Chemical And Electrochemical Machining

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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Chemical machining (CHM) is a nontraditional process in which material removal occurs through contact with a strong chemical etchant. Applications as an industrial process began shortly after World War II in the aircraft industry. The use of chemicals to remove unwanted material from a workpart can be applied in several ways, and several different terms have been developed to distinguish the applications. The scope of this unit ...

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Origin Of Variation Between Species

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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All forms of life on planet earth vary from each other. Some are more closely related compared to others, resulting to the formation of a species. Remarkably all the different species that exist today on earth are said to originate from a common universal ancestor. This essay aims to explore, the origin and significance of the diversity within a population of different species, and how that contributes ...

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Detecting Blood Groups

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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Detection of Blood group is important particularly in the blood transfusion. Blood formed by Plasma and blood cells. Blood cells are including red cell (erythrocytes), white cells and platelet. Every day about five million new red cells continuously produced by the bone marrow and released into the blood stream to replace the old red cells. Red blood cells (RBC) are surrounded by antigens which are normally proteins, ...

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Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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Platyhelminthes are commonly known as flatworms. Some of the examples of Platyhelminthes include tapeworms and flukes. These flatworms usually exist as parasites which feeds on its host or it can exist as non-parasitic animals such as the planarians (Schmidtea mediterranea). On the other side, Annelida are annelids which include mostly earthworms, marine worms and leeches. These annelids are mainly detritivores which feed on sediments that contain microorganism. ...

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Kinetics Of Nucleophilic Substitutions

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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The study of kinetics involves the observation of the reaction rates and the factors that promote or slow down those rates. In addition to providing knowledge about the process reaction's reactant to product translation, but it is also helpful in increasing efficiency in the manufacturing world as kinetics provides information about how long a reaction will take and if it occurs at all. Hence, it is crucial ...

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Lab Report: Diffusion And Osmosis

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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Hypothesis and Prediction: This lab was done to examine and comprehend how diffusion and osmosis works in diverse molarity of sucrose. Also how the solutions permeates through different mediums. Methods: Part A: Diffusion and Osmosis: A 30 cm piece of 2.5 cm dialysis that has been soaked in water was obtained. The beginning of tubing was tied off, forming a bag with an open end ...

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Bioavailability And Bioequivalence Studies

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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Each year so many drugs loss their patent protection and opens the door for the generic alternatives. In this way Bioavailability and Bioequivalence studies becomes most important. Bioavailability is defined as "The rate and extent to which the active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action." Bioavailability can be generally documented by a systematic exposure profile obtained by measuring ...

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Nuclei And Mitochondrial Fraction

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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The objective of this experiment is to prepare a nuclei and mitochondrial fraction using differential centrifugation, from a rat liver homogenate sample. The amount of activity of mitochondria in the fractions can be measured using succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) as a marker. To measure the percentage recovery of the SDH of Mitochondrial, Nuclei and supernatant fractions in comparison to the Homogenate and to Calculate the specific and ...

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Screening And Bioassay Of Thyroid Hormones

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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The purpose this section is double: too described the methods for determination of the hormones, which became seperate by the thyroid gland and to descriptive investigation of the thyroid function in the experimental models. To information over hypothalamisch pituitäre thyroidsystem and, you see its investigation the sections on hormones of the preceding Pituitary (N.7) and hypothalamischen hormones (N.9). The thyroid gland separates two kinds of hormones: the ...

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Fundamental Vs Realized Niches

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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I describe Ecology as the study of various living organisms, their respective relationship with other organisms along with their responsiveness to the surrounding environment. Ecologists usually adopt the method of studying and analyzing Niches in order to better understand an organism and its survival. Niche is defined as "The role played by an organism in an ecosystem; its food preferences, requirements for shelter, special behaviours and the ...

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The Concept Of Animal Cloning

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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In the late 1800's, a scientist named Hans Dreich successfully cloned sea urchins to prove that genetic material was not lost during cell division. Throughout the next century, various other scientists experimented with animal cloning for a variety of reasons. Widespread debate over animal cloning was generally silent until February 1997 when Ian Wilmut and a team of researchers from the Roslind Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland announced ...

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Wild Type Versus Mutant Yeast Cells

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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The yeast used in this experiment is S. cerevisiae. Verprolin protein which encoded by VRP1 is required in cell growth and cytoskeletal organization. However, when VRP1 is mutated, it is sensitive to high temperature and normal function verprolin protein cannot be produced properly and actin polymerization of the cells is inhibited. Besides, it also proliferates in a slower rate in room temperature. This experiment proved that mutated ...

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Chemotherapy And Selective Toxicity

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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In present scenario various type of treatments are available for cancer such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy. The management of cancer through non selective drug therapies often results in deleterious effect on the normal healthy human cells which can result in other adverse side reactions on different parts of the body(2012). The new area of focus in treatment of cancer is by administering drug by selective ...

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Introduction To Enzymes And Catalysts

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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A catalyst is a substance used to speed up a particular reaction and remain unchanged at the end of the reaction. Reactions that are sped up by catalysts can range from making sure maximum ammonia is obtained in industries to making sure that every starch particle in our bodies has been broken down during digestion. Looking at enzymes, enzymes can be defined as biological catalysts they speed ...

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The Synthesis Reactivity Of Ferrocene

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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The discovery of ferrocene in the 1950s was a doorway to the area of organometallic chemistry and this occurrence was followed by the synthesis of massive organometallic complexes. Although the discovery was unexpected, the impact was enormous. These complexes were extensively used as industrial homogenous catalysts and also in organic synthesis where they supplied new synthesis routes to unattainable compounds. Figure Structure of ferrocene Historically, there was ...

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Tamarind: Medicinal Uses And Properties

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Tamarinds belong to the family of leguminous plants called Fabaceae, which means that they comprise of fruits with seeds enclosed within an encapsulated pod, flowers are bilaterally symmetrical with 5 petals and sepals, 10 stamens, 1 pistil and superior ovary. The Latin name or scientific name of the plant is Tamarindus indica. Tamarinds are tropical or semi-tropical evergreen trees that can reach a maximum height of 80 ...

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Classification Of Controlled Release Delivery System

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Controlled release delivery system is used to show that the drug release kinetics is predictable as well as reproducible from one unit to another whether or not release profile follow zero order kinetics. Classification of controlled release delivery system: It can be classified on the basis of their release mechanism and the preparation as follows: Physical system : Diffusion controlled systems Monolithic systems Dissolved drugs Dispersed drugs ...

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Receptors In Intestinal Muscles

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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The experiment was conducted in order to gain better understanding of the function of the receptors in the guinea pig ileum. For this reason, various agonists and antagonists were used and the muscle reaction was monitored. The results of our experiment are summarized in the following table. As we can see acetylcholine and hexamethonium both have a triethylamine at one end and a straight chain of carbons. ...

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Techniques Of Restriction Mapping

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Introduction: A description of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites within a piece of DNA is referred to as a restriction map. Such a map is usually generated as the first step in characterizing an unknown DNA, and a prerequisite to manipulating it for other purposes. Restriction enzymes that cleave DNA infrequently (e.g. those with 6 bp recognition sites) are relatively inexpensive are used to produce at a map ...

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Factors Affecting Kidney Function

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Kidney Diseases and end stage renal failure are not isolated to affecting just the kidney. All organs are affected by the disruption through Kidney disease and similarly other organs will also affect the kidney and how it functions. The following five diseases show the impact they have on the kidney, its function and pathophysiology. 2. HIV/AIDS Renal complications in patients with HIV/AIDS can be either as a ...

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The Future Of Personalised Medicine

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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In the past five decades, the progression of medicine has been rapid and progressive. Medical research has set down into exploration and finding cures for many diseases through surgical techniques, drugs and vaccines hence in the long run improving the health standards and life span of humans in general. All this is en route to a personalised medicine, "the tailoring of medical treatment to the individual characteristics ...

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Main Theories Used In Rhesus

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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The Rh system was not recognized until several years after the discovery of the ABO system. The Rh blood group system is a polymorphic (having multiple alleles of a gene within a population, usually expressing different phenotypes) with more than 40 antigens recognized. The antigens are well developed at birth and suitable for use in paternity testing. The genes that control this system are autosomal codominanat and ...

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Germination of Radish Seeds

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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Introduction Problem: Does the allelopathy of garlic have effect on the germination of radish seeds? Research: Some animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria produce what is called an allelopathy. This is a biological chemical that affects the growth of some plants in positive and negative ways (Wikipedia). The biochemicals that are produced are not important to the metabolism of the plants, which makes it the reason for the ...

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Swot Analysis Of The Approaches To Cannon

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

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Quick Response and Repair Centers (QRCs). Canon excellence in after-service support is essential to Chinese customers. Canon China has set up QRCs in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and other cities to provide prompt repair of digital cameras, inkjet printers, and other Canon products by knowledgeable staff. By the end of 2010, the company plans to have a total of 25 QRCs in operation. Not only China, Vietnam and ...

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Malunggay Bark Extract As A Source Of Electricity

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

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The 21st century trend is an era in which technologies become part of human lives. In this age, efforts and time are exhausted by many individuals or groups in order to create technologies that can be utilized in any human endeavour. Conversely, for most of these innovations and inventions to function, electricity is required. In the Philippines, a country that is abreast with technologies, majority of the ...

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The Structure Of DNA

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are genetic materials. They are chemically similar but their 3 dimensional structures are different. DNA is informational molecule carrying genetic information in the exact sequences of its nucleotides but RNA is a catalytic molecule. DNA and RNA have three different conformations each, with distinct structure which are variously suited for their functions. (Freifelder et al. 1998) So, after reading this ...

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An Overview Of Meningitis

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

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Meningitis is swelling and inflammation of the protective membranes that cover brain and spinal cord. Depending on the duration of symptoms, meningitis may be classified as acute or chronic. Acute meningitis denotes the evolution of symptoms within hours to several days, while chronic meningitis has an onset and duration of weeks to months. Meningitis is mainly caused by infection with viruses, several different types of bacteria, or ...

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Rates of Body Heat Loss

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

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Conduction is said to be when heat energy is transferred from a source to another without the movement of the source itself. Conduction occurs in solids, for example: metals are good conductors because the bond between electron and atoms are considerably loose due to which they can easily move around and carry kinetic energy. This energy, when meets the another cooler substance, passes on the heat. If ...

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History Of Animal Testing: Pros And Cons

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

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The use of live animals in conducting medical test has been in use for a long time and it has had invaluable use in the progress of medical science and understanding of human body. The history of use of animals in experimentation is dated to the ancient Greeks and the Romans although this changed from old model to a more advanced state during the 18th and 19th ...

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Injection Of Hormones In Food Animals

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

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Injection of hormones in food animals has been introduced to food animal production since as early as 1930's. Bovine Somatotropin (BST) or also known as Bovine Growth Hormones (BGH) is a naturally secreted by the pituitary gland of cows where the traces were found in milk secreted from injected animals. Few countries have authorized the use of growth hormones while others have banned their use. [1] However, ...

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Genotypes Of The Alu Element

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

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The Alu insert on the PV92 region is a way to mark both the maternal and paternal history of a population and reflect unique evolutionary events (Nasidze et al., 2001). Although these repeated sequences can help to map out specific characteristics within the human genome, it is still uncertain what their origin and main function is. Alu sequences are located in different places within the human genome; ...

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Structure And Function Of Ovalbumin

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

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Proteins are very important complex molecules that play significant biological functions in the cells that are most important to life growth, repair, regeneration, etc. Proteins are polymers made up of amino acids (building blocks) which differ to other molecules due to their nitrogen content, and are linked by peptide bonds. The structure of protein is dependent on the amino acid sequence (primary structure) which determines the molecular ...

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Action Potentials In Squid Axon

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

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In 1952, Hodgkin and Huxley published a series of four papers in the Journal of Physiology (London) reporting their experiments to investigate the underlying events of the action potential. In their final paper, they derived a series of equations that describe the relationship between sodium conductance (gNa+), potassium conductance (gK+) and the membrane potential in a squid axon following electrical stimulation. Hodgkin and Huxley were awarded the ...

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Characteristic Mass Spectral Fragmentation

23 Mar 2015 15 May 2017

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In mass spectrometry, organic molecules that are present in the gaseous state are bombarded with a beam of energetic electrons (70eV). During bombardment pressure is maintained between 10-7 to 10-5 and electrically heated tungsten or rhenium filament is used for producing beam of electrons. Cations and many other fragments are produced due to the breakdown of the molecules. Cations further breakup to produce smaller ions. In the ...

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The process of meiosis in cells

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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Introduction: In this experiment we observed the process of meiosis by looking at different slides. Meiosis is a process in which a diploid (2n) parent cell is divided into four haploid (n) daughter cells. The daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis mainly occurs in sex cells (gametes) of humans through the process of spermatogenesis (males) or oogenesis (females). It is ...

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Starch Hydrolysis Of Amylase

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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The purpose of experiment is to observe amylase enzyme in different environment and detect of each environment by helping colour changes. Enzymes are biological molecules that catalyze many different chemical reactions. With few exceptions, all enzymes are proteins and each enzyme is specific to a certain chemical reaction. Enzymes must maintain a specific three dimensional structure in order to function properly. If an enzyme's structure is altered ...

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Research Into Paracetamol

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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The pharmaceutical industry was estimated to turnover 773 billion in 2008, however not all of this revenue was taken as profit; a significant cost goes into research and industry guideline compliance for products. With regards to new generic medications, proving bioequivalence is crucial to success, however necessary in vivo testing can be costly ((EMAMI). Drugs which meet a certain Biopharmaceutics Classification System criteria may be exempt from ...

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Bacterial Growth Pattern Factors

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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Bacteria grow in a defined pattern, determined by different factors pertaining to their nutrition and environment. The determination of bacterial growth patterns is important, especially in large scale industrial fermentation processes, where antibiotic-producing bacteria are cultured. Bacteria can be commonly cultured using two methods: the batch culture and the continuous culture. The former being of prime use in the production of secondary metabolites such as antibiotics and ...

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Sun Leaves And Shade Leaves Of Acer

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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Sun leaves and shade leaves respond quite differently to their environment (Goulet and Bellefleur 1986). Sun leaves, relative to shade leaves, are thicker, heavier (per unit area), smaller, lighter colour tone (lighter green colour for example) and have deeper sinuses. Light seems to play a major role in determining such characteristics and whether a certain leaf is bound to have a sun leaf morphology or a shade ...

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Role Of The Kidneys And Liver In Homeostasis

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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What is homeostasis? Homeostasis is what gives the living organism (animal) the ability to keep their internal body at a balanced state. For example it will keep the amount of water that is in the animal's body at around the same level. If there was to much water in the body the kidneys will then excrete it as urine. Negative feed back In a living organism like ...

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Blood Coagulation Clotting Process

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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Coagulopathies are group of bleeding disorders that affect blood clotting process in the body. Blood coagulation is important in human life and it is necessary to stop bleeding in the body. Blood coagulation factors are proteins that released along with blood proteins. Their role is to activate steps in the process called coagulation cascade(Brandt JT,1985). These factors makes insoluble protein called Fibrin. Fibrin sticks at the site ...

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Transcription In Prokaryotes And Eukaryotes

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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All living organisms need to carry out protein synthesis, from the smallest bacterium, to the largest humpback whale. There are two main processes involved in protein synthesis, transcription and translation. Transcription is the production of an mRNA strand from a template strand of DNA. Though transcription differs between eukaryotes and prokaryotes there are many similarities relating to both processes. Translation is the conversion of the mRNA code ...

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Cell To Cell Communication

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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Direct contact: When cells are very close to one another, some of the molecules on the plasma membrane of one cell can be recognized by receptors on the plasma membrane of an adjacent cell. Many of the important interactions between cells in early development occur by means of direct contact between cell surfaces. Cells also signal through gap junctions. Paracrine signaling: Signal molecules released by cells can ...

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The Importance And Production Of Rice

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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Though rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for half of the world's population, farmers need to produce more food in less area because agricultural land use is reducing day by day (Reyes & Chin, 2009; Mohanty, 2009; Zeigler, 2006). The world population is expected to be exceeded 9 billion by 2040 with an increase of about 50% in less than 40 years (U. S. census ...

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The Reactions Of Carbohydrates

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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Carbohydrates, or sachharides are sugars and starches that provide energy for us humans and animals. In this experiment, carbohydrates are tested with different reagents, and two unknown samples are examined to determine their identity. For the identification of unknown carbohydrate sample, seven different carbohydrates and two unknown samples with one ml volume was placed in separate test tubes. It was tested with Iodine test, wherein one ml of ...

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Media And Growth Of Bacteria

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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To grow and reproduce, microorganisms require nutrients as their source of energy and certain environmental conditions. Adaptation to different habitats has been acquired by microbes living in the exposed environment. In the laboratory, however, these requirements are to be met by a culture medium. Therefore, media preparation is an essential aspect in microbial growth. There is a wide variety of media which can be used for laboratory ...

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Toxic Chemicals In Cosmetics

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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Toxic chemicals could be found in our foods, our personal care products, the air we breathe, in the work place and the water we drink every time are destroying the health of billions of people. We must ask ourselves; why is the rate of progressive and metabolic disease flying out of control. Everyday everyone reaches for shower gel, hand wash, shampoos and conditioner, deodorant and moisturizer. And ...

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Plant-Animal Interactions In Tropical Mangrove

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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Tropical mangrove forest ecosystems rely strongly on trophic interactions between plants and animals in controlling population, community and ecosystem level processes (Robertson 1988). Positive plant-animal interactions include litter processing, remineralization of detritus within forests and the removal of particulates from the forests to other near-shore habitats (Cannicci et al. 2008). There are also negative plant-animal interactions including herbivorous insect attacks on trees both directly and indirectly (Cannicci ...

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Organic Molecules In Living Organisms

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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Organic molecules are the chemicals of life that are found in, and produced by, living organisms. Organic compounds are those that have carbon atoms, inorganic molecules don't have these carbon-hydrogen bonds. There are four main classes of organic molecules are: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates have a great responsible in our lives. Carbohydrates are used for storing and transporting energy, maintaining the structure of plants ...

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The issues of captive breed reintroduction

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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The process of moving individual animals from one site to another, such as from the wild to a zoo for the study of conservation is an increasing tool to re-establish threatened populations (Roe et al, 2010). There are a range of issues with the reintroduction of captive bred individuals in order to increase a wild population that is decreasing due to a range of factors. Ex situ ...

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Staphylococcus Aureus From Bacterial Genus

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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The bacterial genus to be isolated and identification in this project is Staphylococcus. This genus has been chosen for the reason of its abundance on the skin of mammals and the pathogenic nature of one of its member, Staphylococcus aureus. Apart from skin infections, Staphylococcus aureus could mutate to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which shows resistance to antibiotics. In both cases, these give rise to medical implications. ...

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Oxidation And Hydrolysis Of Acetylcysteine

23 Mar 2015 12 May 2017

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Acetylcysteine is an antidote used for paracetamol overdose. Different tests had been chosen and conducted to ensure the quality of the product in the drug preparation is within the acceptable range as stated in the British Pharmacopoeia (hereafter referred to as 'the BP'). The level of purity and changes in the structure/condition of acetylcysteine can be known based on the value of specific optical rotation; a negative ...

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The Pros And Cons Of Dietary Supplements

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Dietary supplements are products that include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs, or botanicals or any concentration, extract, or combination of these as part of their ingredients. You can purchase dietary supplements in pill, gel capsule, liquid, or powder forms. The most commonly used and the superlative supplements Athletes, Dieters and Bodybuilders consume are; Why protein, Creatine Monohydrate, Nitric Oxide, and Glutamine. It's been exceptionally controversial whether these ...

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Bacteria And Their Roles In Ecology

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Bacteria play an important role in the global ecosystem and act as beneficial microorganisms to human beings. Bacteria that do not cause disease in healthy individuals are called normal flora, which instead act as commensalists or mutualists to the host. Even outside of normal flora there are bacteria that produce antibiotics, a commonly used drug to treat bacteria-caused diseases. Bacteria ferments lactose to lactic acid found in ...

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Geometries Of Coordination Compounds

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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A Coordination compound is 'a compound formed from a Lewis acid and a Brønsted base', a Lewis acid being an electron pair acceptor and a bronsted base a proton acceptor. Thus the interaction of the Lewis acid metal centre in Ni(ClO4)2 with bronsted base NH3 to form a complex which is known as a coordination complex. Ni(CLO4)2 + NH3 Æ’  [Ni(NH3)6](CLO4)2..................................................(1) Equation (1) describes the formation of ...

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Lysozyme From Egg White Using Chromatography

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Protein purification is a process of obtaining a homogenous sample of protein of interest, retaining its original functional status. Chromatography is one of the most important techniques of biotechnology to purify therapeutic proteins from complex mixtures. (Shukla et al. 2007). Basically, there are two modes of chromatography: 1) bind/elute mode and 2) flow through mode. In bind/elute mode, target protein is bound and later eluted isocratically from ...

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An analysis stem cell research

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Do the benefits of using embryonic stem cells for medical and research purposes outweigh the disadvantages associated with loss of life? Problem: Embryonic stem cells result in loss of life Embryonic stem cells are unspecialised cells that have the ability under certain conditions to create any of the different types of tissue in early human growth and can renew themselves through cell division1. The ability of stem ...

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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hydroponics

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Growing plants without soil had been known by human for more than thousands year. The fundamental principle of hydroponics relies on fertilized & aerated water which provides both nutrition and oxygen to a plant's root zone. Hydroponics has been recorded back as early as the Aztecs and ancient Egypt (Winterborne 2005). The scientific study of plant fundamental was first recorded in 16th century by Jan Van Helmont, ...

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Master Of Animal Camouflage

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Camouflage is frequently used in the animal kingdom in order to conceal oneself from visual detection or surveillance. In the late 1800's, an American artist named Abbott Thayer was the first one to make an important research on animals' protective coloration in nature, and that became a useful tool in developing modern camouflage. There has been a long time for biologists to study camouflage, and the numerous ...

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An Overview Of Jaundice

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Hyperbilirubinaemia, otherwise known as jaundice, is caused by excessive levels of bilirubin that build up in the skin (Cohen, 2006). Take a closer look in to the workings of this skin disease. What is it, what happens, and what are the treatments? Jaundice is most common in infants and occasionally occurs in adults. Jaundice develops from three major things: liver immaturity, obstruction of the bile ducts, and ...

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Nervous Systems And Sensory Organs

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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You take a needle and prick your finger, your response is probably to get your finger away from the needlepoint quickly and maybe yell ouch. You take the same needle and poke a protist, sponge, cnidarian, or worm with it and they will all probably exhibit a similar response, at least they will all retreat. But how can this be possible? Protists are unicellular organisms that don't ...

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Subcloning for recombinant DNA

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Subcloning procedures were performed to obtain a recombined plasmid that presented a favored gene. A double restriction digest was completed to attain an isolated and purified vector/plasmid DNA and insert. The digested vector and insert were purified from a 1% agarose gel. The ligation of an insert containing ampicillin resistance, and a vector capable of independent replication were recombined and transformed into competent bacteria, such as E. ...

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Humans Causing The Sixth Mass Extinction

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Humans could be causing the sixth mass extinction of the world through the effect the human species has on the planet earth. Human population density increases, climate change due to human activities and increased human exploration and interference of nature are some of the ways humans are on their way to causing the sixth mass extinction. A mass extinction refers to "the extinction of a significant proportion ...

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Crushed Garlic On Seeds: Germination And Growth

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Does the aromatic substance from garlic have an inhibiting effect on the germination and growth of the lettuce seeds? This is the question that was put as the base of our laboratory experiment. Introduction Many plants produce chemical compounds that are not directly involved in the normal reproduction, growth or development of organisms. These compounds are called secondary metabolites. Plants may use secondary metabolites to compete with each ...

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Effects Of Temperature On Plasma Membrane Stability

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

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Cell membranes are essential for controlling the internal environment of the cell in particular in response to changes in water potential. Cell membranes are sensitive to temperature change; cold temperatures cause a phase shift from a fluid state to a gel whereas high temperatures cause increased fluidity which increases the risk of legions forming. Betacyanin, a red pigment stored within the vacuoles of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) is ...

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Recombinant DNA Pkan And Pamp

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

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DNA is an essential part of organisms. It is the director of many aspects of the body. The DNA consists of a sugar base, phosphate and a nitrogen base. There are only four nitrogen bases to choose from. They are guanine, adenine, thymine and cytosine. They are grouped under two groups: the purine and the pyridimines. The purines consist of guanine and adenine while the pyridimines consist ...

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Hepatocyte: Structure And Function

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

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In this essay I will be discussing the ultra-structure and function of the liver cell Hepatocyte. The transport mechanisms for intracellular transport, including how the hepatocytes transport proteins. A description of the cell membrane and the biological molecules found, used and produced within the cell. Finally I will discuss the differences between animal, plant and bacterial cells. The liver is made up of 4 lobes. The left, ...

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The adaptations of the human placenta and foetus

03 Oct 2016 09 May 2017

5 (1,894 )

Describe the adaptations of the human placenta and foetus to improve oxygen availability. (Dr P. Bush) The human placenta is an organ located in the uterus. It plays a huge role in the active transport of nutrients and metabolic wastes across the barrier separating maternal and foetal compartments. Oxygen transport from maternal to foetal blood is a primary function of the placenta. It is incredibly ...

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Controlled Release Fertilizers And Nanotechnology Traces

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

15 (5,775 )

One of the most significant problems of crop fertilization by ordinary fertilizers is nutrient loss to environment which causes lots of environmental and human health problems besides decreasing the efficiency of crop nitrification. As a solution, controlled or slow release fertilizers have been developed to overcome drawbacks of traditional fertilizers. In this review common types of CRFs and some related concepts. Also, focusing on polymer coated CRFs, ...

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Kinetics Of The Reactions Between Magnesium And Acids

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

19 (7,319 )

This is due to the dissociation of H ions once the acid is hydrated with water solution to become aqueous. There is only a maximum number of hydrogen atoms in water, hydrochloric acid only consists of one hydrogen atom hence it can only dissociate once producing only 1 H+ ion (proton). This proton then bonds with the water molecules to produce a hydronium ion H3O+. This leaves ...

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Recombinant DNA Technology

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

7 (2,671 )

Abstract: Genethics actually is a 1990 book by David Suzuki and Peter Knudtson, published by Harvard University Press about The Clash between the New Genetics and Human Values. At present the technologies used are vast say we have recombinant DNA technology , gel electrophoresis , gene mapping, gene mutation, DNA sequencing , etc . These technologies have vast applications in fields of medicine, genetics etc. The future ...

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General Introduction Of Anatomy And Physiologies

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

18 (7,116 )

Anatomy is the scientific study of plant and animal structures, both internal and external, whereas Physiology is the study of functions of the various body parts. By studying these two subjects together, it allows a student of Physical Education to have a better and more clear understanding of the human body system. Anatomy Human Anatomy is the scientific study of the form and structure of the human ...

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The Types Of Pasta

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

14 (5,226 )

Delicious, healthy, quick to cook and, above all, economical - pasta really is the ultimate convenience food. Whether simply tossed with a sauce, fresh vegetables or salad ingredients, or combined as a dish and baked in the oven, pasta can be used as the base of countless fabulous meals. And because there are so many different types of pasta - fresh or dried, long or short, stuffed ...

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Separation By Extraction Of Benzoic Acid And Nitrotoluene

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

9 (3,262 )

Aim: To use the extraction separation technique so as to separate a mixture of benzoic acid and 4-nitrotoluene provided. This is carried out so as to obtain the individual components of the mixture in a purified form by recrystallisation process and whose metling point is determined to prove the identity of the compound obtained. 1. Introduction: Separation by extraction is a technique which allows the separation of ...

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Breaking Dormancy In Seed Germination

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

9 (3,314 )

Abstract: Introduction: A dormant seed will fail to germinate under normally favourable conditions of moisture, temperature and oxygen supply. Temperate climate plants especially produce dormant seeds, but they are also found in tropical and subtropical species. Methods for breaking seed dormancy have been devised which override the physiological mechanisms involved in dormancy preservation. In this essay I intend to outline the most popular mechanisms of dormancy breaking ...

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Case Study Of Unstable Angina

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

13 (5,079 )

The patient in context is a 61 year old male, Mr. X, admitted to hospital in the late evening for a case of unstable angina. Presenting complaints include left-sided chest pain which was less severe than that of his previous admission and localized pain during rest. Absent symptoms are profuse sweating as well as nausea and vomiting, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dypsnoea, cough and fever. Patient's past ...

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Biological Effects Of Radiation

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

9 (3,589 )

Radiation describes a process in which energetic particles or waves travel through a medium or space. There are two distinct types of radiation; ionizing and non-ionizing. The word radiation is commonly used in reference to ionizing radiation only having sufficient energy to ionize an atom but it may also refer to non-ionizing radiation example like radio waves or visible light. The energy radiates travels outward in straight ...

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The Separation Of Compounds Of Different Polarity

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

7 (2,499 )

Chromatography is a technique used to separate individual components in a mixture. The basic principle is, they all have a stationary phase (a solid, or a liquid supported on a solid) and a mobile phase (a liquid or a gas which carries the components of the mixture with it) The mobile phase flows through the stationary phase and carries Different components that travel at varied rates. Thin ...

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Wavelength Functions Of A Spectrophotometer

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

3 (955 )

The graph of absorption spectrum which is the graph of absorbance against corresponding wavelength plotted is a bell shape. From the graph, it can be seen that the absorbance readings increases from 0.091 to 0.919 as the wavelength increases from 470nm to 590nm. However, the absorbance readings show a decrease as the wavelengths continue to increase to 680nm. The graph shows maximum absorbance reading at wavelength of ...

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Malunggay Bark Extract As Alternative Source

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

8 (2,978 )

The 21st century trend is an era in which technologies become part of human lives. In this age, efforts and time are exhausted by many individuals or groups in order to create technologies that can be utilized in any human endeavour. Conversely, for most of these innovations and inventions to function, electricity is required. In the Philippines, a country that is abreast with technologies, majority of the ...

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The Effects Of Garlic On Lettuce Seed Germination

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

5 (1,805 )

This research project is dedicated to determining the effect of garlic volatile on germination of lettuce seeds. Based on the background information referenced below as well as general knowledge of basic properties of plants we are going to hypothesize that the presence of garlic volatile has an inhibiting effect on germination of lettuce seeds, either completely destroying the young sprout or greatly impairing its growth potential. This ...

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The Fragile X Syndrome

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

7 (2,686 )

The fragile X syndrome is one of the most prevalent mental retardation problems that are inherited to generations. The clinical features of people with this syndrome are very subtle and hard to diagnose. Recent progress in the field of molecular biology and genetics has outlined the molecular mutation, that causes the syndrome was a triplet repeat mutation. Due to repetitive CGG repeat the respective proteins are not ...

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Bitter Taste Perception Of Phenylthiocarbamide

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

9 (3,476 )

Background: the capability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), which is a bitter chemical that has been recognized as a heritable trait and has been also widely used for b genetics and anthropological studies. The frequency of nontaster and taster allele is found to be varied within different populations. This trait also has been revealed to associate with numbers of dietary preferences and accordingly could have significant implications for ...

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The Performance In Any Chemical Process

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

6 (2,103 )

Sodium hydroxide was reacted with ethyl acetate in a continuous stirred reaction. The two reactants were introduced in the mixing vessels. The conductivity was measured rather than measuring the values of concentration. Due to the fact that determining the value of concentration directly is very complicated. The conductivities of the reaction were recorded as time elapsed. Then, using certain calculations on the conductivity values, the reaction rate ...

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Uses Of Peroxidases Enzymes

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

8 (3,121 )

Peroxidases are oxidoreductases produced by number of plants and microorganisms. Reduction of Peroxidases in presence of electron donating substrate makes Peroxidases useful in many commercial applications. Peroxidase enzymes such as manganese and lignin peroxidase both associated with lignin degradation, which is successfully used for biobleaching and biopulping in the paper industry, and can produce oxidative break down of synthetic azo dyes. Peroxidase based biosensors are widely used ...

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Partitioning Of Barbiturates Overview

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

5 (1,986 )

Phenobarbitone is an antiepileptic drug which is used to treat epilepsy. Absorbance values at different concentration of phenobarbitone can be used to plot a calibration graph which in turns can be used to find the concentration of phenobarbitone in organic phase at different pH by using the gradient of the graph. From there, the concentration of phenobarbitone in aqueous phase can be determined and hence can find ...

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Effect Of Temperature On Permeability Of Red Cabbage

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

4 (1,284 )

The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of temperature on the membrane permeability in red cabbage. The permeability wound be estimated by the amount of red pigment diffusing out of the red cabbage. Introduction They are both bounded by membranes. Red cabbage appears as a purple colour since it contains a class of reddish purple pigment called anthocyanin within the vacuole of red cabbage ...

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Penetrating Cryoprotectants Across Cell Membranes

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

10 (3,779 )

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Cryopreservation of gametes is important because it would allow us to support a genome resource bank for a breed for an indefinite period of time. Cryopreservation as a technique of storage of goat sperm has advantages but freezing and thawing induces detrimental effects in terms of sperm ultrastructural, biochemical and functional damage, [1] P.F. Watson, The causes of reduced fertility with cryopreserved semen, ...

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Overview Of Aloe Vera

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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Aloe Vera is known as a TRUE ALOE. It is mostly used in herbal medicines so it is also known as FIRST AID PLANT or MEDICINAL PLANT. The ALOE word was derived from the aerobic word-'alloeh' which means "BITTER SUSSTANCES". Aloe is an emollient resin with the softening properties. It belongs to family Liliaceae [1]. 1.1.1 HISTORY:- Aloe vera was considered to one of best medicinal plants ...

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Beginner's Guide To Orchids

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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Orchid is one of the most fascinating, beautiful and peculiar variety among the flowering plants. They have always been considered difficult to grow. But given the right climatic and cultural conditions, they can thrive anywhere and will flower regularly. These plants belongs to the Orchidacae family, with all the difference in size, shape, color, scent or lack of it. They are the most rapidly changing group of ...

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How Different Immuno Techniques Can Be Carried Out

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

7 (2,413 )

The purpose of this experiment is to illustrate how different immuno-techniques can be carried out and the rationale behind it. All immuno-techniques in this experiment involved the use of antibody to detect the protein of interest. In western blot, a secondary antibody attached with horseradish peroxidase enzyme was used to show the location of the bands indicating molecular weight marker and antigen. For ELISA, a conjugated antibody ...

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Anatomy And Physiology Of Blood And Heart

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

12 (4,621 )

The mechanism of the pumping action of the heart can be categorized in three phases- the generation of an action potential, conduction of the action potential and cardiac muscle contraction (action potential-contraction coupling). The action potential is generated the specialized autorythmic myocardial cells located at the Sino atria (SA) node. The potential spreads to the atria and enters the ventricles through the atria ventricular (AV) node from ...

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Isolation, Cloning, and Translation of Plasmid DNA

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

9 (3,376 )

Abstract: The objective of this experiment was to clone a kanamycin gene into the MCS of a pUC18 plasmid, and then to transform cells with the plasmids. Purified pUC18 and pKan plasmid samples were obtained. A 0.7 % agarose gel was prepared, and the wells loaded with the plasmid samples. Restriction endonucleases were used to cut a kanamycin resistance gene from a pKan plasmid. DNA ligases were ...

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An Overview Of Epigenetics

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

4 (1,388 )

Epigenetics is studying of the mechanism by which all the mitotically and meiotically changes in the pattern of inherited gene expression occur in the lack of modifications or alterations in the nucleotide composition of a specified gene. The controlled of genes are activated or repressed with no change in DNA epigenetically. Important for studying "Epigenetics" The most important permissive and suppressive factors in controlling the expressed genome ...

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Protein Concentration A Variety Of Methods

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

6 (2,092 )

There are a variety of methods that can be used to determine protein concentrations. One specific method uses the Bradford assay, a colorimetric protein assay, which involves the binding of Coomassie® Brilliant Blue G-250 to proteins under acidic conditions. Coomassie Brilliant Blue is known to bind to basic and aromatic amino acid residues.1 Upon binding to a protein, the absorbance maximum for the Bradford reagent shifts from ...

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The Ebola Virus: An overview

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

6 (2,255 )

In the Cote d'Ivoire, also called the Ivory Coast, is where my step-mother was raised as a child. She remembers the horrifying stores stories of blood-eyed village man that turned to liquid. She has never experienced an Ebola outbreak, but always feared its coming. The name Ebola is one that strikes fear in the hearts of many and conjures images of people with blood coming out of ...

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The Effects Of Ocean Acidification

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

16 (6,286 )

As carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions continue to rise, ocean acidification will continue to change our oceans ecosystems. There has been a recent tumult of research identifying the impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms with more than 62% of the papers published since 2004 (UNESCO, 2008). A clear focus has been on coral ecosystem SO I'M NOT GOING TO. This paper lays out the fundamental oceanic processes ...

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The Rates Of Chemical Reaction

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

8 (2,990 )

The rate of a chemical reaction is a measure of how fast the reaction takes place. So, a rapid reaction is completed in a short time. Some reactions may be very slow, e.g. the rusting of steel. A chemical reaction only occurs when particles collide with each other. Particles which move fast are more likely to collide with each other; you can do this by heating them ...

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How Does The Concentration Affect Osmosis?

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

11 (4,205 )

Diffusion is the net passive movement of particles atoms, ions or molecules from a region in which they are in higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. Diffusion is important process that occurs in human body example of one of many types of diffusion which occur in the human body is gas exchange at the alveoli- oxygen from air to blood, carbon dioxide from blood to air. ...

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Sense Of Taste On Human Tongue

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

6 (2,322 )

There are five senses of taste; sour, salt, umami, sweet and bitter. Bitter taste perception world wide have significant attention. As most studies around the world study population and their sensitivity towards bitter food. Bitter taste test is done usually by placing paper which has been impregnated with phenylthiocarbamide compound and observe the reaction. There are two possibilities; either you might taste bitterness of the compound or ...

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