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Production Of Wood Vinegar From Empty Fruit Bunch Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,602 Words)

Pyroligneous acid, or pyrolysis oil also called wood vinegar, is a dark liquid produced throughout the natural act of carbonization which occurs when wood is heated in an airless container during charcoal production. When the gas is cooled, it condenses into liquid. Raw wood vinegar has more than 200 chemicals, such as acetic acid, formaldehyde, ethylvalerate, methanol, tar, and others. For agricultural use, tar residue in the raw wood vinegar is ...

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Embryonic And Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,985 Words)

INTRODUCTION: Stem cells are cells which are found in almost all multicellular organisms. Stem cells was proposed by a histologist Maksimov. A in 1908. They develop into many different types of cells in the body during their early life and growth and serve as a internal repair system in many tissues. Formation of new cells can be seen when stem cells division starts these new cells can ...

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Heavy Metals In Cows Milk Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

12 Pages (4,635 Words)

The cow - milk feeding concept of infants, in the larger parts of Lake Victoria basin of Kenya, for about the first six months after birth, has immensely invigorated the interest in investigating the presence and levels of some heavy metals in cow's milk. Toxicity of a heavy metal depends on its fractional bioavailability and concentration in the environment, therefore its speciation is of great importance. The ...

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Crude Oil Assay And Tbp Distillation Curves Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,689 Words)

Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbon that formed naturally underground from remains of plant and animal that died and sank to the ocean floor with sand covered over millions of year. Under the high pressure and heat from the earth turned them into crude oil and natural gas where buried beneath the sedimentary rock. Crude oil is the unrefined raw material that will be extracted, ...

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He Efficiency Of Chelex And Qiagen Extraction Protocols Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,571 Words)

DNA profiling has reached great heights in forensic science with new technological advancements every other year, which makes it possible to associate the evidence with a particular person. DNA profiling techniques are widely used in human identity testing for identifying the suspect, paternity testing, identification of victim's in mass disaster and identification of a person's identity from human remains. DNA profiling technology is not only used in ...

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Tetracycline Antibiotics General Structure Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,658 Words)

Tetracyclines are used to treat many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. They are also effective on some protozoa. In other words they are used against a large variety of infections. (Todar K.T 2009). However due to the issue of bacterial resistance, these antibiotics have significantly decreased in value. (Speer et al.1992). Tetracyclines are mainly used as a treatment for acne, eye infections, pneumonia, gonorrhea, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ...

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factors affecting saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,026 Words)

Chapter 1: Introduction Research Questions: What is the effect of differing temperatures on Saccharomyces cerevisiae population growth? What is the effect of differing pH levels on Saccharomyces cerevisiae population growth? What is the effect of differing glucose concentrations on Saccharomyces cerevisiae population growth? The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a single celled fungus that reproduces asexually by budding or division. It is one of the most well studied ...

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Treatment and prevention for fasciola hepatica affecting ruminants

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,496 Words)

Fascioliasis is a helminthic disease caused by Fasciola Hepatica (liver fluke), which spans worldwide, affecting livestock such as cattle and sheep, which become infected by ingesting water or plants such as watercress, lettuce and spinach (Alatoom et al, 2008). The life cycle of Facisola Hepatica begins when eggs are excreted in the feces of an animal which has been infected. Facisola Hepatica Miricidia move on to its ...

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Advantages Of Vegetarian Diet Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,597 Words)

Vegetarian diet, in the last twenty years, has become a way of life for millions of people around the world. This paper, based on secondary research, describes history and discusses aspects of vegetarian diet. Particularly, three aspects are mentioned, including a brief history of vegetarianism, benefits and drawbacks of vegetarian diet. The findings of this research indicate that vegetarian diet has positive impacts to health, environment and ...

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study of evolutionary biology population genetics

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

12 Pages (4,573 Words)

Introduction The Hardy Weinberg Theorem is a mathematical formula that allows allele and genotype frequencies in a population of diploid or polypoid individuals to be interrelated, where the frequency of one allele is represented as p, and the frequency of the other is represented as q (the sum of which = 1.0). The sum of the different genotype frequencies (homozygotes and heterozygotes) also equates to 1.0. Where ...

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The No Load Circuit And Short Circuit Characteristics Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,212 Words)

The Ward-Leonard system is a conventional speed control method. It consists of a 3 phase induction machine controlling a separately excited DC generator. The DC generator in turn supplies a variable DC voltage to a DC motor. It is basically a DC variable speed drive [2]. The Ward-Leonard system is shown below in Figure 1. Figure : Ward-Leonard system setup The principle behind the Ward-Leonard system is ...

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The Structure And Function Of Proteins Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,247 Words)

Proteins are large macromolecules which consist of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen; proteins are polymeric chains that are built from monomers known as amino acids. Proteins have a major function in a living organism, for example, the replication of DNA, catalysing metabolic reactions (catalyst); stimulus response and also transporting molecules form one place to another. There are 20 different types of amino acids which synthesize proteins, however the ...

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Regulation Of Gastric Acid Secretion Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,407 Words)

The stomach is a J-shaped enlargement of the gastrointestinal tract just lies below the diaphragm; the digestive tube dilates into an elongated pouchlike structure, the size of which varies according to several factors, notably the amount of distention. For sometime after a meal, the stomach is enlarged because of distention of its walls, but, as food leaves, the walls partially collapse, leaving the organ about the size ...

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The Kinetics Of A Reaction Chemistry Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,834 Words)

This experiment is designed to study the kinetics of a chemical reaction. The reaction is called a "clock" reaction because of the means of observing the reaction rate. The reaction involves the oxidation of iodide by bromate in the presence of an acid: Step 1: 6 I- (aq) + BrO3- (aq) + 6 H+ (aq) Ã¢â€ â€™ 3 I2 (aq) + Br- (aq) + 3 H2O (l) SLOW ...

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Antimicrobial Activity Coconut Water Common Urinary Tract Pathogens Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,286 Words)

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the common term for the heterogenous group of conditions in which there is growth of bacteria in the urinary tract.1 UTIs occur in 3-5% of girls and 1% of boys. After the first UTI, 60-80% of girls will develop a second UTI within 18 mo. In boys, most UTIs occur during the 1st yr of life. UTIs are much more common in ...

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Preparation Of Oxalate Complexes Of Iron Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,507 Words)

To prepare two oxalate complexes of iron namely, Potassium Trioxalatoferrate Trihydrate and Iron Oxalate and to analyse the products for iron and oxalate respectively. One of the properties known to be characterised by transition metals such as iron is complex ion formation since they are able to form stable complexes. In this experiment, two complex of iron are being formed with the oxalate ion being the common ...

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The Effect Of Temperature On Permeable Membranes Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,722 Words)

The aim of this experiment was to determine what effect an increase in the surrounding temperature has on the selectively permeable membranes of plant cells, e.g., red cabbage (Lane, 2010a). The cell membrane is the fluid-mosaic model. The proteins are embedded in the cell membrane. The lipid exists as a phospholipid bilayer form. The hydrophobic which mean water hating portions of the lipid molecule face the inside ...

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Multiple Myeloma Is A Cancer Of Plasma Cells Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

11 Pages (4,371 Words)

Human body is consisting of so many of cells, almost uncountable. Normal human body cells are growing, dividing into new cell and dying in an orderly fashion. There are different how the body cell is growing between normal cells and cancer cells. Instead of dying, cancer cell continue to grow and form news and abnormal cells. Differ from normal cells; cancer cells can invade other tissue. The ...

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Catalytic Activity Of Enzymes Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,576 Words)

The scientific concept of this lab is to test the relationship between rate of reaction and the concentration of enzymes and the substrates, as well as the effects of pH, temperature, and salinity. This lab consists of an introduction which lays out the background for this lab, our hypothesis of an optimal environment to ignite a reaction, and the factors that contribute to the reactions in an ...

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An Overview Of Yeast Culture Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,526 Words)

Background information of Yeast Culture Lab: In the laboratory, yeasts are stored, maintained & cultivated with the help of few elementary methods. Yeasts, being a group of unicellular organisms taken care of similar to those of most bacteria except that their nutritional & environmental requirements vary. Yeast: TheseÂ are microorganismsÂ having cells with membrane-bound nuclei .Yeasts are unicellular and its size may vary greatly depending on the species. Yeasts ...

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Principle Of Material Balance With Chemical Reaction Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (3,188 Words)

The aim of this report is to make use of the principal of material balance with chemical reaction so to able to find out the yield, conversion rate and rate of reaction for the batch process. The hypothesis made in this experiment was when the concentration of sodium hydroxide decreases, the conductivity values also decreases. The steps for conducting this experiment are to prepare the reagents first. ...

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The Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

11 Pages (4,304 Words)

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) relates to the study of the absorption of radiant energy commonly within the ultraviolet or possibly in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum by isolated atoms in the gaseous phase. Considering that, in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, the analyte is introduced to the optical beam of the instrument as free atoms, all the likely rotational and vibrational energy levels are degenerate (of the ...

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A Review Of Lactose Intolerance Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,285 Words)

Western scientists established by the 1940s that milk was good for you. As a glass of cow's milk was set for everyone at the table doctors were receiving discouraging reports that some of the patients were not able to digest the milk. (Dunn, R. 2011) Lactose is a sugar found in milk and milk products. Lactose intolerance (LI) is the inability or inadequate ability to digest lactose. ...

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Examining Anti Inflammatory Pain Relief Drugs Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,253 Words)

Pulverized PharmXS (0.7003) was dissolved in 5mL of dichloromethane in a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Vacuum filtration was performed to give white power like sucrose (0.0977g). The dichloromethane filtrate was extracted twice with two separate 5 mL portions of 10% sodium carbonate solution, and about 8 drops of 6M hydrochloric chloride were added to the combined aqueous extracts to bring to PH to 2. The aqueous extracts ...

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Medical Case Study Right Frontal Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,152 Words)

History of Present Illness: The patient is a 30 year old G5P5 woman with no significant PMH, on postpartum day 11, who is being transferred from the NICU to the stroke service for further management of a right frontal intraparenchymal hemorrhage and diffuse cerebral vasculopathy on angiography. The patient had a normal spontaneous vaginal delivery on 9/1 and presented to Kimball Hospital on 9/4 with sudden onset, ...

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Downstream Processing Of Monoclonal Antibody Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

16 Pages (6,081 Words)

Abstract: Present particular task, its relevance for antibody purification, key findings. The main considerations important to the process are purity, cost, speed of process development, process throughput and yield. 1.0. Introduction: motivation, brief summary linking the sections together. The current surge in monoclonal antibodies in the biopharmaceutical industry has sparked the need for highly efficient purification process development. In the last two decades numerous advances in biotechnology ...

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Cellular Molecular Mechanisms Of Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

15 Pages (5,630 Words)

Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome ("HGPS" or "progeria") is a very rare autosomal dominant disorder which results in premature aging and eventually death. Patients are often very underweight at birth and will display conclusive symptoms of premature aging within 18-24 months, such as reduced body fat, hair loss and aged skin, alongside tissue and organ degeneration. Average lifespan for sufferers of HGPS is thirteen years and cause of death ...

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Determination Of Glucose Concentration Using Trinder Method Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,709 Words)

The Trinder method is used to determine glucose concentration only, (Lott et al, 1975). This method was first described by Trinder in 1969 thus named after him, (Lott et al, 1975). It uses an enzyme glucose oxidase for the first reaction and peroxidase for the second reaction thus the name of the enzyme Glucose oxidase/peroxidase (GODPOD), (Meiattin, 1973). Enzymes are biological or any chemical catalysts that speed ...

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Bacterial Transformation Pglo Plasmid Series Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,177 Words)

Cells express genes through the mechanisms of transcription and translation. Transcription is the process when DNA information is copied into an mRNA transcript [1]. The transcript contains the instruction on how a particular protein will be made. During translation, the ribosome uses this instruction to direct the sequence of amino acid in a protein [1]. However, not all genes can be expressed all the time. To conserve ...

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Principles And Application Of Elisa Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,311 Words)

In this essay, I will discuss the uses of the biochemical technique ELISA (Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay). ELISAs are the first and most basic test used to determine whether individuals are positive for certain biochemicals, such as hormones, drugs and immunoglobulins. (Glencross et al. 2010, pg 252) Introduction An ELISA involves immobilizing an antigen to a solid surface (e.g. a plastic multiwall plate) then blocking the sites ...

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Year Round Fodder Production And Preservation Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,561 Words)

Introduction In the Pakistan economy livestock plays very important role. In total GDP livestock share 11.4%. In Pakistan mainly there are three types of livestock production systems, rural household where animals are closely kept and fodder is grown or purchased from market. Large herds of animals are kept on commercial farms and on rangelands. Pakistan has a large number of livestock populations so there is competition with ...

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The Concept Of A Bionic Eye Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,453 Words)

Bionic eye is used to provide vision to blind people by implanting VLSI chips on their eye.The word Bionics (also known as biomimetics, biognosis, biomimicry, or bionical creativity engineering) is the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology. A visual prosthetic or bionic eye is a form of neural prosthesis intended to partially restore ...

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Isotope Coded Affinity Tag Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (3,025 Words)

Proteomics is a vital and necessary branch of science targeted at the in-depth study of proteins and their structure to understand their function; as an important pharmacological tool in drug discovery and drug development. The most widely used analytical approach to protein separation and quantification, usually involves integrating protein separation by 2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with micro capillary reverse phase-liquid chromatography protein identification; and finally, detection by ...

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The Micropropagation Of Carnation Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,510 Words)

Plant tissue culture refers to rapid multiplication and growing of plant cells, organs and tissues on defined solid or liquid media under controlled and aseptic environment. Plant tissue culture technology is world widely being used for the large scale multiplication of different plants. The technology of plant tissue culture commercially is primarily based on micro propagation, in which rapid proliferation is achieved from tiny stem cuttings, axillary ...

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Adaptive And Innate Immunology Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,397 Words)

The immune system provides an important mechanism by which the body is able to defend itself against potential pathogens. The immune system is composed of two integrated systems, the innate immune system which provides rapid recognition and elimination of potential pathogens and the adaptive immune system, which has developed and evolved in order to protect the body against a broader range of infectious agents (Bonilla and Oettgen ...

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What Is An Earthquake Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,668 Words)

An earthquake is an abrupt, rapid vibration of the earth, caused by the sudden release of accumulated potential energy into the kinetic energy of motion. Most earthquakes are produced along faults, tectonic plates, boundary zones, or along the mid-oceanic ridges. More than 150,000 shakes strong enough to be felt by humans arise each year worldwide. An earthquake is usually followed by a series of aftershocks because of ...

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The Coevolution of Human Immunity and Helminthic Parasites

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,743 Words)

Most multicellular organisms, both vertebrate and invertebrate, have an evolutionary history of infestation by extracellular parasitic worms known as helminths. The immune systems of these species have adapted to the stress of helminth infection, or helmnithiasis, through the development of mechanisms to modulate worm load in chronically infested individuals. Most marsupials and mammals, including humans, use a particular immune response mediated by IgE antibodies - molecules that ...

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Testing The Purity Of Aspirin Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

23 Pages (9,152 Words)

Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, is a drug used to relieve minor aches and pains or fever. It originates back to the time of Hippocrates who discovered that chewing the bark of the willow tree helped relieve pain. Later on in 1829, scientists discovered that it was in fact the compound salicin (see below) which gave you pain relief. Then in 1838 Rafael Piria (an Italian scientist) split ...

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The Role Of Light In Photosynthesis Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,221 Words)

Light has a particulate nature and a wave nature. Light represents that part of the radiant energy having wavelengths visible to the naked eye, approximately 390 to 760 nm. This is a very narrow region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The particulate nature of light is usually expressed in statements that light comes in quanta or photons, discrete packets of energy, each having a specific associated wavelength. In ...

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Comparing The ABO and RH Blood Group Systems Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,444 Words)

In 1900, Karl Landsteiner has developed the ABO system of blood by discovering three blood groups, viz. 'A', 'B' and 'O', that are responsible for acute hemolytic reaction seen in mismatched blood transfusion. Later on in 1902, his students discovered the forth group which was the 'AB'. Today, the blood group matching of the donor and the recipient is essential foundation of the pre-transfusion testing because transfusion ...

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Sterilization And Aseptic Technique Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,403 Words)

This experiment was done to learn proper way of using aseptic technique and sterilization by isolating pure culture of bacterial. Afterwards, the bacterial cells in a sample and their optical density were determined. First of all, various sterilization methods were introduced. Sterilization is important in a sense that it ensures there is absolutely no contamination in the glassware or apparatus used in the lab. Different sterilization methods ...

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The Ebola Virus And Its Outbreaks Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,946 Words)

Named after the river valley in Zaire, now known as the Democratic Republic of Congo, where it was first recognized, Ebola began its publicity in the spotlight of an epidemic. It is one of two members of RNA viruses called Filoviridae. Filoviridae were first discovered 9 years before the initial outbreak of Ebola, in 1967, in workers who were exposed to blood from African green monkeys imported ...

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Potential Of Vinegar As Rust Stain Remover Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

17 Pages (6,502 Words)

Despite the vast research regarding rusting, still many people do not recognize the harmful effect it can to environment and to take precaution measure to avoid or prevent rusting. Results of study show U.S. had to spend total $276 billion, approximately 3.1% of the nation's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for corrosion direct cost. Therefore, these study is to find optional of artificial way to remove rusting from ...

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Causes And Effects Of Tuberculosis Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (2,923 Words)

Tuberculosis is a chronic, infectious and deadly disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis often attacks lungs but it is also known for attacking other parts of the body (extrapulmonary tuberculosis). The infection site of extrapulmonary tuberculosis includes the central nervous system, the lymphatic system particularly in the neck, genitourinary system and bones and joints. People with active tuberculosis often show some of these symptoms: Mycobacteria are found ...

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Effects Of Antiseptics On Growth Of Bacteria Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,784 Words)

This project was designed to investigate the effect of different antiseptics on bacterial growth. The antiseptics are different in their content and active ingredients. Two bacterial lawns were prepared using nutrient agar, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Paper discs dipped into the antiseptics were put on the bacterial lawns and the diameter of clear zones around the paper discs were measured after incubating the bacterial lawns for ...

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Formulation And Production Of Various Types Of Detergents Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,232 Words)

Detergents are cleaning agents which play a very important role in our daily life. They not only can help us to stay care, health for our homes and wealth, but also can make our environment more pleasant and active. According to the different functions and usages, detergent can be classified into various types which are laundry, household, personal and dishwashing cleaning products. Besides that, these different types ...

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Superoxide Anion Radical Scavenging Activity Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (934 Words)

Where A518 control is the absorbance of DPPH radical+ methanol; A518 sample is the absorbance of DPPH radical + extract or compound / standard. Superoxide anion radical scavenging activity Superoxide radical (O2-) was generated from the photoreduction of riboflavin and was deducted by nitro blue tetrazolium dye (NBT) reduction method. Measurement of superoxide anion scavenging activity was performed based on the method described by Winterbourne et al ...

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Plant Hormones And Induction Of Organogenesis Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,863 Words)

Organogenesis is the process of forming a specific organ from non-specific mass of meristem or parenchyma cell known as callus. In this experiment, auxin and cytokinin are used to determine the effect of PGR, auxin and cytokinin on the organogenesis in carrots and petunia leaves, in which auxin hormones responsible for growth of roots, phototropism and gravitropism, while, cytokinin helps in inducing the growth of shoots and ...

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Aggressive Malignant Melanoma Skin Cancer Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,245 Words)

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer. It is the most dangerous type of skin cancer that produced a dark pigment on skin. Melanocytes are the cells that are involved and responsible for the person's skin and hair color which produce a skin pigment called melanin. Melanoma can be seen on skin which starts with a mole and eventually gets larger and can spread thru other parts ...

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Use And Origin Of Ricin Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,562 Words)

Ricin is a protein extracted from the seeds of the castor bean plant (Ricinus communis). Ricin is a lectin and a member of a group of ribosome-inactivating proteins like abrin (from the seeds of the rosary pea, Abrus precatorius), that prevent synthesis of protein in eukaryotic ribosomes. Ricin is one of the most toxic substances and as such was once known to be a chemical weapon (Agent ...

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Graves Disease Graphical Abstract Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,661 Words)

Graves disease is a organ specific autoimmunity disorder .the self antibodies against the TSH is responsible for the high production of thyroid hormone .Hyperthyroidism is the main cause of graves' disease. If the disease is unrecognized then it may cause severe symptoms like of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy, myxoedema, and severe cardiac effect. The disease can be diagnosed by blood tests. Different treatments are discussed in this review ...

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Anchoring Proteins Eukaryotic Chromosomes Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,094 Words)

The major difference between bacterial and eukaryotic supercoiling is due to the generally circular nature of bacterial chromosomes versus the linear nature of eukaryotic chromosomes and the fact that bacteria do not have nucleosomes. The cccDNA of bacteria is subject to more topological constraint and therefore tends to exist in state of greater negative supercoiling in either an interwound or spiral configuration. However, since the spiral configuration ...

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Current Status Of Gene Therapy Research Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,266 Words)

Genes, which are carried on chromosomes, are the basic physical and functional units of heredity. Genes are specific sequences of bases that encode instructions on how to make proteins. Although genes get a lot of attention, it's the proteins that perform most life functions and even make up the majority of cellular structures. When genes are altered so that the encoded proteins are unable to carry out ...

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Introduction To Algae Definition And Forms Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,368 Words)

Algae is considered as photosynthetic and oxygenic organism of the kingdom "Protista"; although it lacks necessary complex factors (roots, leaves), algae undergo one of the most important and well-known biochemical reaction "photosynthesis", where it convert inorganic molecules to organic molecules that is used to feed other organisms as animals by the use of sunlight (light energy). Algae is a micro-organism, that can produce its own food through ...

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Applications Of Ultrasonic Waves Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (2,918 Words)

Ultrasonics refers to the study of application of sound waves higher in frequency than the human audible range. Music and common sounds that are considered as 12 kHz or less, while some humans can hear frequencies up to 20 kHz. Ultrasonic waves consist of frequencies greater than 20 kHz and exist in excess of 25 MHz. these waves are used in many applications including plastic welding, medicine, ...

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Cell Structure And Transport Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,103 Words)

Cells can be split into two types, prokaryotic (see figure 1) and eukaryotic (See figure 2). Karyose originates from a Greek, meaning kernel, as in a kernel of grain. In physiology, it is used to refer to the nucleus of a cell. Pro means before, and eu means true. Therefore you could say that prokaryotic means "before a nucleus" and eukaryotic means "possessing a true nucleus." (Wikipedia) ...

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Bacillary And Post Parturient Hemoglobinuria Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,162 Words)

Post parturient hemoglobinuria is a sporadic disease of multiparous, high producing dairy cows and buffaloes characterized by red blood cells breakdown in the muscles, hemoglobinuria and anemia. The prevalence of the disease in the overall cattle population is very little with a case fatality rate ranging from 10 to 50% (1).Parturient hemoglobinuria was formerly known as milk fever complex, post- parturient hemoglobinuria, puerperal hemoglobinuria and nutritional hemoglobinuria, ...

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Layer And Broiler Feed On Chickens Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (3,160 Words)

All six significant domesticated agricultural animals today chicken, cow, goat, horse, pig and sheep had been domesticated in Eurasia by 5000 BP. (Thompson 2002) The earliest evidence of domestication of chickens relies on interpretation of archaeological discoveries of bones and artefacts. (Crawford 2003) Archaeological discoveries in China indicate that chickens had been domesticated by 5400 B.C. (Crawford 2003) People of Cishan Culture (Neolithic Yellow River culture in ...

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The Reactions Of Lipids Forms Of Organisms

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,301 Words)

Lipids are necessary to diverse forms of organisms and they possess specific functions for every specific kind of lipids. One common contribution of lipids is that it is the secondary source of energy. In this experiment, different reactions of lipids were observed to identify some of the properties of lipids through the use of different tests such as Iodine, Acrolein, Saponification and Liebermann-Burchard test. These tests are ...

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Cloning Of Pmb Insert Inside The Competant Cell Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,040 Words)

Cloning is the process of making the exact replicas. Cloning can be done in cell, DNA. This recombinant DNA gets inserted to the cell which should have the ability to accept the foreign DNA called competency. Some cells naturally have the ability of accepting the foreign DNA otherwise these cells are forces to be competent by using CaCl2/Electroporation method. This process of projecting recombinant DNA into the ...

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Methods For Determination Of Heavy Metals Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,393 Words)

There are various analysis methods applied by researchers to determine the heavy metal contents of a particular sample. Of the various analytical methods used, atomic absorption spectroscopic methods are the most commonly used methods to determine the amount of heavy metals present in a particular sample. Preconcentration and separation methods have been routinely used to eliminate matrix effects and cope with low metal levels. Different preconcentration technique ...

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The Biological Effects Of Ionizing Radiation Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

13 Pages (4,922 Words)

The biological effects of ionizing radiation are determined by both the radiation dose and the radiation quality ionization density. To understand the radiation protection concerns associated with different types of ionizing radiation, knowledge of both the extent of exposure and consequent macroscopic dose absorbed - gray value, as well as the microscopic dose distribution of the radiation modality is required. The definitions of these variables are discussed ...

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Urine Culture And Urinalysis Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,447 Words)

This lab report analyses the findings of two important tests. These are microbiological analysis of urine on CLED agar plate (urine culture) and biochemical analysis of urine (urinalysis). Urine culture test examined urine sample cultured on cystine-lactose-electrolyte deficient agar plate for any possible bacterial growth after the incubation period. Gram positive or gram negative bacteria growth can be found or not. However the presence of 10 colonies ...

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Methods Of Synthesis Of Fe Doped Tio2 Nanoparticles Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (3,035 Words)

The synthesis of nanoparticles with controlled size, crystalline structure and shape has been very keenly inspired by the world of Nano-chemistry. Generally the synthesis methods for nanoparticles can be band together into two categories. The Top Down method and the Bottom Up method. The Top down method involves the division of a solid into smaller portions. This method could involve the process of milling or attrition, chemical ...

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Chemosensitivity Of The Epirubicin And Cyclophosphamide Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

11 Pages (4,076 Words)

Epirubicin (PHARMORUBICINÂ®), anthracycline antibiotic, inhibits topoisomerase II which is essential for DNA replication, chromosome condensation and chromosome segregation. Inhibitors of topoisomerase II are important drugs used in the therapy of many neoplasms including breast cancer, lung cancer, testicular cancer, lymphomas and sarcomas. Similarly, cyclophosphamide (CYTOXANÂ®) is also a cytotoxic drug by cross-linking of strands of DNA and RNA with their alkyl group. So, it is known as ...

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Reaction Between Persulphate And Iodide Ions Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,889 Words)

Persulphate (S2O82-) is reduced to sulphate (SO42-) in presence of iodide ions (I-) in aqueous solution. While persulphate is being reduced, iodide is being oxidised to iodine. The overall reaction equation being: S2O82- + 2I- Ã¢â€ â€™ 2SO42- + I2 On the other hand, iodine can be converted to iodide in presence of thiosulphate (S2O32-) as follows: I2 + 2S2O32- Ã¢â€ â€™ S4O62- + 2I- If iodine indicator is ...

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Insulin Production From Genetically Modified Bacteria Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,748 Words)

In the 1970s people suffering from diabetes mellitus used insulin from cattle pigs, but this was expensive time consuming. Moreover insulin from other animals was not exactly as same as those in humans, causing many side-effects. Also many people were against the use of animal insulin for ethical or religious reasons. This problem had to be solved & in 1970's biotechnological companies began working of genetically modifying ...

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The Advantages And Limitations Of Oral Route Formulations Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

11 Pages (4,307 Words)

In this literature assignment the oral route of administration will be discussed and further studied. Particular formulations such as tablets (including chewable as well as buccal tablets), capsules, oral solutions, suspensions and emulsions which can be applied by using this selected route will be compared and any differences or/and similarities between those will be identified. Oral formulations are usually the most convenient for both children and adults ...

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Study On Plant Disease Resistance Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

20 Pages (7,605 Words)

Plants are exploited as a source of food and shelter by a wide range of parasites, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, insects and even other plants. They have evolved mechanisms of antimicrobial defence which are either constitutive or inducible. Plants are resistant to most pathogens in their environment, as they are not host plants for particular pathogen or are host plants, but hold on resistance genes, allowing ...

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Surface Pressure Measurements On An Aerofoil Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (3,894 Words)

When an aircraft moves through the atmosphere there are many physical and chemical changes that take place around its surface. But if the speed is low enough, chemical changes are insignificant. To study the physical changes over the aircraft we take a cross section of its wing and study them in a wind tunnel. In this experiment, an unswept, untapered aerofoil with symmetrical section is mounted in ...

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Assessment Of Selected Resorts In Cavite Province Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

12 Pages (4,751 Words)

Resorts in the province of Cavite are recognized for its reputable recreational waters. These resorts are intended to provide prospective customers with an atmosphere of amusement, entertainment and relaxation. The most common types are beach resorts, swimming pool, and even lakes and rivers which are designed to accommodate individuals, group of peers and family members (Bago and Linantud 2004). Also recreational waters offer activities that are beneficial ...

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Analysis Of Phytochemical Constituents Of Syzygium Aromaticum Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,660 Words)

Alternative method to drug discovery is likely through the medicinal plants and greater parts of the people have assurance in traditional medicine, particularly plant drugs for their initial healthcare. Recently, responsiveness has been paid in public to consume eco-friendly and bio-friendly plant-based products for the prevention and cure of distinctive human diseases. Several number of people looking for medicine and health approaches which excuse side effects caused ...

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The Advantages Of Bacteria And Viruses For Medical Science Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

18 Pages (6,999 Words)

We all have been familiar with many infectious diseases since many centuries ago. Some bacteria have killed millions of our lives, some viruses have great potential to consume many people health and wealth and both are still hugely haunting our humankind. We did discover Penicillin, scientists have developed many antibiotic and antiviral drugs to kill and combat against these bacteria and viruses. This is the war that ...

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Reaction Between Sodium Thiosulphate And Hydrochloric Acid Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,418 Words)

The aim of this experiment is to study the rate of reaction and the different parameters that affect it. In this experiment, we will be investigating the effect of temperature on the reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid. Theory: Chemical reactions involve collisions between reactant molecules or atoms to from bonds. For this, the molecules or atoms are required to come close to one another since ...

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Cocoa Cultivation Practices Classification Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

12 Pages (4,687 Words)

Cocoa is a member of the family Sterculiaceae in the genus Theobromae. It is a tree crop of the hot humid tropics in areas lying between latitudes 15 o north and south of the equator. Cocoa originated in the Amazon basin in South America from where it spread to Mexico in Central America and other areas where it is cultivated. The crop is grown principally in West ...

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Theory and Methods of Forensic Anthropology

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,287 Words)

Introduction Forensic anthropology can be defined as the study of human skeletal remains in the course of a legal inquiry. It is a sub-discipline of physical anthropology- the study of human evolution as it relates to biological variation and race classification, especially skeletal biology (Ball, 2010; James & Nordby, 2003). Physical anthropology stems from Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, notably that of natural selection. Physical anthropology studies ...

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Sodium Salicylate The Salicylic Acid Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,473 Words)

To synthesize the drug aspirin, to use a chemical test (1% iron (III) chloride) to determine the purity of preparation of aspirin and to determine the % yield of aspirin synthesized. INTRODUCTION Almost all of us have used aspirin in our lives, yet not many of us know the background of it and it is actually being used 2400 years ago. A Greek physician Hippocrates prescribed the ...

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Imclone case

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,810 Words)

The ImClone case is about insider trading. Here is the background information regarding the case. Sam and Harlan Waksal started ImClone in 1984.1 From there, in 1993, the brothers purchased the rights to the molecule C225. The molecule was discovered by Dr. John Mendelsohn at the University of California San Diego. C225 is an anti-cancer drug that can distinguish between cancerous cells and healthy cells.2 C225 ...

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What Is Meant By The Term Metabolism Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,580 Words)

Metabolism is the physical and chemical processes that occur inside the cells of the body to maintain life by generating, storing, and expending energy. It is the combination of the constructive phase known as anabolism and the destructive phase known as catabolism (Metabolism). Anabolism is the process of building up molecules, and catabolism is the process of breaking down molecules. (Hill 392). Anabolic reactions require the use ...

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Chemical And Physical Properties Of Unknown Metals Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (3,645 Words)

This experiment will investigate chemical and physical properties of three unknown metals in order to identify them from nine different metals Mg, Al, Fe, Zn, Ni, Pt, Ag, Sn, Pb. Chemical and physical properties were tested through density, Sodium Hydroxide, displacement and Hydrochloric acid tests. The density and sodium hydroxide tests were acceptable while displacement and hydrochloric acid tests were inconsistent; hence, the four results contracted to ...

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Lab Report On Plant Pigments And Photosynthesis Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,143 Words)

The purpose of this lab was to see separate and identify the pigments of spinach cells through the use of paper chromatography. Through this lab, one can understand the rate of photosynthesis and absorbency rate of chloroplasts in different light intensities. Background: Paper chromatography is used to separate and to identify the mixtures of pigments and other molecules of a substance. In chromatography the solvent moves up ...

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Diagnosing And Monitoring Of Thrombocytopenia Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

15 Pages (5,676 Words)

Thrombocytopenia is a haematological condition marked by a decrease in platelet number in peripheral blood (5). To identify the source, it is important to understand the mechanism of platelet formation and its pathophysiology. 1.1.1 Role of platelets Platelets were first described in the 19th century as "dust of blood"(44, 45). Over the last 100 years, there have been many advances in understanding the role of platelets. These ...

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Oral Solid Dosage Forms Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (3,965 Words)

The oral route remains the preferred route of drug administration due to its convenience, good patient compliance and low medicine production costs. In order for a drug to be absorbed into the systemic circulation following oral administration, the drug must be dissolved in the gastric fluids. The active pharmaceutical ingredient in a solid dosage form must undergo dissolution before it is available for absorption from the gastrointestinal ...

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Impact of cyanobacterial toxins on humans and other animals

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

13 Pages (5,039 Words)

Introduction Cyanobacteria, or also known as blue-green algae is one of the bacteria phylum. It was classified as blue-green algae because it resembles eukaryotic green algae. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes which have the ability to synthesize chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll a primarily absorbs most red and blue light, which allow cyanobacteria to obtain energy. This energy was then used to synthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water. Water ...

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Effect Of Substrates On The Respiration Of Yeast Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

19 Pages (7,381 Words)

The aim of this investigation is to examine what effects different substrates have on the respiration of yeast. I will investigate this by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide evolved during anaerobic respiration. Pilot Experiment: Before we could test which carbohydrate and type of yeast produced more carbon dioxide, we had to standardise the other variables of this experiment; temperature and concentration. Therefore, in order to find ...

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The Process Of Hematopoiesis And How Its Controlled Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,815 Words)

In humoral mediated response of the immune system, the clonal proliferation results into antibody - secreting plasma cells and memory B-cells. The primary response has a lag of about 5-7 days during which the B-cells becomes activated by the antigen and T-helper cells. During the lag period, differentiation and proliferation of B-cells takes place into plasma cells. Antibody level begins to increase and reaches its peak at ...

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Chemical Physical And Biological Evidence Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

20 Pages (7,620 Words)

There are many different types of evidence that can be found at a crime scene, these can be categorised into chemical, physical and biological evidence. Physical evidence can be collected at the crime scene and are mainly physical objects such as a murder weapon or a broken window. Chemical evidence is any residue from liquids that could have been used to assist with the crime such as ...

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study of cannibalism and its effects

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,691 Words)

CANNIBILISM IS RARE IN NATURAL SYSTEMS, IT IS GENERALLY NOT IMPORTANT FOR UNDERSTANDING POPULATION AND COMMUNITY DYNAMICS. DISCUSS. In ecology, cannibalism is defined as killing and consuming a conspecific individual. It can also be referred to as intraspecific predation. The key difference between cannibalism and other feeding acts such as necrophagy is that cannibalism relates only to conspecifics and includes the act of killing the prey or ...

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Kinematic viscosity of edible oils

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,745 Words)

Abstract This paper presents the development of ATmega32 microcontroller based kinematic viscosity measurement setup to measure viscosity of edible oils at different temperatures using redwood viscometer. This instrument system permits to keep the temperature of the sample at any desired value and recording of time for the collection of 50 cc of sample to compute its viscosity and to send the data to personal computer to enable ...

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Various Brands Of Chlorine Based Bleaches Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

13 Pages (4,892 Words)

Household bleach is a common commodity used by all income groups of India. This is mainly because of hot and humid climatic condition which left us with no other choice than white or light colour daily wear clothes. To maintain personal hygiene and attractive look within the available budget it is necessary to use bleaches. One question which bothered me quite often was, when so many bleach ...

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Human life cycle

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,588 Words)

A full term pregnancy, from conception to birth, usually lasts for around nine months and is more commonly known as the gestation period. This gestation period can be split into three phases, known as the three trimesters. The first trimester is concerned with the development of the embryo, the second trimester is where the embryo is known as a foetus and foetal development continues and the third ...

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Examination Of The Cardiovascular System Tasks Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

17 Pages (6,673 Words)

The child should be undressed appropriately to the waist. In the older child, the examination easily performed with the patient sitting over the edge of the bed or even on a chair. Preferably, examine the younger child on the parent's lap. Removing a toddler from his parents is less likely to yield good clinical signs and more likely to yield a screaming child. For examination of femoral ...

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In 1973 Stanley Cohen And Herbert Boyer Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,329 Words)

In 1973 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer pioneered the use of recombinant DNA technology for cloning and expression of genes in foreign organisms. They cloned DNA from the Salmonella typhimurium streptomycin resistance plasmid RSF1010 into the Escherichia coli plasmid pSC101 and observed tolerance to streptomycin among the transformants (Cohen et al., 1973). The first reported production of a human recombinant protein took place a few years later ...

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Starch Hyrolysis Of Amylase Enzyme Experiment Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,072 Words)

Monosaccharides are most basic units of carbonhydrates.They are the simplest form of the sugar. Glucose,galactose,fructose and ribose are example for the monosaccharides. Disaccharide is form when two monosaccharides combined. Lactose and sucrose are example for the disaccharides. Plants store glucose as the polysaccharide starch. Starch can be separated into two fractions--amylose and amylopectin. Natural starches are mixtures of amylose (10-20%) and amylopectin (80-90%). Amylose is a linear ...

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Production Capacity Of Jersey Cows In Malaysia Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

16 Pages (6,358 Words)

The aim of this study to look up at production capacity of Jersey cows in Malaysia including environment factors effecting milk production Jersey cows. This study to estimated production capacity Jersey cows at state of Keratong, Muadzam, Pahang at longitude 103.4833°T and latitude 2.8167°U in closed house system with temperature 24°C. The milk production of Jersey cows not only referring to genetic makeup but also another environment ...

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Biological Sciences Task Cells Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

13 Pages (4,961 Words)

Cells are grouped to form tissues, and each of them has specialised role. Our body develops from a cell known as the zygote that is the consequences of the fusion of the female ovum (egg cell) and the spermatozoon of the male (germ cell). Single cells are very tiny and cannot be seen with the naked eye. Cell types are distinguished by their dye (colouring) and by ...

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Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs Inhibit Prostaglandin Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,147 Words)

Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs are inhibitors of prostaglandin, they have several key therapeutic effects, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic (reduces fevers) and analgesic. NSAIDs prevent the synthesis of prostaglandins; theses are made from the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase (COX) which supports inflammation, pain and fever, there are two cyclo-oxgenase COX-1 and COX-2. NSAIDs block the enzyme COX thus reducing the amount of prostaglandins and therefore reducing inflammation, pain and ...

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Pse And Dfd Meat Undesired Quality Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,739 Words)

What is PSE & DFD meat? The terms pale, soft and exudative PSE and dark, firm and dry DFD describe two undesired quality characteristics that can be exhibited in the meat from most species of meat producing animals. However the PSE condition is predominantly found in pigs whilst the DFD condition occurs across all species. Within this essay the incidence rates of both PSE /DFD, the causative ...

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A Rare Autosomal Recessive Disease Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,330 Words)

Xeroderma Pigmentosum is a rare autosomal recessive disease affecting about 1 in 250,000 people in Europe which greatly reduces the quality of life of its sufferer. XP patients have a much greater chance of developing skin neoplasms, internal organs neoplasms or even neurological disorder due to a defective Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) pathway. In this report, I found out that most experts in this field do believe ...

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An Overview Of Apoptosis Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,777 Words)

Apoptosis is an active biochemical process associated with limited inflammation and disruption of tissues of the body. This research is carried with the aim of providing an overview of issues related with apoptosis particularly in the natural death of cells. This is driven by the fact that the living cell plays an intrinsic role in the various physiological processes of a multicellular organism especially during embryogenesis and ...

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