece that extends from the cell body; its job is to send impulses away from the cell body. Most are covered with myelin sheath. This sheath helps protect the axon and speeds the impulse. The dendrites branch ...

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Classification Of Phylum Porifera Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,844 Words)

The porifera or sponges are marine animals and they consist of loosely organized cells.While all animals have unspecialized cells that can transform into specialized cells, sponges are unique in having some specialized cells that can transform into other types, often migrating between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Instead most rely on maintaining a ...

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The Effect Of Tissue Culture Plastic Surface Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

15 Pages (5,847 Words)

Summary: The design of this experiment was conducted in order to analyse the effect of tissue culture plastic surface and establish the optimal tissue culture plastic surface for growing the Human Fibrosarcoma HT 1080 cell line, which is still lacking even this human cell line is commonly used in vitro studies and it is strongly recommended as a gold standard for the Lentivirus titration. In this context ...

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Qualitative Tests Used For Carbohydrates Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

13 Pages (5,194 Words)

Carbohydrates are an essential component of our diet and an important source of energy for us. Most of the things generally included in our diet have a large ratio of carbohydrates present. Also the patients suffering from Diabetes excrete huge amounts of sugar in their urine which needs to be estimated. The purity of carbohydrates can also be checked by methods which can qualitatively estimate particular sugars. ...

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A Polymerase Chain Reaction Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

20 Pages (7,895 Words)

We owe the discovery of the polymerase chain reaction to Kary B Mullis in the year 1983. He was the actual proponent of PCR. Few people are aware that in 1971, Kleppe and the Nobel laureate Gobind Khorana published studies including a description of techniques that are now known to be the basis for nucleic acid replication. However, it is unfortunate that Kleppe and Khorana were ahead ...

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Lymphocyte B Cell In The Immune System Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (900 Words)

B cell is a type of lymphocyte that is the basis for the bodys humoral immune system; it is produced from the stem cell in the bone marrow (Darling, 2010). On its production a self renewing hematopoietic stem cells produces lymphoid and myeloid progenitor. Looking mainly at lymphoid progenitor, it gives rise to B cell progenitor, T cell progenitor and Natural Killer cells (Kuby et al. 2007, ...

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Artificial Insemination In Swine Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,595 Words)

The use of artificial insemination (AI) increased in these last years because it offers several advantages over natural mating. New genetics can be introduced into a herd with decreased health risks. The semen that is collected from the boar can be diluted in a semen extender and with one ejaculation multiple insemination doses can be created and can be used to breed several sows and gilts. This ...

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Sickle Cell Anemia And Case Study Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,815 Words)

A 20-year-old Africa- America woman visits her physical complaining of episodes of extreme pain and discomfort in her legs and lower back. She has been experiencing these recurrent episodes, accompanied by extreme fatigue, since she was a child. On physical examination, she appears jaundiced and has a hematocrit of 23% and a hemoglobin level of 7g/dL. She reports she has family members who experienced the same symptom. ...

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Effects Of Gibberellic Acid On Plant Growth Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (3,629 Words)

Gibberellic Acid, also called Gibberellin A3 or GA3 is a naturally occurring hormone found in plants with the chemical formula C19H22O6. It is renowned for promoting cell elongation; this in turn stimulates overall plant growth and development, resulting in a taller, more mature plant. The purpose of this experiment was to discover to what extent GA3 has on overall plant growth and development, if at all. Our ...

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Hoe kunnen soa zich verspreiden?

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,536 Words)

Soa (seksueel overdraagbare aandoening) is een ziekte die wordt verspreid door seksueel contact. De meeste soa worden overgedragen bij onveilige seks. Onveilige seks is: Vaginale geslachtsgemeenschap zonder condoom Anale geslachtsgemeenschap zonder condoom orale seks zonder condoom en gezamenlijk gebruik van seksattributen zoals dildo's en vibrators Wanneer er dan seksueel contact wordt gemaakt met de partner kan de ziekteverwekker worden overgedragen. Soms is daar een wondje voor ...

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effects, uses and benefits of coffee

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (2,832 Words)

INTRODUCTION : Coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world and it is the second most traded physical commodity worldwide, ranking second only to petroleum. There are two main types of coffee beans which are Arabica and Robusta. These two types of coffee beans make up over 90% of coffee beans sold worldwide. Â Arabica typically produce higher quality coffees, while Robusta are more economically ...

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Bradford Assay Standard Quantitative Method Determination Protein Concentrations Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,005 Words)

The Bradford assay is a standard quantitative method for the determination of protein concentrations. Bradford reagent used in the assay contains Coomassie Blue which produces a characteristic blue colour upon binding to proteins in solution (Bradford, Anal. Biochem. 72: 248, 1976).. Using a spectrophotometer the absorbance of the coloured product can be determined. Analysis of multiple samples may involve the use of a microtitre plate so that ...

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Diseases Of Respiratory System Pneumonia Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,043 Words)

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the one or both lungs in the lower respiratory tract that involves lung parenchyma including alveoli and supportive structure. It is also called pneumonitis. Causes: it can be caused by a wide variety of etiologic agents including bacteria virus, aspiration, fungi, mycobacterium mode of transmission, clinical manifestation vary depending on the etiologic agents. Pneumonia are classified according to causative organism. They are: ...

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DNA lab report

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,164 Words)

ABSTRACT: At the Dolan DNA Lab Center, an experiment was conducted to investigate Alu gene insertion on two alleles at the PV-92 Locus on Chromosome 16. Twenty two students participated in the research in the laboratory. Students washed their mouth with saline solution to extract their DNA sample and gel electrophoresis was used to find their genotype. Six students were reported to have the Alu insertion present ...

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Advantages Of Direct Detection Of ELISA Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,223 Words)

Shown in diagram generalizing models of different types of ELISA. Further variation of the assay are there depending upon the labeling and signal detection methodology. The basic approaches stay the same: fixing either antigen or antibody and detecting antibody-antigen complex. (Top) 3.1 Direct ELISA The direct ELISA uses the method of directly labeling the antibody itself. Microwell plates are coated with a sample containing the target antigen, ...

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The four factors

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

2 Pages (634 Words)

Track 11 The four factors that influence natural selection are genetic variation, overproduction of offspring, struggle for existence, differential survival and reproduction. Natural selection says that the organism most fit for living in its environment, will be most likely to survive and reproduce passing on those good traits to their offspring. Eventually, there will only be organisms that have those good traits. People with one sickle ...

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Comparison Of Different Ibuprofen Dosage Forms Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

11 Pages (4,110 Words)

Both ibuprofen gel and ibuprofen tablet produced similar efficacy in terms of pain relief in their respective groups. However, lower dose was administered in gel dosage form and fewer side effects were observed, in comparison to ibuprofen tablet. Patients consuming ibuprofen oral suspension reached the therapeutic effect at a quicker rate and were in that period for a longer duration compared to the other dosage forms. This ...

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Carbonic Anhydrase The Fastest Enzyme Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,992 Words)

Carbonic anhydrase, abbreviated as CA, is the first identified zinc containing enzyme, (CA; carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) It is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration and dehydration of carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid, bicarbonate ions and protons. Being one of the fastest enzyme known, it is believed that one molecule of CA can process one million molecules of carbon dioxide per second. The basic molecular structure ...

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Cancer Immunology

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

2 Pages (572 Words)

The study of the relationship and interactions between the immune system and cancer or malignant cells is known as cancer immunology. A malignancy refers to cancerous cells that have the potential to invade and destroy tissue. The growth of malignant cells is often fast and uncontrolled due to the changes in their genetic makeup. [2] The body monitors, detects and destroys malignant cells through a process ...

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Chemical Equilibriums In Swimming Pools Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,176 Words)

Abstract: The article, "Water Chlorination Principle", explains the process of water chlorination, a process in which water is treated with chlorine to make it fit for human consumption or safe enough to swim in. The article goes in depth in explaining the processes of water chlorination in terms of what substances are produced when others are added and the properties of these created substances. The main topic ...

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Organic Foods Opposed To Mass Production Foods Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

13 Pages (5,062 Words)

Modern food production methods and organic food production are both very controversial topics. When looking at the two, one needs to discuss various aspects as both have benefits and drawbacks. Many people have differing views on the respective topics and these will be looked at in further detail. Chemical additives are harmful but have benefits too, as do preservatives and the use of genetic modification. The organic ...

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Transition Elements And Coordination Compounds Analysis Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,171 Words)

Manganese is a first row transition metal that has varies type of oxidation states when it appears as a compound. The oxidation range is from Mn(-III) till Mn(VII). This has shown that the compounds of manganese range in the oxidation number have a different of 10 electrons. The experiment 1 that we have done is changing oxidation state of manganese(II) chloride to an acetylacetonemanganese(III) with an oxidizing ...

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An Introduction To Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,103 Words)

One of the diseases that has severely impacted the lives of people these days is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) which is a condition that is fatal and rare which has impact on the brain of human being. CJD causes damage to the brain that gets worsened with the passage of time. The patients diagnosed with the disease die within one year as people become immobile (Solassol et al., ...

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The Evolution Of Birds And Their Characteristics Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

13 Pages (5,097 Words)

Birds are best known for their ability to fly and are unrivaled in their environment such as the skies. They are a very diverse group of animals with amazing characteristics. ''Albatrosses glide long distances over the open sea, hummingbirds hover motionless in mid-air, and eagles swoop down to capture prey with pinpoint accuracy. But not all birds are aerobatic experts. Some species such as kiwis and penguins, ...

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Advantage Of Novel Drug Delivery System Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

20 Pages (7,610 Words)

1. INTRODUCTION There is a swift progress in the NDDS, so as to overpower the restrictions of conventional drug delivery. Some drugs have an optimum concentration range and in the scope of this optimum range maximum benefit is derived. Some drugs can be can be toxic or produce no therapeutic benefit at all if there concentration is above or below this range. On the other hand, the ...

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Effect Of Temperature On Rate Of Chemical Reaction Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,239 Words)

We can also time how quickly reactants are used up. The quicker these things happen, the faster the rate of the reaction. If a reaction has a low rate that means the molecules combine at a slower speed than a reaction with a high rate. Some reactions take hundreds, maybe even thousands of years while other can happen in less than one second. The rate of reaction ...

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Plasmolysis To Study The Permeability Of Plasma Membranes Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,052 Words)

Plasma membranes are bi-layered membranes made up of amphiphillic molecules (having charged polar heads tending to be hydrophillic and uncharged fatty acid tails tending to be hydrophobic) that selectively allow entrance of certain large molecules into the cell's cytosol and through which water and small non-polar molecules may freely diffuse. This experiment seeks to understand limited aspects of the permeability of the plasma membrane using the Elodea ...

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Sunscreen Lotion To Prepare For Prolonged Sun Exposure Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,179 Words)

Sun damage is a cumulative process, meaning that every moment of exposure has a long-term impact. Overexposure to the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause burns, diseases, and cancers-substantially contributing to mortality rates in fair-skinned populations. The severity of skin cancer is real; there are more new cases of skin cancer than the combined figures for lung, breast, prostate, and colon cancers each year (Bell, 97). ...

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Regulation And Malfunction Of Metabolic Processes Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,998 Words)

Metabolism is many coordinated chemical reactions occurring within a cell of an organism to sustain life (Berg et al. 2006). Obtaining nutrients, generating wastes, growing, reproducing, adapting to different environments are all chemical processes that occur in a human body to maintain a living state (Deborah, 2009). Many specific enzymes catalyse different chemical reactions in a metabolic pathway. Metabolic pathways are irreversible however; the reaction can be ...

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Corona Virus Infections And Virus Mechanism Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (842 Words)

Corona viruses are the group of virus which is a group of viruses that have a crown like appearances when viewed in under the electronic microscope. They belong to the Coronaviridiae family. Corona virus causes the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) [4]. They are commonly known to cause the respiratory disease in human being. Some time they also caused the gastrointestinal disease in different farm animals. They ...

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Optically Active Pharmaceutical Compounds Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,643 Words)

The molecules which are non super imposable mirror images of one another are termed as chiral. These are a pair of enantiomers and are diasymmetric as well as optically active. Since they promote optical rotation, these enantiomers are also known as optical isomers. These chiral molecules consist of a tetrahedral carbon atom which is attached to four different groups. The carbon atom is the stereogenic or the ...

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Deciduous Trees Autumn Blaze Maple Tree Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,482 Words)

The autumn blaze maple tree is a unique combination of good traits from the red maple and silver maple. The qualities mixed by the autumn blaze maple tree are brilliant orange-red color in the fall, dense and healthy branching, and enhanced growth that protects from insects and disease. They are known for their unexcelled speed of growth. The autumn blaze maple tree can also live in a ...

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The Resolution Of Phenylethylamine Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,864 Words)

Enantiomers are isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other and contain an asymmetric carbon atom and hence are chiral compounds. They have identical physical and chemical properties such as boiling and melting point, solubilities, and reactivity with symmetric reagents. They only differ in the direction of rotation of plane of polarized light, which is called optical activity.1 The direction and degree of rotation of the ...

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The Biological Membranes Or Biomembranes Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,332 Words)

The biological membranes, or biomembranes, are thin layers vital to organize biochemical processes that require compartmentalization. In all living cells, biological membranes carry out the function of «barrier» that not only divide the cell from the environment, but also the internal cell volume into comparably isolated «compartments» such as nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus [1]. Biological membranes are built of a double layer ...

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Effect Of Different Starter Culture Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,278 Words)

In this study, the effect of different starter culture has been studied and the activity of yeast during the rice wine fermentation also being observed. The UHT milk were being mix with different kind of starter culture. Later, the yoghurt mixture were being incubated and further undergoes chilling period which results in the desired yogurt. Natural yogurt and Lactobacillus Casei Shirota had been chosen to be the ...

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Comparison Of Three Different Transfection Methods Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,249 Words)

Transfection is a procedure that introduces foreign nucleic acids into cells to produce genetically modified cells. There are three main categories of transfection methods, Biological, Chemical and Physical. In this report the chemical and physical transfection methods will be compared i.e. Physical- Liposome, Calcium Phosphate and Physical- Electroporation. The reason why the biological method was not carried out is that this method is potentially hazardous to laboratory ...

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The Extraction Of Amylase From Yam Tuber Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

12 Pages (4,788 Words)

Amylolytic enzymes are widely distributed in plant tissues, e.g. in storage tissues such as seeds and tubers and in vegetative organs such as leaves. There exist two types of amylases in some species of plants, (E.C.3.2.1.1; 1-4-ÃŽÂ±-D-glucan glucohydrolase) and (E.C.3.2.1.2; 1-4-ÃŽÂ²-D-glucan maltohydrolase) amylases [Thoma, J.A., J.E. Sprandlin and S. Dygert, 1971]. Beta-amylase (-1, 4-glucan maltohyrolase, E.C.3,2,1,2) is an exoamylase that attacks the non reducing ends of starches ...

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Evolution Of Virulence In The Ebola Virus Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (3,186 Words)

The Ebola virus is a member of the Filoviridae family of virus and is the pathogen responsible for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, an emerging disease that appears in infrequent epidemic outbreaks mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. The Ebola Virus is composed of several distinct subspecies, ranging from the extremely virulent Ebola Sudan and Ebola Zaire Viruses to the asymptomatic (in humans) Ebola Reston. Many outbreaks of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever ...

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The Principles Of Cell Theory Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,001 Words)

According to Dr. Charles Mallory, a biology professor at The University of Miami, the principles of cell theory include: 1. All organisms are made up of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units that form the structure and carry out the functions of all organisms. 3. Cells are formed only from other cells. 4. Cells contain the genetic instructions of organisms. 5. Cells control the metabolism and ...

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Effect Of Vitamin C On Apple Browning Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (3,610 Words)

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of Vitamin C concentration on the enzymatic browning of apples. Apple slices were dipped into Vitamin C solution of different concentration ranging from 0 mg to 100 mg. They were left under room temperature and conditions for 24 hours before the browning index was measured. There was a general decrease in browning index as Vitamin C concentration increased with ...

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Management And Treatment And Psychosocial Aspects Of Pneumonia Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (3,169 Words)

This essay will explore the pathophysiology, management and treatment, and psychosocial aspects of pneumonia in an adult patient. Information has been obtained by the means of history taking, examination, and analysing the patient's medical records to form a case study in which the sections mentioned will be considered in relation to the case study. Section A - Case History VD is a 68 year old female who ...

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The Different Types Of Muscle Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,371 Words)

Smooth muscle tissue, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue, can undergo hypertrophy the increase in the volume of tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells. Smooth muscle fibres are usually involuntary i.e. not under conscious control, and they are nonstriated meaning smooth. In addition, certain smooth muscle fibres retain a capacity for division and can grow by a process known as hyperplasia, like those ...

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Isolation of protein by ammonium sulfate precipitation

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,759 Words)

Hypothesis Rubisco is a negatively charged protein that weighs 55,000 kDa and is also very soluble. When we add ammonium sulfate to reach a saturation of 50%, Rubisco can be isolated using ion exchange chromatography and protein electrophoresis. This would go at the end of the intro…its OK here. Materials and Methods Isolation of Protein by Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation Approximately 300g of fresh spinach leaves were ...

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A Treatment Scenario On Malignant Hyperthermia Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,526 Words)

In this scenario, there is a 35 year old female patient who develops malignant hyperthermia during surgery. Malignant hyperthermia is an uncommon pharmacogeneric disorder that leads to the hypermetabolic reactions of the skeletal muscle. [Ben Abraham, et al, 1998, Britt, 1985, Hopkins 2008]. Age, type of anesthetic, environmental temperature, mitigating drugs administered simultaneously and degree of stress play an important role in triggering malignant hyperthermia. [Ording, 1985]. ...

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Estimation Inhibitory Effect Of Clorox On Escherichia Coli Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,102 Words)

Household chlorine bleach is used as disinfectant and sterilizing agent for various purposes in our daily life due to its bactericidal properties. The purpose of the study is to estimate the growth of inhibition of Escherichia coli in the presence of different dilution of Clorox solution. ToxTrakTM toxicity test was the best method used for this study and toxicity of the controls and samples was recorded using ...

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Units Of Galactosidase Enzyme Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,252 Words)

Amongst the bacteria, the bacterium E. coli has an efficient mechanism for metabolising lactose. Three proteins that are important in lactose metabolism are all encoded in a single expressible unit of DNA, called the lac operon. The lac operon consists of three structural genes, a promoter, a terminator, regulator and an operator. The structural genes in lac operon encode three types of proteins which are involved in ...

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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Current Techniques Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,571 Words)

This article provides an introduction into some of the current techniques and assays utilised in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) TDM is a multi disciplinary function that measures specific drugs at intervals to ensure a constant therapeutic concentration in a patient blood stream. The selection of an analytical technique for TDM involves a choice between immunoassay and chromatography technique. Once the methodology has been chosen, there are also ...

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Acute Effects Of Inhaled Salbutamol Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,096 Words)

Introduction Salbutamol is a first-choice bronchodilator drug used in the acute treatment of asthma. Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease which causes recurrent reversible airway obstruction. An asthma attack is often triggered by an immediate hypersensitivity reaction that occurs in response to an inhaled allergen, causing acute bronchospasm in the lungs. Salbutamol treats the symptoms of asthma by reversing this bronchoconstriction. It acts as a β-2-adrenoreceptor agonist, ...

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The Biological Buffer Systems Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,846 Words)

The preparation of 250ml of 0.200 M phosphate buffer with pH of 7.40 was conducted and its buffering was tested afterwards. Exactly 5.31g of K2HPO4 and 2.65g of KH2PO4 were mixed to form the buffer. The initial pH was measured at 7.09 which is 4.19% lower than the theoretical pH. A fixed amount of acid (0.100 M HCl) and base (0.100 M NaOH) were added separately to ...

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Analysis Of A Gene Sequence Using Bioinformatics Resources Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,205 Words)

My aim for this project was to take an unknown nucleotide sequences and find using different bioinformatics tools available to predict species and function of my unknown sequence. Alongside this prediction I also aimed to find ancestry relationships between my unknown sequences with known sequences that may have changed overtime. And effectively communicate my results. To achieve this objective I firstly used the tool BLAST .BLAST uses ...

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Different Phases Of Normal Menstrual Cycle Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,622 Words)

The measure of reaction time has been used to evaluate the processing speed of CNS and the coordination between sensory and motor system. Estrogen and progesterone can alter neuronal functioning. This study was taken up to determine any alterations in simple reaction time during different phases of normal menstruation. In our study we included 100 female first year medical and dental students with normal menstruation history. The ...

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