Skin Diseases Affect On People's Health

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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In modern society, more and more people are attacked by a variety of diseases. In medicine, relevant skin diseases seriously affect people's health. As one of the common diseases, skin diseases such as leprosy, scabies, fungal disease, bacterial skin infections appear frequently. With the form, structure and functions changing, skin (including hair and armor) is influenced by external and internal factors, which produce the pathological process, and ...

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Structure And Functions Of Erythrocytes

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

4 (1,347 )

Red blood cells are the main type of blood cell in the blood plasma, they are also called erythrocytes and have oxygen carrying properties. They pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide at the lungs where the capillaries and alveoli's are in very close contact, the carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillary membrane into the alveoli membrane while the oxygen diffuses in the opposite direction. The erythrocytes ...

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Normal Cells Vs Transformed Cells

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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The purpose of the experiment is to compare and contrast normal cell and transformed cell. Students compare and contrast normal and transformed cell after viewing it under the microscope. The goal of the experiment is to find the characteristics between normal and transformed cell. Each student will observe the morphological differences, as well as the differing growth patterns of these cell types when grown in culture. Normal ...

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Restriction digestion of DNA and agarose gel electrophoresis

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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In this experiment, EcoR1 which is the restriction enzyme is used. The function of restriction enzyme is to cut the DNA into smaller stand. Hence, in this experiment, DNA pBR322 is been cut by the restriction enzyme into smaller DNA strand. This can be seen from the picture above which the fluorescent colour of the uncut plasmid is brighter compared to the cut plasmid. The uncut plasmid ...

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An Overview Of Liver Cirrhosis

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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The liver is a dark reddish brown organ weighing about 3 pounds located in the upper right hand portion of the abdominal cavity. It is the largest compact organ in human body. The word cirrhosis stem from a Greek word meaning yellowish, tawny, that is the orange â€"yellow color of the diseased lever. Verrill et al, 2008 describe the term cirrhosis as a broad church that include ...

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Micro-Organisms In The Human Digestive System

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Humans rely on micro-organisms for lots of things varying from health, welfare, food, and industrial products Micro-organisms are microscopic organisms, which can only be seen properly with the aid of a microscope. These include viruses, microscopic fungi and bacteria. The human body continuously has lots of different micro-organisms on and in them, but mostly bacteria, some fungi and other micro-organisms which under normal circumstances in a healthy ...

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Technology Of Recombinant DNA

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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The technology of recombinant dna is a DNA based major tool that has acquired popularity and lots of attention in the present world. With the use of this technology, scientists are able to get individual genes from desired sources of either plant or animal nature, cleave or cut them out and finally use them in the target organism by inserting the isolated gene into its genome to ...

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An Analysis Of Acetylcysteine

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Acetylcysteine is an antidote used for paracetamol overdose. Different tests had been chosen and conducted to ensure the quality of the product in the drug preparation is within the acceptable range as stated in the British Pharmacopoeia (hereafter referred to as 'the BP'). The level of purity and changes in the structure/condition of acetylcysteine can be known based on the value of specific optical rotation; a negative ...

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The concept of clong

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Cloning Since Dolly the first ever mammal to be cloned from an adult cell was successfully cloned, many people and organizations believe that cloning can be used to help deliver many human needs and demands. However, the idea of cloning has caused many concerns and debates over its worthiness. Using the DNA of a single parent the technique of cloning creates identical genetic copies of the single ...

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Eggs Industry In Malaysia

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Today, egg industry in our country has been rapidly grown and turn into one of the modern industries. This is due to the large productions units, a various range of tailor made eggs, and egg products produced in our market to meet customer needs. About more than 40 million eggs are produced in our industry per day and the most preferred egg is brown eggs. In addition, ...

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An Essay on Phylum Chordata

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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What is chordate? In the scheme of classification, the animals kingdom is divided first into several majore animal groups called phyla. There are approximately 30 animal phyla currently recognized. The last major group of the animal kingdom is known as phylum chordata. It was created by Balfour in 1880. The name of this phylum is derived from two Greek words, the chorde means a string or cord, ...

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Analysis By Gas Chromatography

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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oven temperature on the separation of methyl and ethyl esters. Also the optimum separation condition for the analyte (methyl, ethyl and unknown ester) is to be identified. Finally for this part of the experiment, the effect of 'split injection' and 'splitless injection' is determined. 'Split injection' is when the split valve is kept open when sample is injected while 'splitless injection is when the split valve is ...

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Anatomy And Physiology: Need For Nutrition

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Nutrition is the process by which living organisms obtain or absorb food. These foods contain chemical substances which are the source of energy and necessary for growth, repair and maintenance. Nutrients build the body and allow it to function. There are six types of nutrients; carbohydrates, protein, fats, vitamins, minerals and water which living organism need for sustenance. Carbohydrates produce and store energy and heat. There are ...

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The Purity Of An Aspirin Sample

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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The aim of my investigation is to find the most accurate method of measuring the purity of the aspirin through the use of quantitative analysis methods, including(1): - Acid-base titration - Back titration - Colorimetry The most likely impurities present in an aspirin sample are salicylic acid (un-reacted or as a result of hydrolysis) or ethanoic acid (or other acid catalysts). Introductrion to aspirin What is aspirin? Aspirin (2-ethanoylbenzoic acid ...

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Rubisco In Spinach Leaves

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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One of the many proteins found in Spinach leaves is ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). It is an enzyme that adds carbon dioxide to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate during sugar production in green plants. Rubisco is the most abundant protein found on earth as well as a soluble protein (Ishimaru, et. al, 2001). The main purpose of this experiment is to isolate rubisco from spinach leaves. Three different techniques ...

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The Structure And Properties Of Surfactants

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and lowering of the interfacial tension between two liquids, or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as: Detergents Wetting agents Emulsifiers Foaming agents Dispersants STRUCTURE OF SURFACTANT Figure 1Surfactant molecule possess a dualistic character.This arises from the combination of a hydrophobic (water-rejecting) and a hydrophilic (water-preferring) group in one ...

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Spicy Food: Not Just About Taste

03 Oct 2016 04 May 2017

4 (1,552 )

Spicy Food: Not Just About Taste We all have distinct feelings towards spicy food. Some people found spicy food enjoyable: the tongue trembling, like having sparks flying through, and then the body warming up and sweating. Others however, found them absolutely terrifying: the mouth drying out and urgently howling for water. Love it or hate it, it is mostly about the trembling that people have distinguished opinions ...

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The effect of fast food consumption: Cardiovascular System

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Research question: How and why does fast food consumption cause heart disease and negative for consumers? Abstract: I am researching the question how and why does the fast food consumption cause heart diseases and why are they negative for consumers. My intention of researching this topic had risen after my trip to America. Nearly one out of 5 teenagers I have seen were obese. I was shocked ...

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Chikungunya Fever: A Review Of The Literature

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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The Newala and Masasi Districts of the Southern Province, Tanzania, reported its first dengue-like outbreak in 1952-1953, on the basis that this epidemic involved debilitating joint pains and shorter incubation period, thereby excluding dengue (Robinson 1955). The infection was called chikungunya; a word from the Makonde dialect describing patient's contorted posture (Lumsden 1955). Chikungunya is an arthropod borne virus (arbovirus) of the genus: Alphavirus from Togaviridae family. ...

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Spectrophotometer And Its Function

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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In fact, light of narrow wavelength ranges can be transmitted through a sample solution by utilizing an optical instrument, spectrophotometer. Normally, it is used in biological and chemical sciences to obtain the measurement of the amount of light absorbed by the solutes in the solution. Hence, concentrations of compounds in solution can be determined by using spectrophotometer because the amount of light absorbed is directly proportional to ...

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A literature review of disinfectants commonly used

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

6 (2,019 )

The purpose for this literature review was to examine the literature currently available to the general public on the application of a range of disinfectants used within a microbiology laboratory in both the public e.g. hospital laboratories and the private sector e.g. university laboratories. This literature review was carried out on the effectiveness of disinfectants so that previous and current knowledge on the use of these disinfectants ...

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Biological Molecules And Carbohydrates

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Quite simply, molecules are many atoms chemically bonded together. They are the most basic structural formation of an element and make up everything, from the air we breathe to ground we walk on. Some important molecules make up cells which are the most basic forms of life; every living thing is made up of cells. Cells mainly consist of water molecules but there are a number of ...

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Shock And Anaphylactic Shock

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Shock is a medical emergency in which the organs and tissues of the body are not receiving a sufficient flow of blood. This deprives the organs and tissues of oxygen (which is carried in the blood) and allows the buildup of waste products. Shock can result in serious damage or even death. ("Shock," 2008) Shock is usually caused by three major categories of problems: cardiogenic (problems associated ...

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Sex Linkage In Drosophila Melanogaster

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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The principles governing heredity were first formulated by Gregor Mendel, who stated that allele pairs separate independently from parents to off springs in his principle of independent assortment. Later on, Thomas hunt Morgan proposed that genes were responsible for traits of organisms and he used the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) in his experiments to study the role of genes in biological processes. This Experiment was performed to ...

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An Introduction To DNA

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material of eve living organisms including some viruses. It is a dimer consists of two strands that immerse upon each other and appear as a double helix that are linked together covalently with each other. Each strand is made up of similar repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide composed of three different moieties,a 2-deoxyribose sugar,a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. ...

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Fertilizers On The Growth Rate Of Plants

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Abstract This experiment was designed to compare the effectiveness between eggshell and rice husk ash (RHA) on the growth rate of plants, also to compare effectiveness of these two substances as organic fertilizers with the normal used organic soil mix. The methodology employed was by using same amount of subjects (fertilizers), which was three quarter of the pot is occupied by fertilizers. Each fertilizer was tested by ...

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Raoults Law And Binary Liquid Vapour Phase Diagram

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Abstract This experiment will look into and study the Raoult's law behaviour of a binary solution of acetone and toluene to see if the mixture solution follows Raoult's law of ideal solution. This experiment is conducted by introducing the vapour-phase of mixture solution into the cuvette using cotton wool with solution and a Ultra-Violet Visible Light (UV-VIS) spectrum is obtained to find out the absorbance of the ...

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Stability Studies On Vitamin D Three Tablets

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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The basic purpose of this work was to develop accelerated stability study of Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) tablets and injections and to understand the drug stability at different intervals at accelerated climatic conditions. The other objectives were, to determine the storage conditions, identification of degradation pathways , shock and vibration , to determine which type of stress affect the molecule(high or low temperature, oxidation, pH extremes) and the ...

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The Usefulness Of Titration And Colorimetric Analysis

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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As a child I was reasoned into taking vitamin supplements as they would make me grow 'tall and strong'. Micronutrients like vitamin C are an empirical base to the formula for maintaining a healthy and balanced body, vitamin C for example has proven to be fundamentally responsible for the regeneration of our teeth, bones, teeth and skin. Moreover its unique regenerative properties have made it a key ...

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Study Of Genetics: Important For Human Society

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human being. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics, and genetic counselling, Genes can be the common factor of the qualities of most human-inherited traits. Study of human genetics can be useful as it can answer questions about human nature, ...

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The Role Of Metal Ions In Biochemistry

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Metal ions are essential for living processes. Intra and inter cellular communications rest largely on the concentration gradients of potassium, sodium, calcium ions like calcium play a significant role in blood clotting and muscle contraction, magnesium ions help in photosynthesis. Electron transfer processes are mainly based on iron proteins, transport of oxygen requires iron and copper proteins, and zinc plays an important role in regulation of DNA ...

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Acetic Acid In Different Type Of Vinegar Brands

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Despite the vast research regarding rusting, still many people do not recognize the harmful effect it can to environment and to take precaution measure to avoid or prevent rusting. Results of study show U.S. had to spend total $276 billion, approximately 3.1% of the nation's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for corrosion direct cost. Therefore, these study is to find optional of artificial way to remove rusting from ...

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Methotrexate And Infliximab Rheumatoid Arthritis

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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There is a perception that biological agents have improved rheumatoid arthritis management so I decided to compare a traditional DMARD (methotrexate) to a biological treatment (infliximab). To analyse the advantages and disadvantages of the drugs I have looked at several features, primarily looking at efficacy but also looking at: cost, method of delivery and safety/side effects of the drug. Methotrexate an effective s drug in limiting the ...

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Analysis

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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At the beginning, the solution had been filtered and the white precipitate was collected. The precipitate is known to be calcium oxalate. The filtrate was then obtained and used for the determination of the absorbance by using the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The absorbance of the calcium filtrate is increasing gradually as the concentration increase gradually. As more metal ion is present (concentration increase gradually), they tend ...

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Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Inherited Disorder

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Task 1: Duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD) is inherited disorder which affects muscles and causes progressive muscle weakness. DMD is caused by a faulty in the DMD gene which makes dystrophin. Mutations in the DMD gene cause Duchenne dystrophy. Mutations in the DMD gene affects the structure and function of the dystrophin. Muscle cells become damaged due to lack of dystrophin and this lead to muscle fibre damage . ...

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An over view of measles

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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The measles, scientifically known as rubeola is a typical childhood illness. If untreated, it can cause many complications and be fatal. The measles are commonly a highly contagious disease, and despite a safe and well administrative vaccination; it still remains a global killer. Those who are at a high risk of catching the measles are unvaccinated young children, particulary in developing countries such as parts of Asia ...

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Phytochemicals Found In The Tropical Pineapple

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Pineapple can be eaten both fresh and processed although the proteolytic protein bromelain will degrade if it is processed, this means that if tinned pineapple is used to make jelly it will set, but if fresh pineapple is used the jelly will not set, also if you use fresh pineapple to cook your ham steaks it will help to tenderise the meat. Phenolic compounds in the pineapple ...

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Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Of 2 4 Dinitrochlorobenzene

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Nucleophilic aromatic substitution occurs when an electron rich nucleophile attacks an electron deficient species on an aromatic ring. The substituent on the aromatic ring is replaced with another substituent given that the former is a good leaving group. And a good leaving group would be a substituent which can accommodate more negative charge or is more stable due to distribution of charges or resonance. The substituent on ...

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The Importance Of Antibiotics

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Antibiotics have been called as the single most important therapeutic discovery in the history of medicine. An interesting feature of their historic discovery is that they occur within the lifetime of many populations living today. The most important event in the discovery of antibiotics occurred around 1940 and began the era of antibiotics. Although Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1929, it was only recognised for its potential ...

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The Structure And Function In Four Specialised Cells

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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The human body has numerous cells with differing functions but the same basic. The shell of the cell is the plasma membrane and is selectively permeable allowing it to control what enters and leaves, this surrounds the cytoplasm which is a jelly like substance that may appear grainy as it contains organelles. The nucleus, the largest of the organelles contains chromosomes which are made of DNA and ...

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Transformation In Plasmids

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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This experiments aims to demonstrate the phenomenon of transformation. A plasmid was introduced into competent Escherichia coli (E.coli) cells by electroporation, plated out on a solid medium and left to divide and multiply. Through this experiment, the idea and importance of gene transformation in genetic engineering can be understood. The procedure and observations brought home the concept of genotype and phenotype being directly controlled by the genes ...

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Introduction Of Taxonomic Sciences

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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Taxonomy is the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms and includes all plants, animals and microorganisms of the world by using morphological, behavioural, genetic and biochemical observations, taxonomists identify, describe and arrange species into classifications, including those that are new to science. Taxonomy identifies and enumerates the components of biological diversity providing basic knowledge underpinning management and implementation .Different kinds of animals, fungi and plants and ...

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Targeting The Prostate Cancer Epigenome

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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The initiation and progression of cancer is regulated by both genetic and epigenetic events such as DNA methylation, histone deacetylation and nucleosome remodelling. Abnormal regulation of such events promotes genomic instability, silencing of tumour suppressor genes and oncogene activation. Genetic alterations are almost impossible to reverse whereas abnormal epigenetic modifications are reversible, allowing the malignant cell population to return to a normal state. Epigenetic modifications, a hallmark ...

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The Egg Cell In The Human Body

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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The egg cell is one of the most amazing cells found in the human body. About 0.1 millimeters in length, the egg cell is composed of a nucleus, cytoplasm, and the cell membrane which surrounds and protects the entire cell. The process through which an egg cell is created and released is fascinating and never ceases to amaze. From the time an egg cell starts to mature ...

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri Principles And Applications

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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MRI is known as Magnetic resonance imaging, or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. It is a commonly used medical imaging technology in recent years. In this article, the history of this technology, the physical principles behind this technology, its applications, developments, and its advantages and disadvantages, will be introduced. Introduction With the rapid development of global technology, many imaging technologies have been invented, such as computed tomography (CT) ...

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Creating And Maintaining Stability In Ecosystem

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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Ecosystem is a distinct space on earth where community of living organism including flora and fauna interact with the abiotic elements like air, water and soil as a system. The interaction between the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem is linked together through energy flows and nutrient cycles. Biologists define biodiversity as the totality of species, genes and ecosystems of a region. This encompasses genetic diversity, ...

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Quantitative investigation of immunoglobulins

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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Introduction- Quantitative investigation of Immunoglobulins is the basis of the standard laboratory technique within the field of clinical immunology. Immunoglobulins can be measured quantitatively through the use of nephelometry, such measurements are vital in the instance of a suspected immunodeficiency within a patient. For this reason the test is accurate and rapidly measures the amounts of IgM, IgG and IgA proteins within the blood of the patient ...

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Naked Eye Single Tube Osmotic Fragility Test

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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The effectiveness of one tube osmotic fragility screening in detecting BTT was first introduced by Kattamis C. in 1981.(56) NESTROFT is the rapid simple and cost effective screening test. 2.15.1 Principle The principle of NESTROFT is based on the limit of hypotonicity that the red cell can withstand. There is a pronounced decrease in osmotic fragility of red cells in β-thalassemia(57) Cells with a decreased surface/volume ratio, ...

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Relationship Between Mosquito Breeding And Environment

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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Mosquitoes are widely known throughout the world and mosquito using several water bodies for breeding (WHO, 1982). Larval species can be found in almost every type of non-flowing aquatic habitat from the marshy edges of large lakes, provided that fish or tadpoles are not present through swamps and marshes of all types and sizes along sections of rivers, streams, or ditches where the water is not flowing ...

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When Different Kinds Of Organisms Interact

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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Microorganisms, as the name suggests, are extremely minute organisms which are impossible to be observed by the naked eyes. Due to their size, they are mostly interpreted as being single-celled organisms and include different types of organisms in their classification bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea and protists. Also, there are some animals which are so small that they need to be visualised under microscope for their structure to ...

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Awareness Of Idhayam Oil Pulling Among Customers

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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Vegetable Oil is a necessity for all the people. Every human being consumes oil day by day. Here is one company called IDHAYAM, the market leader of oil manufacturing product came out with a new idea to enter into health care product. They have explained the method, how to use oil in our mouth this is so called oil pulling therapy. This study is all about to ...

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The Hydrolysis Of Nitrophenyl Phosphate

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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The hydrolysis of nitrophenyl phosphate (NPP) by alkaline phosphatase enzyme is a first order reaction dependent on the concentration of NPP in solution. A product of this reaction is nitrophenyl anion which has a high molar absorptivity at 410nm. This property makes it relatively easy to observe this reaction as a function of time via a spectrophotometer. By observing the reaction as a function of time it ...

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Nature conservation: Management plan for Padworth Common

03 Oct 2016 02 May 2017

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Nature conservation: Management plan for Padworth Common (Dartford Warbler). Overall Summary of management plan: Policy statement and Background Preamble: Padworth common nature reserve was previously owned by the west Berkshire county council. But in 2005 the land manamgement was acquired by the Buckinghamshire, and Oxford Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) in 2005 (Fort, 2013). The Main overall policy for this land is “to Ensure these sites continue to thrive ...

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Thyroid Gland And Thyroid Hormone Synthesis

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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Hypothyroidism is a condition characterized by abnormally low amount of the thyroid hormone synthesis. This may be due to a thyroid problem or any other reason. Thyroid hormone affects growth, development, and many cellular processes. Inadequate thyroid hormone has many consequences for the body Thyroid gland and thyroid hormone synthesis Thyroid gland has two lobes connected by an isthmus. It attaches to the thyroid cartilage and trachea. ...

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Effects Of Concentration On The Absorbance Values

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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Abstract: A 0.2100 M stock solution of cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate was analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy. A series of dilutions of the stock solution were made to analyze the effects of concentration on the absorbance values of cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The copper (II) chloride hexahydrate was found to have the highest absorbance value at an average wavelength of 511.02 nm. The average ...

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An Introduction To Diabetes Mellitus

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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Diabetes mellitus was recognized as early as 1500 B.C. by Egyptian Physicians, who described it as a disease associated with "the passage of much urine". The term "diabetes" (the Greek for Siphon) was coined by the Greek Physician Aretaeus the Cappadocian around A.D.2. In 1674 a physician named Willis coined the term "Diabetes Mellitus" (from the Greek word for Honey).1, 2 Diabetes mellitus is a complex syndrome ...

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The Life Cycle Of Physarum Polycephalum

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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In this practical, the life cycle of Physarum polycephalum is being studied. Slime Moulds refers to a wide range of several groups of different and controversial classifications. They have certain characteristics similar to those of animals, plants and fungi. Slimed moulds live in dark, moist habitats where there is abundance of food. They eat bacteria, protozoans, yeasts, fungi, decaying organic materials, and other microorganisms. They are mostly ...

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Introduction To Microbial Genetics

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

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In this experiment, handling bacteria was learned and phenotypes of bacteria in microbial genetics are investigated. For the phenotypes, E. coli and its mutants are used. The second part was done to observe plate assays to see whether or not the β-galactosidase was produced or not. The last part was to assay plaque forming units in E. coli medium infected with a sample of B. subtilus phage ...

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Function Of The Lymphatic System

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

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The key function of the lymphatic system is to bring together and transport tissue fluids from the intercellular spaces that does gas exchange, water transport and also for ion movement into all the tissues of our body and then back to the veins into the blood system. It does an important role by returning plasma proteins to the bloodstream, and then digests the fats that are absorbed ...

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Antimitotic Prodrugs Advantages And Disadvantages

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

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Abstract The intricate prodrug therapy has made possible the synthesis and identification of novel drug discovery that have significant structural modifications or intermediate derivatives which may facilitated and enhanced therapeutic parameter during in vitro and in vivo studies. Along with improved target delivery of prodrugs provides the capability to not only overcome certain limitation of antimitotic drugs, but to increases the chances to undergo clinical phase trial ...

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Peptic Ulcer Disease Gastrointestinal Tract Disorder

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

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Peptic ulcers are one of the most common gastrointestinal tract disorders. The recent past few decades have witnessed an increase in the rate of peptic ulcers occurrence in our human community (Thompson, 1996). It has evidently been shown from available statistics that an approximated over 10 percent of the human population are extremely at risk of suffering from the disease at some point in their lifetime (Cohen, ...

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Analysis of using controlled slow cooling

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

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To get the reproducible outcomes in biomedical research, genetic stability is essential and it is achieved via cryopreservation technique. Technique of cryopreservation involves the preservation of viable cells, living tissues, gametes, embryos, organs and also some organisms on cooling at low sub-zero temperatures, characteristically at -196°C for a prolonged time to implement the applications of these biological materials over biomedicine, conservation and animal reproduction (Mazur., 1970). Long ...

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Identification of unknown soil bacteria

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

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INTRODUCTION Microorganisms play an extremely important role in soil ecology. Soil bacteria break down organic matter into simpler compounds (Clark). Bacteria in the soil play important roles in different biochemical cycles such as the carbon cycle (Clark). Decomposition is another important role that different bacteria take part in. Without bacteria the ecology of soil would be completely disrupted. The nutrient requirements that different bacteria need to survive ...

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Disinfectants Used Within Microbiology Laboratory

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

6 (2,019 )

The purpose for this literature review was to examine the literature currently available to the general public on the application of a range of disinfectants used within a microbiology laboratory in both the public e.g. hospital laboratories and the private sector e.g. university laboratories. This literature review was carried out on the effectiveness of disinfectants so that previous and current knowledge on the use of these disinfectants ...

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What Is The Importance Of Chelates In Biology?

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

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Chelation is the formation or presence of two or more separate bindings between a polydentate (multiple bonded) ligand and a single central atom. Usually these ligands are organic compounds, and are called chelants, chelators, chelating agents, or sequestering agents. The ligand forms a chelate complex with the substrate. Chelate complexes are contrasted with coordination complexes composed of monodentate ligands, which form only one bond with the central ...

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Applications Of Lanthanides For Medicine

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

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Lanthanides have been used for medicinal applications since the 1980s but the development of technology has led to a demand for new developments.1 Lanthanides, known as rare-earth elements, have a wide range of photophysical properties that are amenable to spectroscopic and crystallographic studies.1 This, along with the absence of lanthanides in biological systems, makes them ideal for studying protein structure and interactions. The chemistry of lanthanides arises ...

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How to implement SWOT Analysis

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

7 (2,510 )

INTRODUCTION Change is a very significant word in business. Modern business is defined as the most competitive and active. To survive in the modern competitive business environment, the organizations have to adopt their strategies to meet the changing demands and needs of the customers. SWOT analysis is one the most significant business strategies which helps the organizations to assess their current situation both internally and externally and ...

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The Polymerase Chain Reaction Pcr

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

3 (1,104 )

The polymerase chain reaction was first developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis. This reaction is commonly used in molecular biology to amplify and generate thousands to millions of copies of specific DNA sequences across several orders of magnitude (4-1). It relies on thermal cycling, consisting of cycles of denaturation, primer (short DNA fragment) annealing and primer extension (4-7). PCR can also be used for the analysis of ...

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Free Vibration Of A Cantilever Objective

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

4 (1,375 )

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the natural frequency of a cantilever beam study both undamped and damped free vibration motion of a cantilever beam. Vibration is the periodic motion of a body or system of connected bodies displaced from a position of equilibrium. In general, there are two types of vibration, free and forced. Free vibration is maintained by gravitational or elastic restoring force. ...

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Two Step Extraction Of Pyrethrins From Pyrethrum

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

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The experimental determination of the concentration and yield of pyrethrins from chrysanthemum pyrethrum flower is usually carried out with chromatographic techniques; and accordingly, a lot of methods have been developed over the years [Wang et.al, (1997)]. These include high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [Todd et.al, (2003); Essig and Zhao, (2001b)], gas chromatography (GC) [Essig and Zhao, (2001a)] and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) [Wenclawiak and Otterbach, (1999)]. GC ...

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Aquatic Plants: Rate Of Photosynthesis

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

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Acid rain is a known effect of global warming, which has damaged many aquatic environments and aquatic plants throughout the world. This study investigates the effects of acid rain on an aquatic plant's rate of photosynthesis. The research question is "How does the change in pH of an elodea's habitat due to acid rain affect the plant's rate of photosynthesis?" Samples of elodea were placed into two ...

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Measuring Photosynthetic Activity In Plants

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

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Photosynthesis is a process in which plants obtain food by converting light energy into glucose. Photosynthesis occurs in all plants and is essential to humans because it creates an Oxygen rich atmosphere. As Frank James states, in his book Photosynthesis in Plants that even the modern developments are still heavily dependant on plants that undergo photosynthesis. Things such as medicine, clothes, Furniture etc all come from plants ...

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Verification Of Faradays First Law Of Electrolysis

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

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My research question "How can Beer's law be used to verify Faraday's First law of electrolysis and to determine Avogadro's number and Faraday's constant by electrolysis of 1.000 mol dm-3 copper sulfate (CuSO4) solution using graphite electrodes?" is an indirect question to the investigation. I was always interested in verifying laws and learning about interdependence between laws. I was so keen in finding how that how the ...

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Role Of Metal Ions In Biochemistr

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

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A metal is a chemical element that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat and forms cations and ionic bonds with non-metals. In chemistry, ametal (from Greek "μέταλλον" - métallon, "mine"]) is an element, compound, or alloy characterized by high electrical conductivity. In a metal, atoms readily lose electrons to form positive ions (cations). Those ions are surrounded by delocalized electrons, which are responsible for ...

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Probiotics and Biotechnology

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

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Probiotics and Biotechnology Bacteria are present in the gut of every one. Some of these are harmful while others are beneficial for the health of host. Normally the percentage of beneficial bacteria is more but due to antibiotic treatment and other stress conditions the balance shifts towards the harmful bacteria. Such a condition is called Dysbiosis and needs the treatment of Probiotics. Probiotics are “live microorganisms which ...

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Predisposing Factors For Urinary Tract Infections

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

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The important predisposing factors for urinary infections in females are age, sex, pregnancy, sexual intercourse, menopause, use of birth control devices, catheterization, surgery, diabetes, use of calcium supplements, immunosupperession, renal transplantation and spinal cord injury. Besides, UTI is also the most frequent medical complication in patients with neurologic bladder dysfunction leading to high morbidity, poor quality of life and limited life expectancy. Moreover, severe protein malnutrition, poor ...

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E Coli On Bathroom Surfaces

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

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In this experiment, we aimed to test the common statement that Pine- O- Cleen kills 99.9 of E.Coli on bathroom surfaces .To test this myth we used sterile swabs, sterile physiological saline & sterile pipettes. Tile was used to represent bathroom surface and E .coli culture to represent unclean or contaminated surface. E coli culture was spread on the tile with sterile glass spreader evenly and then ...

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Charpy Impact Test Of Polypropylene At Various Temperatures

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

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This experiment examined the impact of polypropylene at various temperatures through the Charpy test. Three different forms of specimens including unnotched ones, blunt-notched and sharp-notched were tested to measure the impact energy. Results showed that low temperature resulted in the decrease of impact energy. These results have important implications for human designed applications concerning the toughness of polymers at different temperatures. The study of impact test has ...

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Rhythmic Contractions And Relaxation Of Isolated Gut

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

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The isolated gut has a spontaneous activity with rhythmic contractions and relaxation of its smooth muscles. Various drugs that affect the smooth muscles by either direct or indirect stimulation were used (Day & Vane 1963). These drugs were acetylcholine, atropine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and d-tubocurarine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter (Martini 2009, p. 304) that is released by a neuron and acts directly on the plasma membrane of another ...

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Exercise And Drugs On Cardiovascular System

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

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The experiment was carried out in order to examine the effects of propanolol, salbutamol and GTN in subjects at rest and during exercise. This was done by taking recordings of SBP, DBP, MAP, PP, HR and PEFR at rest and during exercise for each drug. Using t-tests the results for each drug were compared at rest and during exercise in order to prove that changes were significant. ...

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Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

6 (2,274 )

Analysis 1. The solubility and the intermolecular bonds formed between the solute and the solvent are involved in the separation of pigments as it moves through a filter paper. 2. The Rf values would be different if a different solvent was used because the solvent would have different characteristics which affects the capillary action (because the Rf value is distance pigment migrated (mm) / distance solvent front ...

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Human Physiological Function And Homeostasis

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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The human organism consists of trillions of cells all working together for the maintenance of the entire organism. While cells may perform very different functions, all the cells are quite similar in their metabolic requirements. Maintaining a constant internal environment with all that the cells need to survive (oxygen, glucose, mineral ions, waste removal, and so forth) is necessary for the well-being of individual cells and the ...

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An Investigation into the activity of A Amylase

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Alpha amylase is an enzyme. It specific binds with water and starch . It hydrolyses starch and glycogen to give glucose and maltose. It acts on the alpha bonds of polysaccharides. Because of the specificity of the enzymes activity the structure of the enzyme must be precise. Any factor which will cause denaturation of the enzyme will restrict its rate of activity. Two of the most important ...

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How To Do Gram Staining

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Observation of microorganism under microscope can be improved by using certain processes and techniques such as the staining. Staining is an important step to observe microorganisms more clearly, to differentiate between microorganisms as well as to differentiate parts in microorganism (Bagyaraj et al, 2005). The identification, morphology, some extracellular and intracellular components of microorganisms can be determined and detected through the staining. Many microorganisms difficult to be ...

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Basic Laboratory Techniques Dilutions

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Dilution is a process of making a weaker or a less concentrated solution. Substances which are highly concentrated can be problematic to carry out tests. For instance, when a blood sample is placed on a slide it would be difficult to count cells due to overlapping. As a result dilutions are carried out so that the cells will be more spread. Moreover a large amount of reagent ...

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Hoofdonderwerp: drugs in de sport

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Inleiding We hebben voor het onderwerp drugsgebruik (in de sport) gekozen, omdat we meer willen weten over de effecten van drugs op het menselijk lichaam en wat voor schade dit een mens aan kan richten. Sporten spreekt ons beiden heel erg aan, vandaar dat we voor de combinatie drugsgebruik in de sport hebben gekozen. In de sport hoor je steeds meer over het gebruik van een drugs ...

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Microorganisms: Normal Flora

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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The concept of infection in the host- parasite relationship is expressed in the body's normal flora. Normal flora is a population of micro-organisms that infect the body without causing disease. Some organisms establish a permanent relationship, as E.coli is always found in large intestines of humans; others like streptococci are transient. Symbiotic associations between body and its normal flora exist at different levels. These may be in ...

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Hybrid Pi Ce Transistor Model

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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The hybrid-pi model is a popular circuit model used for analyzing the small signal behavior of bipolar junction and field effect transistors. The model can be quite accurate for low-frequency circuits and can easily be adapted for higher frequency circuits with the addition of appropriate inter-electrode capacitances and other parasitic elements. Bipolar junction (BJT) parameters The hybrid-pi model is a linearized two-port network approximation to the BJT ...

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What Genetic Factors Contribute to Obesity?

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Obesity has increasingly become a challenging epidemic and is now a global concern which has shown no sign of lessening (McAllister et al, 2009, p. 868). While considerable efforts have been invested in stressing the importance of physical activity and the choice of food intake, studies have shown compelling evidence that genetic determinants brought by the inter-individual differences have high responsibility in obesity susceptibility (O'Rahilly & Farooqi, ...

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The Importance Of Bioequivalence

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Bioequivalence is defined as " the absence of a significant difference in the rate & extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety in pharmaceutical equivalent or pharmaceutical alternative become available at the site of drug action when administered at the same molar dose under similar conditions in an appropriately designed study" (Huixiao et al., 2009). The importance of bioequivalence studies is increasing due to the ...

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Description And Examples Of Genetically Modified Organisms

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Genetically modified organism (GMO), organism whose genome has been engineered in the laboratory in order to favour the expression of desired physiological traits or the production of desired biological products. GMO has long been the practice to breed select individuals of a species to produce offspring of the desirable traits. It is used in conventional livestock production, crop farming and even pet breeding. In genetic modification, the ...

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Histamine Stimulated Small Intestine

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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The longitudinal smooth muscle of the guinea-pig ileum small intestine contracts in response to acetylcholine. These contractions can be reduced by the application of adenosine and related compounds. The guinea-pig ileum is innervated by the enteric, sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The parasympathetic and enteric fibres release acetylcholine which acts on muscarinic receptors. The action of adenosine and its receptor antagonists can be ...

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Factors Affecting Blood Glucose Levels

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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This essay discusses the factors affecting the blood glucose levels to fluctuate, the natural mechanism of the body to control it, the inability of the body to control it and the disease it causes. The Human body is perfection in its own way. The controlled balance of factors keeping the internal environment of the body constant is a vital process that keeps one healthy. Any slight changes ...

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An Avocado Is A Fruit: Analysis

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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An avocado is a fruit and not a vegetable that grows on a tree and can be technically classified as a berry. The avocado is from evergreen tree which is native to Mesoamerica. Its natural range covers diverse environmental conditions from the central highlands of Mexico where frosts occur to the rain forests of northwest Columbia. They have a taste that ranges from rich, creamy and buttery ...

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Increase Of Concentration Of Ethyl Acetate

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Firstly the aim of the experiment is to determine the yield, conversion and reaction rate by employing the principles of material balance with chemical reaction for batch reactions. The purpose of the experiment is to find out the factors affecting the rate of reaction to increases the conversion rate the yield of product produced. The hypothesis of the experiment is that the increase of concentration of Ethyl ...

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Function And Production Of Insulin

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Insulin is a protein produced by islet cells in the pancreas. Insulin helps human body regulate glucose in the body. Insulin reduces the use of fats as energy (gluconeogenesis) by utilizing glucose to produce energy. Patient with diabetes require insulin to keep the blood glucose levels under control. (1) The first successful insulin was produced from ox pancreas (bovine insulin). Bovine insulin is similar to human insulin ...

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Identification Of Poisonous And Non Poisonous Snake

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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INTRODUCTION Snakes are one of the most interesting reptilian creatures of earth. They are interesting as for the purpose of study as well as research and that is so because of the one character they possess in them and that is there Poison which is called by the name of Venom. Unlike all reptile snakes are poisonous but not all of them. A few species among them ...

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The Intensity Of Agglutination

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Antibodies are proteins produced during bodies defence against foreign antigens and they are driven from plasma cells. In the event of an immune response B lymphocytes initiate the production of IgM antibody. In comparison to other immunoglobulin's IgM is the largest and earliest antibody available in response to an antigen (Bailey & Johnson, 2006). The large structure of this antibody is because it consists of an additional ...

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Alcohol Dehydrogenase: From Ethanol To Acetaldehyde

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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(20) 1. Alcohol dehydrogenase (AD) is an enzyme which catalyzes the reaction of its natural substrate ethanol to form acetaldehyde. The Km of AD, from rhinoceros livers, for ethanol is 1 X 10-3M. This enzyme is however somewhat non-specific and will recognize substrates other than ethanol. How would the kinetic plot be affected if AD were to separately catalyze methanol and isopropanol instead of ethanol? Assume that ...

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Production And Processing Of Maize

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Maize is the third largest planted crop after wheat and rice. It is mostly used and traded as a leading feed crop but is also an important food staple. In addition to food and feed, maize has wide range of industrial applications as well; from food processing to manufacturing of ethanol. Maize grown is primarily of three types Grain or field Maize, Sweet Maize used mainly as ...

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