Movement Of Small Intestine Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,788 )

In much of the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscles contract in sequence to produce a peristaltic wave which forces a ball of food called a bolus while in the esophagus and gastrointestinal tract and chyme in the stomach along the gastrointestinal tract. Peristaltic movement is initiated by circular smooth muscles contracting behind the chewed material to prevent it from moving back into the mouth, followed by a contraction ...

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Helicobacter Pylori Are A Type Of Intestinal Bacteria Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

4 (1,454 )

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are a type of intestinal bacteria (spiral-shaped gram-negative) that cause the majority of ulcers in the stomach and duodenum. They thrive in highly acidic environments and have a unique way of adapting to the harsh environment of the stomach. H. pylori have been classified as low-potential carcinogens (cancer-causing substances) by the World Health Organization. The Life Cycle (Pathogenesis) of Helicobacter pylori H. pylori ...

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Mitochondrial dna analysis

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,974 )

Introduction Because of advancements in technology and techniques, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis has become a common method in forensic procedure. Polymorphisms in human mtDNA were first discovered in 1980 (Brown 1980) while a complete sequence was first achieved in 1981 (Anderson et al., 1981). MtDNA sequencing is frequently used in cases where biological samples are degraded or low in quality, instead of nuclear DNA (nDNA), because each ...

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Opportunities For Herbal Products In The European Market Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

11 (4,386 )

Abstract: Herbal products have gained a lot of attention in the recent years. This has pushed natural and nutraceuticals companies globally to take interest in these products. Herbal extracts are no longer a concoction of plants but are sophisticated standardized extracts. This has led countries all over the world to set regulatory guidelines and policies in order to maintain good quality, standardized herbal medicines. Konark Herbals & ...

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The Cloning In Plants And Animals Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

8 (3,188 )

Cloning is a general term for the research activity that creates a copy of some biological entity a gene, organism or cell. This term originally applied to cells of a single type, isolated and allowed to reproduce to create a population of identical cells. For instance, sheep have been engineered to produce human insulin. If human rely on only sexual reproduction to mass produce these animals, then ...

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Effect Of Insecticides On Honey Bees Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,136 )

Introduction: Pollinators are very important for the production of any crop as they play very important role for pollination of the flowers and crops. Bees are considered one of the major pollinators of the agricultural crops. The study of this issue is very important as well as difficult due to the complex interaction of bees with their hosts. Many environmental factors are involved in the complexity of ...

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The Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

7 (2,410 )

Autoimmunity is a disorder in which an organism loses its ability to recognize the self and non-self antigen, which would further lead to immune response against its own cells and tissues. Diseases that results from such abnormal immune responses are termed as autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is an autoimmune disorder in which endogenous antibodies are directed against the red blood cells and upregulated leading to ...

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Distribution And Conservation Threats Of Himalayan Musk Deer Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

7 (2,576 )

The Himalayan musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) is one of the endangered deer species of Nepal found in the sub-alpine and alpine vegetation of the Himalayan region. Poaching and natural predation along with human induced habitat alteration are the main reason for declining musk deer population. Due to this vulnerability, it is in the list of protected species in Nepal. However its population is still in critical stage ...

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Liver Tissue Stained With Massons Trichrome Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

8 (3,074 )

Special stains are referred to all stains exclude H&E stain that is used in the histology laboratory in staining various tissues for microscopic views of various features of cells. Liver cirrhosis is regarded as a hyper-accumulation of fibrous tissue constituents and is frequently detected in later or fatal conditions of chronic hepatic diseases. Liver cirrhosis is well demonstrated with Masson's Trichrome stain. Collagen fibres will be stained ...

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Effect Of Heat On Growth Of Different Bacteria Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,736 )

Five bacteria have been allocated in the form of broth cultures. The five bacteria include Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus stearothermophilus. The first experiment will study the amount of growth for these five bacteria when incubated at different temperatures. Five nutrient broths will be aseptically inoculated with a loop full of each bacterium and placed for incubation at the correct temperature. In ...

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Artificial And Non Artificial Ingredients In Foods Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,667 )

The aim of this research is to find out what are the differences between artificial and non artificial additives, and their modern use as well as the safety, benefits of their presence and side effects it might have on the body. As my examples of artificial additives I will discuss the properties of two synthetically obtained chemicals, a sweetner Aspartame and a flavor enhancer Mono sodium glutamate. ...

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Identifying Amino Acids By Using Paper Chromatography Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,894 )

Chromatography can be described as a broad class of biochemical techniques in which a mixture of substances can be separated by various properties of which include charge, size, hydrophobicity, non-covalent binding affinities or some other properties by allowing the mixture to partition between a moving phase and a stationary phase. (Alberts et al., 2008). Paper Chromatography is a technique involving two phases; the stationary phase and the ...

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Proto Oncogene And Tumour Suppressor Gene Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

10 (3,684 )

Cancer is a group of diseases which involves uncontrolled cell growth, metastasis and invasion of cells to other tissues via lymph node or blood. Cancer is caused by many factors such as (i) Chemicals such as tobacco, alcohol, asbestos etc., (ii) Viral infections such as Human Papiloma Virus, Epstin Barr Virus, hepatitis B, C etc., (iii) Ionizing radiations such as X-Rays, UV-Rays, Gamma Rays etc., (iv) Hereditary ...

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Titration Of Lytic Bacteriophage T2 Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

4 (1,588 )

A plaque essay demonstrating the lytic activity of bacteriophage T2 was performed to determine the titre (concentration) of bacteriophage T2. Serial dilutions (ten-fold) of the phage stock were plated onto an excess of sensitive bacteria on a nutrient agar plate. One phage particle produces one plaque (zone of lysed cells) and the plaque count is directly correlated to the colony count for bacterial titration. The experiment was ...

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Mechanisms Of Conservative And Replicative Transposition Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

9 (3,543 )

Bacteriophage Mu is a temperate phage which adopts transposition pathway in its life cycle. Mu has the capability to integrate into numerous sites in host Escherichia coli genome and cause mutations due to its insertional activation. Mu transposes via two major pathways; conservative and replicative transposition though the molecular switch between the two mechanisms remain unknown. This review will focus on the comparisons between replicative and conservative ...

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The Nitration Of Methyl Benzoate Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,645 )

Methyl Benzoate is electron rich and thus undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution. Nitration of methyl benzoate will form a major product, methyl m-nitrobenzoate that was further purified by re-crystallization. The electrophile or the nitronium ion attached to the meta position in the benzene ring because of the carboxyl group being meta-deactivator that made the reaction took place in the meta position and the ortho and para positions are ...

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Preparation And Recrystallisation Of Aspirin Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,185 )

The objective of this experiment is to enable us to understand and conduct the synthesis of aspirin, understand the skills of recrystallisation and the technique of melting point determination. The main procedures are preparation of aspirin, recrystallisation of aspirin and lastly determining the melting point of the aspirin. For preparation of Aspirin, acetic anhydride is added to the measured amount of salicylic acid. Sulphuric acid is added ...

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Pros And Cons Of Treating Leukemia Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

3 (1,087 )

Background information: Leukemia is a disease that has been affecting society these days. About 119,280 new cases are being found out this year. Leukemia is a blood cancer having to do with leukocytes, or as better known white blood cells, that take over the bone marrow and spread throughout the blood stream in our body. White blood cells exist in our body to protect it against diseases ...

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Determining The Empirical Formula Of Lead Iodide Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

4 (1,397 )

Background: If lead is dissolved in nitric acid and then allowed to react with potassium iodide, an insoluble lead iodide compound is formed. The mass of iodide in the lead iodide compound can be calculated by deducting the initial mass of lead from the mass of the precipitate. From the experimental data one can calculate then the ratio of moles of lead to moles of iodine in ...

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The collision theory

23 Mar 2015

3 (1,072 )

Some reactions are slow, and some reactions are fast, it depends on the rate of reaction. The collision Theory helps to explain 2 things: It helps explain how chemical reactions occur. It also helps explain why the rates of reaction are different for different reactions. When a reaction occurs slowly, this means they have a low rate of reaction. When a reaction occurs very fast, ...

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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Genetically Modified Organisms Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,369 )

The benefits and risks of any particular genetically modified crop depend on the interactions of its ecological functions and natural history with the agro-ecosystem and ecosystems within which it is embedded. These evolutionary and ecological factors must be considered when assessing genetically modified crops. We argue that the assessment of genetically modified crops should be broadened to include alternative agricultural practices, ecosystem management and agricultural policy. Such ...

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Sucrose Synthase Key Enzyme In Sucrose Metabolism Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

17 (6,451 )

Sucrose synthase is a key enzyme in sucrose metabolism. Sucrose metabolism is required by the plant to form carbon required for various processes in the plant such as respiration, starch and cell wall formation. The enzyme is encoded by a small multigene family where most plants have at least two isoforms of the enzyme. The kinetics of sucrose synthase show that different Km values and ratios of ...

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The Structure Of The Mitochondria Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,184 )

Mitochondria are rod-shaped structures that are enclosed within two membranes - the outer membrane and the inner membrane. The membranes are made up of phospholipids and proteins. The space in between the two membranes is called the inter-membrane space. The structure of the various components of mitochondria are as follows: The outer membrane is a relatively simple phospholipid bilayer, containing protein structures called porins. Ions, nutrient molecules, ...

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The Uses And Effects Of Cocaine Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

18 (7,137 )

Cocaine is a highly addictive substance abused worldwide. Its primary mechanism of action involves blockage of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin transporters in specific brain regions, mainly the dopamine reuptake system located on mesolimbic neurons. Cocaine increases the dopaminergic neurotransmission and triggers adaptive changes in several neuronal circuits underlying reinforcement, reward, sensitisation and the high addictive potential of cocaine. However, the long-lasting behavioural effects associate with cocaine addiction ...

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Fungi Positive Beneficial Effects On Host Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

3 (1,101 )

Fungi play a critical role in our ecosystem and host systems more than many realize. Fungi are a large group of eukaryotic organisms that encompass different characteristics that allow them to have multi faceted roles in our society. Fungi aid in benefitting the ecosystem by decomposing dead matter creating a recyclable source of nutrients. Many plants have a symbiotic relationship with fungi allowing both organisms to survive ...

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Pork Unhealthy And Unsanitary For The Human Body Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

7 (2,595 )

The consumption of pig meat has been characterized by a lot of controversy since time memorial. At the outset, different groups of people from different backgrounds have detested the use of pork as food for varied reasons including religious practices, health as well as sanitary concerns. Some people however continue to enjoy pork as a delicious meat with high nutritional value amid such controversies. It is noteworthy ...

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The Most Effective Antibiotic On Bacteria Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,141 )

Before bacteria can multiply and cause symptoms our immune system can usually destroy them. We have special white blood cells that attack harmful bacteria. Even if symptoms do occur, our immune system can usually cope and fight off the infection. There are occasions, however, when it is all too much and our bodies need some help - from antibiotics. The first antibiotic was penicillin. Such penicillin-related antibiotics ...

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Interpretation Of Blood Gases Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

14 (5,263 )

The purpose of this handout is to educate the student on basic principles of acid base balance. To give a systematic approach to interpretation and understanding of arterial blood gases and appropriate care for the patient who is having a blood gas taken. It is intended that the student will learn from this package but also be encouraged to source other material to broaden their understanding of ...

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Absorptivity Of The Sample Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

9 (3,284 )

Aim: To prove Beer's Law and to determine the composition of an unknown dichromate/ permanganate mixture by determining its optical density. Introduction: Beer's Law is represented by the following equation: A = abc where "A" is the absorbance, "a" is the absorptivity of the sample, "b" is the path length of the quartz cuvette used (1cm) and "c" is the concentration of the sample. Beer's law states ...

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The Plasmid Dna Purification And Transformation Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,872 )

The aim of the practical is to study the transfer of plasmid pUC18 into Escherichia. coli strain DH5α via the process of artificial transformation. Plasmid pUC18 is a 2.7kb genetically engineered plasmid, which consists of an ampicillin resistance gene (ampR) and a gene for the enzyme beta-galactosidase (lac Z). Artificial transformation is the process by which competent bacterial cells take up extracellular DNA with the help of ...

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Processes Involved In The Production Of Precipitation Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,889 )

Precipitation is one of the most important factors in the water cycle, which all life forms on Earth revolve around. However without the essential conditions and processes occurring, precipitation would not be possible. Introduction Precipitation results when cloud particles become too heavy therefore they fall to the Earth's surface as water that comes either in solid (Hail, ice-pellets, snow, diamond dust, sleet and snow grains) or liquid ...

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Effect Of Environmental Conditions On Stomatal Size Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

9 (3,595 )

The aim of this report is to investigate the effect of conditions: temperature, light, moisture, sugar and there effect on the size and density of stomatal pores. The experimental hypothesis is that the greater the light intensity the bigger size and lower density of stomatal pores and the more water there is the smaller the pores and the higher number of stomatal pores. Samples from two plants ...

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Alfuzosin Hydrochloride And Dutasteride In Tablets Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

9 (3,459 )

ABSTRACT This chapter describes method development and validation of UV First Derivative Zero Crossing method for simultaneous determination of Alfuzosin Hydrochloride and Dutasteride in tablet dosage forms. AIM The main aim of the present study is to develope a simple, sensitive and cost effective UV spectroscopic method for the simultaneous estimation of Alfuzosin Hydrochloride and Dutasteride in tablets, on the basis of zero Crossing measurement. Validation of ...

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Why do we sleep?

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,089 )

ABSTRACT          Sleep is a vital component to the life of all complex living organisms. Research in sleep studies have focused on the synaptic connections in the brain and its strength relating to the sleep-wake cycle. One hypothesis is that sleep weakens synaptic connections as a method of winding down after being active all day. Alternatively, sleep has been proposed to strengthen synaptic connections as a method of ...

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Analysing isolation of DNA plasmid and Agragose of gel electophoresis

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,104 )

Introduction (a) The aim of this experiment was to successfully isolate a DNA plasmid from E.Coli cells (Escherichia coli). We then use commonly performed a method commonly used in biochemistry and molecular biology called agarose gel electrophoresis. This is used to separate DNA and RNA fragments according to length are used to estimate the size and charge of the DNA and RNA fragments or to separate protein ...

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Vitamin C Determination By Iodine Titration Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

4 (1,430 )

Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid, it is an antioxidant that is essential for human nutrition. Antioxidants help to reduce the damage to the body caused by toxic chemicals and pollutants. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin meaning that it dissolves in water, it is essential for growth and repair of all body tissues. Collagen is an important protein that is used to make skin, ...

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Descriptive Terms Of Solubility Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

25 (9,904 )

The process of solubilization involves the breaking of inter-ionic or intermolecular bonds in the solute, the separation of the molecules of the solvent to provide space in the solvent for the solute, interaction between the solvent and the solute molecule or ion. (Shinde A. J., 2007) Factors affecting solubility The solubility depends on the physical form of the solid, the nature and composition of solvent medium as ...

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Diversity And Classification Of Invertebrates In Soil Ecosystem Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,037 )

Invertebrates are the first animal evolved about 600 million years ago from single-celled microorganism, food eating microorganism. They evolved into countless forms and lead to the enormous diversity of invertebrate's species that are found today. They are organism without backbone, however they have others way to produce structural support of bodies. As examples, leeches have a hydrostatic skeleton supported by sheets of muscles and internal cavity filled ...

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kanomycin resistance gene in its multiple cloning site

23 Mar 2015

9 (3,363 )

The objective of the experiment was to engineer a pUC18 plasmid so that it contained a kanomycin resistance gene in its multiple cloning site and to transform it into cells. The kanomycin resistance gene was obtained from a pKAN plasmid. The desired plasmid was constructed by digesting pUC18 and pKAN with the same restriction enzymes,(BamHI and HindIII) and religating the products to give the engineered pUC18. The ...

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Conduction Of Electric Current In Liquids Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

9 (3,279 )

Method: Connect all the things as shown in the fig. A. A gap is left between the ends of crocodile clips A and B, so no electricity flows in this open circuit and hence the bulb does not glow. C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\Temp\wzaca6\Untitled-2.jpg The arrangement shown in the fig. A is used to find out whether an object or material conducts electricity or not. Fig. A Caution: While testing a ...

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The Ruthenium Red Test Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

3 (857 )

This test is subjected to identification of carbohydrates. 1 w/v dispersion of test substance was prepared in distilled water. Test mixture was combined with a small amount of molisch's reagent in a test tube. After mixing, small amount of concentrated sulphuric acid was slowly added down the sides of the sloping test tube to obtain violet ring at junction. 5.2.1.4. Ninhydrin test This test is subjected to ...

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Biology of Asthma and Allergic Disease

23 Mar 2015

8 (3,064 )

I. ABSTRACT The increasing prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases had inspired various researchers to conduct studies that will help understand the main causes, and solutions to the identified problem. This paper is important in creating a wider and deeper awareness and knowledge of asthma and allergic diseases. The study of the Biology of Asthma and Allergic Diseases intends to show the relationship between the increased prevalence of ...

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Pollen To Stigma Compatibility And Self Incompatibility Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,289 )

Introduction Cells of multicellular organisms must communicate not only for development to occur after fertilization but also for successful survival and reproduction of the offspring. There are different forms of signals that cells can received and the signal being received is either from another cell or from change in the environment surrounding the cell. Communication between cells is therefore either chemical or environmental driven where plants usually ...

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Research and development of artificial heart

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,830 )

Independent Study Assignment Research and development of artificial heart has been making tremendous progress throughout the years. Research areas now includes determining which types of cells can hold the most potential and finding the best way to grow those cells to form viable cardiac tissue that is strong, long-lasting and structured at a cellular level like natural tissue. It is now at a point where researchers can ...

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Pathophysiology And Management Of Multiple Sclerosis Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

8 (3,056 )

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease, in which multiple lesions or plaques are formed within the brain and spinal cord. It can be characterised as a demyelinative disease of the central nervous system that is associated with relative loss of the myelin sheath and axon. The hallmark feature of the disease is the loss of this myelin sheath which leads to scarring and various other ...

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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Composition Sensors Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,207 )

There are many useful analytical tools, such as photometric analysis, electrometric analysis, chromatography, mass spectrometry, thermal conductivity, and various physical property measurements (density and specific gravity), which can be used to determine the composition of mixtures. This paper includes a brief introduction of the important composition sensors, their working principle and operation. It also contains the selection criteria of composition sensors. After studying this document, we will ...

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Overview And Causes Of Pica Disorder Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,102 )

Pica Disorder is the affliction that causes people to have a sudden urge to consume non-food related items (1). This disorder has baffled scientist for decades, and research has yet to come up with a clear reason or cause (1). Pica disorder can be found in literature as early as Hippocrates, and has been classified by many ancient scholars during the middle ages and Renaissance times (1). ...

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Separation Of Histone Protein Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

7 (2,467 )

For estimating protein mixture qualitatively most widely used method is SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). According to size of the protein, this SDS-PAGE is separate the protein and purification of protein is to be monitored by this method, and relative molecular mass of protein can also be determined. In this SDS-PAGE anionic detergent is SDS. Before loading the sample, the samples are boiled for 5minutes, that contain s ...

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Role Of Astrocytes In The Central Nervous System Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

7 (2,696 )

The billions of cells in a mammalian nervous system can be classified into 2 distinct categories; The first being neurons, the primary communicating cell within the nervous system that is responsible for relaying messages within the central nervous system (CNS) and for transferring messages to cells in the periphery (Knott and Molnar 2001). The complex network of neurons needs to be regulated and the cells must be ...

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The Consequences Of Deforestation Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

8 (2,919 )

Deforestation has always been a resourceful means of keeping the economy moving to many in different parts of the world. However, over time it has been proven that deforestation has been responsible for the destruction of many societies and wildlife that have existed in past centuries. If Deforestation persists, today's global society and wildlife will suffer the same fate as societies and wildlife back in the early ...

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What Is Angelman Syndrome Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,888 )

Parents: What is Angelman Syndrome? Me: Angelman syndrome is a nervous disorder of the brain also called as Puppet syndrome. The syndrome was first reported by a British pediatrician Dr. Harry Angelman in 1965. It leads to mental disorder accompanied with speech problems. This is a very rare condition that sometimes even doctors are not completely aware of it. The syndrome is often misdiagnosed with cerebral palsy, ...

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Respiratory Infections Caused By Bacteria Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

10 (3,791 )

-Respiratory infections caused by bacteria are quite so many. They can be differentiated by placing them into where they actually cause disease in the respiratory system or tract. Some bacteria cause disease in the upper respiratory tract whilst others affect the lower respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract comprises the nasal cavity, pharynx and the larynx, whilst the lower respiratory tract is made up of the trachea, ...

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Dinoflagellates And Bioluminescence Emission Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,754 )

Bioluminescence is the emission of light from living organisms, without giving out appreciable or no heat. It is basically a 100% efficient system. Virtually all of the energy generated is converted into light with almost none lost in heat or sound production. It is literally a 'cold fire'. The light results from a chemical reaction mediated by enzymes and involving specialized molecules in the organisms. Bioluminescence occurs ...

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The Goal Of An Elisa Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

3 (963 )

The full name of ELISA is called the Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (5). ELISA is used for diagnosing numerous different conditions. As Virtual Medical Centre stated that it is commonly requested if it is suspected you have been exposed to viruses such as HIV and Hepatitis B or C, or bacteria and parasitic infections such as Toxoplasmosis, Lyme disease and Helicobacter pylori (7). Other uses of the ELISA ...

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Pharmacodynamics Defined Study Of A Drug Effect Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

8 (3,122 )

1a) Pharmacodynamics can be defined as the study of a drug what it does to a body, whereas Pharmacokinetics means a study of a body response to a drug. Pharmacodynamics sometimes abbreviated as "PD", Pharmacokinetics as "PK" and in conjunction of both can be referred to as "PKPD". In upcoming years substantial efforts were devoted to systematically elucidate the dynamic relationship between pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variables. The main ...

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Mechanically agitated fermenters

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,322 )

Abstract Traditional mechanical agitation fermenters have dominated the industry since the antibiotic era as needs changed new fermenter designs were created. As a result air lift agitated fermenters were created and have many merits in comparison to mechanical agitation fermenters. In this essay we will go through both systems merits in regards to mixing, aeration, practicality and energy costs Introduction Agitators are mechanical instruments used to mix ...

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Expression Of Lac Operon Under Different Conditions Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,215 )

There are many different mechanisms involved in controlling the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes. In order for the cells to be energy efficient, they should not produce proteins and other cell components which are not necessary for the cell. Amongst the bacteria, the bacterium E. coli has an efficient mechanism for metabolising lactose. Three proteins that are important in lactose metabolism are all encoded in a ...

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Necrotizing Fasciitis The Case Of The Killer Bacteria Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,819 )

Necrotizing Fasciitis (NF) is a rare but severe type of bacterial infection that affects the soft tissue and fascia. Because of how rapidly the infection spreads it has a high mortality rate and the key to a successful recovery is early diagnosis and treatment. Since the discovery of this disease, little progress has been made to decrease the mortality rate, further emphasizing the importance of healthcare providers ...

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Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

23 Mar 2015

7 (2,536 )

Abstract SDS Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is used to separate protein molecules based on size.By using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and a gel made from acrylamide, protein shape, structure and charge no longer become factors as proteins migrate on to gels and protein bands are only affected by size.Together with Western Blotting (WB) both common laboratory techniques, they are used to further determine the presence of a ...

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Methods Of Stopping Kinetic Transesterification Reactions Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,400 )

The realisation that fossil fuel resources are limited, together with the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, contributed to the development of alternative fuels. Among the alternatives that have captured the world's attention are biofuels and of particular importance is biodiesel. Transesterification reaction, the most preferred method of biodiesel production, is a reversible reaction driven by excess alcohol and in the presence of a catalyst. One of ...

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What Is Petroleum Engineering Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,966 )

Petroleum engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons which can be either crude oil or natural gas and there is subsurface activities that presume to fall within the upstream sector of oil and gas industry which are activities of finding and producing hydrocarbons(refining and distribution to a marked are referred to as the downstream sector)explored by earth scientists and ...

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Utilisation Of Grasscutter For Household Protein Intake Food Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,177 )

Sustainability in Nigerian Agriculture with preference to grasscutter production was examined in this study. The study is considered necessary due to insufficient information on the subject, ineffective reforms embarked upon by government, individual and donor-sponsored animal production projects in the tropics at various levels and scale of production the stock that has little impact. Grasscutter is an herbivore and so can feed conveniently on some forages, crop ...

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Salmonella Infection Food Safety Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

4 (1,266 )

Recently, food safety is an increasingly important public health issue with news of food poisoning reported daily in the news. Governments all over the world are intensifying their efforts to improve food safety. These efforts are in response to an increasing number of food safety problems and rising consumer concerns. Foodborne is any illness resulting from the consumption of contaminated food, pathogenic bacteria, viruses or parasites that ...

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Utilisation Of Natural Fibers In Stone Matrix Asphalt Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

9 (3,475 )

The technology of asphalt materials and mixtures evolved in the last three decades in Europe and North America. The SMA (stone matrix asphalt) mixture is a gap-graded mix. The comparison of strength and drain down of pavement wearing coat made with SMA mix with fibre and without fibre is done. This research is done to evaluate the use of sisal fibres in the mixture by laboratory tests ...

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Physiological Basis Of Treatments Of Heart Failure Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

11 (4,020 )

Heart failure is a clinical complex syndrome of symptoms and signs resulting from any structural or functional cardiac disorder. Untreated it has a poor prognosis, but this can be improved considerably with early and optimal treatment.(1) The most common causes of heart failure in our country is coronary artery disease (CAD) and non-ischemic causes of systolic dysfunction and may have an identifiable cause (e.g., hypertension (HT), valvular ...

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Analysis Of Rayleigh Step Bearings Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

9 (3,497 )

According to importance and application of slider bearings in industries, investigation and analysis of this type of bearings are significant and inevitable issue. A widely used bearing type is the slider bearings with application in many cases such as different types of engines, compressors, turbines, electric motors and electric generators. To ensure that no contact occurs between the opposing surfaces, the dimensions of the bearing surface are ...

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Titration Of Amino Acids And Peptides Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

4 (1,448 )

Titration is the process used to analyze the acid-base behaviour of amino acids and peptides. A 0.25 g sample of unknown amino acid and aspartame were transferred quantitatively to separate 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask. 20.0 ml of distilled water was added to each flask using a volumetric pipette then the flask was swirled to dissolve the samples. Small increments of 0.200 M HCl were added to both samples ...

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What Is Plant Tissue Culture Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

7 (2,451 )

Plant tissue culture, the growth of plant cells outside an intact plant, is a technique essential in many areas of the plant sciences. Cultures of individual or groups of plant cells, and whole organs, contribute to understanding both fundamental and applied science. It relies on maintaining plant cells in aseptic conditions on a suitable nutrient medium. The culture can be sustained as a mass of undifferentiated cells ...

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Tomato And Secondary Metabolites Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,268 )

Tomato, or Solanum lycopersicum is a red, edible fruit which originates from South America, and spread around the world postdating the Spanish Colonization of the Americas. It is now widely grown in temperate countries with cooler climates. Now, it is one the most widely grown fruit and consumed in the world, having more than 122 million tons being produced worldwide in 2005 (FOASTAT, 2005). Tomato is part ...

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Urea Recycling In Ruminants Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

9 (3,360 )

Animals have a certain state of protein metabolism, varying from negative to positive protein balances. This balance level is influenced e.g. by the efficiency of nitrogen (N) utilization in animals. A simple strategy to increase the efficiency of N utilization is by reducing the N content in the feed converted to urea, for which a correlation of about r2=0.77 was found. However, this was mainly based on ...

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Effect Of Boiling On The Vitamin C Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

12 (4,473 )

Abstract This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of boiling on the vitamin C content of selected vegetables (bitter gourd, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, green pepper, sweet peas, long beans and tomato). Vegetables were boiled for 10 minutes. The juices of both raw and boiled vegetables were extracted and titrated with 1 cm3 of 0.1% DCPIP solution. The volume of each juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP ...

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An Overview Of Synthesis And Preparation Experiments Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

9 (3,275 )

Introduction : As we know, Manganese is found in the first row of transition metal with the electron configuration [Ar] 3d5 4s2. Besides that, Manganese has different type of oxidation states when it appears as a compound and the oxidation state is from Mn(-III) until Mn(VII). So, we know that the compounds of manganese range in the oxidation number have a different of 10 electrons. In the experiment ...

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Amount Of Reagent Needed Per Test Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

4 (1,453 )

INTRODUCTION From the name itself, Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbons that are polar in nature. The building blocks of carbohydrates are monosaccharides which are simple sugars due to their low molecular weight. Carbohydrates are the product of photosynthesis from the condensation of carbon dioxide that requires light and chlorophyll. Carbohydrates have a vital role in the nutrition of organisms since it is the major source of energy. ...

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Agar Agar Is A Gelatinous Substance Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,244 )

Agar-agar is a gelatinous substance, derived from the plant source of some types of seaweed or red algae, it is a family of gelidiacees, such as gracialaria and gelidium. It is a traditional gelatin that contain high in fiber, calcium, and iron, but low in fat, carbohydrate, sugar. It is suitable to consume by all people, include vegetarian, vegan and other diet restrictions. The term of 'agar-agar' ...

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Pharmacology Principles In Practice Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

16 (6,189 )

Nausea and vomiting are common complications of multiple conditions, procedures, therapies, and events such as motion sickness, pregnancy, anesthesia (general, regional, or local) or radio/chemotherapy. Symptoms can be debilitating for many patients, and in the case of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) physical damage may result, such as rupture of sutures, stitches, and esophageal tissue, and metabolic problems, such as electrolyte imbalances and dehydration (Golembiewski et al, ...

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The Structure Of Skeletal Muscle Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,709 )

Skeletal Muscle is a form of fibrous tissue with the fibers arranged parallel to each other. A muscle fiber (cell) is surrounded by the endomysium. A group of these cells is wrapped by fascicles. Bundles of fascicles are covered by the perimysium and bundles of the perimysium are wrapped by the epimysium to form a muscle. The muscle fibers have contractile properties which enable them to move ...

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Animal Husbandry The Importance Of Correct Handling Techniques Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,168 )

In order to successfully manage animals, especially when that management requires direct contact, it is necessary to understand the responses of animals to frightening or disturbing situations (Anderson and Edney, 1991). Animals will often have difficulties in coping with contact from humans and their responses will frequently be similar to a dangerous predator. Previous experience of a situation therefore plays an extremely important role in determining what ...

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A Synthesis Of Sildenafil Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

11 (4,118 )

For many reasons, this route was assumed suboptimal as a commercial manufacturing for example; it is linear with nine steps, sulphonyl chloride, which is one of the toxic substances produced from this route is in the final bond-forming reaction. Final material required a lot of recrystallizations to reduce the toxic impurities to appropriately low levels in order to produce the high quality of drug required by pharmaceutical ...

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Gamma Rays And Their Effects On Cells Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

4 (1,365 )

Have you ever imagined that Gamma-ray bursts can release more energy in 10 seconds than the Sun will emit in its entire 10 billion-year lifetime? Have you ever believed that a Gamma-ray is actually the most energetic photon in the electromagnetic spectrum? As a matter of fact, scientists believe that a gamma-ray burst will occur once every few million years in the Milky Way, but has it ...

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Blood pressure laboratory report

23 Mar 2015

4 (1,492 )

Abstract The aims of the experiment were to measure blood pressure in a female volunteer using auscultation, cardiac microphone and an automated blood pressure meter. Moreover, monitoring changes in blood flow and blood pressure in the leg whilst sitting and standing. In some exercises this was carried out by using a pressure cuff and listening for Korotkoff sounds with a stethoscope or microphone. An automated blood pressure ...

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Secretors And Non Secretors In Human Population Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

12 (4,725 )

Human population can be categorized into secretors and non-secretors. They are categorized on the basis of presence or absence of the blood group antigens (A, B and H) in the body fluids and secretions, such as saliva, sweat, tears, semen, serum, mucus present in the digestive tract or respiratory cavities etc. Secretors are individuals that secrete blood group antigens in their body fluids while non-secretors are the ...

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The Acid Base Imbalance Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,124 )

Regulation of hydrogen ion concentration in the body is a necessity for normal bodily functions.1 The concentration of H+ in all bodily fluids are maintained to keep pH ranges between narrow limits, this maintenance is known as acid-base balance (AB)2.Arterial blood pH is kept between 7.35-7.45, venous blood is kept close to 7.352. Most diseases/conditions disturb AB, AB changes can be more harmful than the original pathology. ...

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dna fingerprinting for identification of plant species

23 Mar 2015

9 (3,388 )

ABSTRACT Conservation of plant resources prevents the loss of valuable plant species in the past centuries. Many species like that of wild Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius , Japonica are endangered and requires restoration. Its adverse impact on environmental and socioeconomic values has triggered the studies on plant diversity. It is seen that appropriate identification and characterization of plant materials is essential for the conservation of plant resources ...

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Large Class Of Homopolysaccharides Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

19 (7,393 )

Dextranase definition and its uses Dextran is a collective name given to a large class of homopolysaccharides composed of D-glucans with contiguous a-1, 6 glycosidic linkages (95%), with minor secondary linkages such as a-1, 2, a-1, 3 and a-1, 4 [74]. It is produced by microorganisms such as Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Streptococcus sp., Acetobacter capsulatus and Acetobacter viscus [44]. Dextrans are well soluble in water, have low toxicity, ...

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Examining Partitioning Of Barbiturates Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

7 (2,411 )

The effect of ionization on the apparent partition coefficient of quinalbarbitone was investigated using the shake-flask method. High partition coefficient reflected the high lipophilicity of the drug. In the shake-flask experiment, calibration curve was constructed for the determination of concentration of quinalbarbitone in solutions of different pH values. Low ionization of quinalbarbitone in acidic environment will result in high apparent partition coefficient as it is extracted more ...

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Protein Purification Methods And Structure Functions Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

3 (972 )

Protein purification is the method by which particular protein of interest is being separated from a complex mixture. This is a very important process in order to understand the structure, function and interactions of particular protein. First of all separation of protein from the matrix containing it and then its separation from non protein parts and finally separating desired protein from other proteins. There are three general ...

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Cell Migration And Cell Cytoskeleton Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

4 (1,430 )

The cytoskeleton of a cell plays a vital role in controlling the movements of the cell. 3 types of fibres form this structure; microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are large hollow fibres, microfilaments are the smallest at only '6nm in diameter' (1) and intermediate filaments are in between. Microtubules are formed from the subunits α - tubulin and β - tubulin, which form dimers. Each tubulin ...

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The History Of The Flywheel Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

18 (6,836 )

For over thousands of years, flywheels have been used in potter wheels and spindle wheel whorls Gowayed et al., 2002 The concept of storing energy in a rotating disk dates as far back as 2400 BC when rotating wheels were used by Egyptians to handcraft pottery. In fact, flywheel systems were widely used in everyday life (Genta, 1985): in warring chariots, water pumps and even power generations. ...

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Synthesis Of Gold Nanoparticles Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

4 (1,336 )

Gold ions are reduced to neutral gold atoms, where citrate ions act as both a reducing agent and a capping agent. This formation of gold nanoparticles can be observed by a change in color since small nanoparticles of gold are red. The size and concentration of gold nanoparticles can be calculated by a specific equation. The layer of absorbed citrate anions on the surface of the nanoparticles ...

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Malaria Is An Infectious Disease Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,039 )

Generally, malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium which is a parasite that infects red blood cells. There are five types of malaria which are Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi. Malaria is usually transmitted from human-to-human by the Anopheles mosquito. Malaria is a preventable and treatable disease. Malaria happens when there are repeated cycles of chills, fever, pain, and sweating. ...

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Viable Cell Counting In Yeast Suspension Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

4 (1,366 )

The aim of this experiment was to estimate the number of viable cells in a yeast suspension that was already provided. Estimations of the viable yeast cells were taken via two methods of plating; pour plating and spread plating, of which hot agar was used with the pour plate technique. The results that were obtained for this experiment show that overall; the spread plate method gives a ...

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Examination and clarification of bioluminescence in marine creatures

23 Mar 2015

15 (5,974 )

In order to isolate bioluminescent bacteria from marine samples, one must have a better understanding of the phenomena of bioluminescence. Bioluminescence is a type of luminescence. The light that usually occurs at low temperatures is called luminesence [1]. Chemiluminescence, fluorescence is all the other types of luminescence and should not be confused with bioluminescence. As the result of a given reaction, emission of heat and light takes ...

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Synaptic transmission

23 Mar 2015

3 (989 )

B. The connection between two neurons is called a synapse, a term derived from the Latin word that means “to grasp.” The synapse consists of many components that are essential to the flow of information from one neuron to another. Through an outline of these components, we can begin to understand how processes such as synaptic transmission are possible. In regards to our understanding of the synapse, ...

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Septic Arthritis And Reactive Arthritis Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

12 (4,566 )

Septic infectious arthritis and reactive arthritis are two arthritic disorders that result from an infection. Though they both are related in their etiology and in their characteristic of causing arthritic joints, each of them are actually different in the way the infection triggers the condition. The main difference between the two conditions may be further clarified with the examination of the terminology used for each. <a>Origin of ...

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Determination Of Moisture Content Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

7 (2,564 )

This laboratory exercise was performed to study the moisture assays. The moisture content of wheat, whole grain and plain flour, milk and honey were determined by using the methods of dry air oven, vacuum oven, two stage drying method, toluene distillation abberefeactometer and moisture balance. Drying is a process of food in which water is removed to slow down the growth of spoilage microorganisms such as bacteria, ...

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Medicinal Chemistry Science Deals With Drug Discovery Engine Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,715 )

Medicinal Chemistry is the science that deals with the drug discovery engine that provides the tools for the rest of the organization so they can determine the importance of particular biological target The main objective of medicinal chemistry is the design and discovery of new compounds that can be use ased as adugs. Medicines are substances used to treat diseases. Drugs are molecules used as medicines to ...

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The Respiratory Lungs Buffer Response Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

3 (1,068 )

Acid-base balance is predominantly maintained through several physiologic methods that might be distress by occurrences such as severe ailments or injury. To maintain pH amid the normal scale of around 7.35-7.45, the development of acidic surroundings must be either cushioned or excreted. The instruction of acid-base equilibrium remains overseen by three critical processes, namely: buffer system, respiratory, and renal methods. The paper investigates the role of the ...

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Meiosis Cell Division And Dna Replication Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,024 )

In this experiment we observed the process of meiosis by looking at different slides. Meiosis is a process in which a diploid (2n) parent cell is divided into four haploid (n) daughter cells. The daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis mainly occurs in sex cells (gametes) of humans through the process of spermatogenesis (males) or oogenesis (females). It is essential ...

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Non Small Cell Lung Cancer Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,864 )

Lung cancer is not only one of the most deadly diseases but it is also the most leading cause of death worldwide. It is ranked the second most common cancer in men and women from mass races such as white, black, Asian, Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Hispanic. It has been founded that fifteen percent of all new cancers are relative to lung cancer (SOURCE). There ...

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The Availability Of Water Biology Essay

23 Mar 2015

9 (3,234 )

Water is one of the vital resources needed for the survival of human, but around the world the availability of this product is getting reduced. This is as a result of the increase in human wants like irrigation, industrial uses and human consumption for the increase is the human population. (Gleick, P.H. 1994). Water covers 70.9% of the Earth's surface, the ocean which represents the largest majority ...

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