Organism Adaption over Time

01 Aug 2017

3 (873 )

An adaptation is a feature that is very commonly seen in a specific population because it provides some improved functionality. Adaptations are well suited to their pertaining function and are made by natural selection. Evolution is the actual process of when some organisms change their form over a long period of time to adapt to certain environment that they live in, to be able to ...

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Influence of Social Relationships on Health

01 Aug 2017

3 (915 )

There is considerable evidence that social relationships can influence health, but only limited evidence on the health effects of the personality characteristics that are thought to mold people's social lives. We asked whether sociability predicts resistance to infectious disease and whether this relationship is attributable to the quality and quantity of social interactions and relationships. Three hundred thirty-four volunteers completed questionnaires assessing their sociability, social ...

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Survival Strategies of Intracellular Bacteria

01 Aug 2017

4 (1,362 )

Survival strategies of intracellular bacteria to amoeba grazing Free living amoebae are unicellular protozoan that are ubiquitous in various environments. They mainly feed on bacteria through phagocytosis, and kill them in phagosome, which is a harsh acidic environment that contains different antimicrobial weapons. Amoebae grazing has been suggested to be one of the major forces that shaping bacterial abundance and diversity. However, some bacteria have ...

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Are Vitamin Supplements Effective?

26 Jul 2017

3 (890 )

Vitamins are a type of substance that helps grow, develop and give benefits to your body. Having an insufficient supple of vitamins could lead to health problems, diseases or in rare cases, death. There are certain types of vitamins, each with their own role of supporting and developing your body. Vitamin products mostly composed of organic compounds mixed with electrolytes, vegetable or fruit extract, or ...

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Effect of Temperature on Membrane Permeability Beetroot

23 Mar 2015 24 Jul 2017

3 (1,007 )

Keywords: membrane permeability temp, beetroot pigment experiment In this investigation I shall find out the relationship between the amounts of leakage of beetroot pigment into water under various range of temperatures. Furthermore, I will also investigate if there is a correlation between absorbency and temperature. Hypothesis Since the temperatures are high, it is possible that the phospholipids in the cell membrane will move faster. This will inevitably ...

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Genetic Algorithm Research Proposal

24 Jul 2017

5 (1,943 )

System Optimization The main concern is to find the optimum value for each design parameter for each prediction period for a total simulation time of 12 hours. The simulation is performed on the selected system based on the optimization timeframe with an acceptable accuracy and the optimization process is applied for a prediction period of one. The value of a single design parameter and internal loads ...

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Prevention of Enzymatic Browning in Fruits and Vegetables

23 Mar 2015 21 Jul 2017

15 (5,633 )

Keywords: enzymatic browning Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is known to be a key enzyme in enzymatic browning of fruit, vegetables, beverage and seafood in the food industry. The browning of food causes a great quality loss and economic loss of food products. Inhibition of browning by physical treatments has well been developed and there are a wide range of chemicals can also inhibit enzymatic browning. This article overviews ...

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Rate of Fermentation

23 Mar 2015 20 Jul 2017

3 (896 )

Keywords: rate of fermentation of yeast Cells obtain energy through a process called respiration. Yeast normally respires aerobically. In the absence of oxygen, yeast carries out anaerobic respiration. Yeast carries out alcohol fermentation which is catalysed by the enzyme zymase to produces ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy. Ethanol is used in making wine. Alcohol fermentation equation: Glucose Alcohol + Carbon dioxide C5H12O5 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 The rate ...

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Importance of Electrochemical Series

23 Mar 2015 20 Jul 2017

7 (2,457 )

Keywords: application of electrocheemical series A series in which the reduction electrode potentials of various electrodes have been arranged in the increasing order (downwards) is called Electrochemical Series . The standard reduction potential of hydrogen is zero.The electrodes above hydrogen have negative reduction potential while those place below it have positive reduction potential and vice-versa. To understand the importance and application of Electrochemical series we have ...

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Use of Enzymes for Clinical Diagnosis

23 Mar 2015 19 Jul 2017

4 (1,416 )

Keywords: enzymes in clinical diagnosis, role of enzymes clinical Clinical enzymology is branch off medical science deals with the usage of enzymes for diagnosis prognosis of various diseases. In general, each enzyme of clinical significance is found in many tissues of the body, and in healthy individuals, these enzyme exhibit very low levels in serum. In certain disease states or with cell injury, these intracellular enzymes are ...

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Pressure Distribution around Circular Cylinder Lab Report

23 Mar 2015 18 Jul 2017

17 (6,498 )

Keywords: flow past a circular cylinder lab report The aims of the investigation is to measure the pressure distribution on the surface of a smooth cylinder placed with its axis perpendicular to the flow and to compare it with the distribution predicted for frictionless flow, and to calculate the drag coefficient of the cylinder. In the investigation being carried out, a cylinder in a closed circuit wind ...

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Vegetarian vs Meat Eater Comparison Contract

23 Mar 2015 18 Jul 2017

11 (4,030 )

Keywords: vegetarian vs meat eater debate Diet plays an important role for our body health. Choosing the right, healthy and balance in diet is very important for everyone. One way to stay healthy is by adopting a vegetarian diet. A vegan diet is a plant-based diet that includes only natural foods and does not include meat at all. It can also be considered as a cruelty-free act ...

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Compare and Contrast Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle

23 Mar 2015 18 Jul 2017

6 (2,257 )

Keywords: cardiac muscle structure, skeletal muscle structure Something that differentiates animals from other organisms is their ability to voluntarily carry out actions using their muscles. They do this by muscle cells changing length, which is known as contracting. There are three types of muscle, which are distinguished by their structures and functions. These are cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle. Here I shall be comparing the structures of ...

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Application of Gas Chromatography in Pharmaceutical Analysis

23 Mar 2015 13 Jul 2017

5 (1,754 )

Keywords: gc applications in pharmaceutical analysis Chromatography is a physical method of separation in which components to be separated are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary phase while the other mobile phase move in a definite direction. The stationary phase may be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid or a gel. The mobile phase may be gaseous or liquid. The basis ...

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Citric Acid to Remove Stains

23 Mar 2015 13 Jul 2017

14 (5,240 )

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Knowledge about natural bleaches to remove stain may be useful in our daily life. Natural bleaches can be found in various types of fruits juice and many more. This green "bleaches" are more friendly to environment and cheaper than commercial product .Citric acid is one of bleaching agent that can be found in the citrus fruits such as lemon. This paper will discuss on ...

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Brief History of Microbiology

23 Mar 2015 13 Jul 2017

11 (4,289 )

Keywords: history of microbiology, microbiology introduction 1- How Can Microbes Be Classified? Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Prokaryotes and other organisms of importance to microbiologists B- The Golden Age of Microbiology 1- Is Spontaneous Generation Of Microbial Life Possible? Redi's Experiment, Needham's Experiment, Spallanzani's Experiment, Pasteur's Experiment.   CHAPTER (1): A BRIEF HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY Microbiology is the study of organisms and agents too small to be seen clearly ...

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Dissolving Aluminium Chloride in Water

23 Mar 2015 12 Jul 2017

9 (3,405 )

A controlled variable is a variable that stays the same throughout an experiment such as: adding a specific amount of water to test tubes filled with different amounts of ammonium chloride. An independent variable is the variable that is changed during an experiment, e.g. different amounts of ammonium chloride added to separate test tubes in an experiment. A dependant variable is a variable that changes because of ...

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Angiosperm Questions

23 Mar 2015 12 Jul 2017

7 (2,512 )

Keywords: mcq on angiosperms, multiple choice questions on angiosperm Jump to: Answers Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. The products of meiosis in plants are always which of the following? a. spores b. eggs c. sperm d. seeds e. both B and C ____ 2. Which of the following is the correct sequence during alternation of generations in a flowering ...

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Determination of Stomatal Index

23 Mar 2015 10 Jul 2017

23 (9,089 )

Keywords: stomatal index calculation, stomatal index procedure The Plant material of Viscum capitellatum Smith. parasitism on Dendrophthoe falcata which is itself parasitic on M. indica was collected from Amba Ghat, Kolhapur, Western Ghat region of Maharashtra from India in November 2009. The collection are lies [Latitude 16o 58' 0.59"N and Longitude 73° 48' 36.61"E at altitude 1100m]. The plant specimen (Voucher no. 550) was authenticated by Dr. ...

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N Acetylcysteine Quality Control

23 Mar 2015 07 Jul 2017

14 (5,301 )

Keywords: drug quality control N-acetylcysteine (C5H9NO3S Mr 163.2) is the N-acetyl derivative of the naturally occurring amino acid, l-cysteine. The drug occurs as a white, crystalline powder with a slight acetic odor. N-acetylcysteine is freely soluble in water and in alcohol. N-acetylcysteine is commercially available as aqueous solutions of the sodium salt of the drug. It is used as a mucolytic or as an antidote for paracetamol. ...

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How does Deforestation Affect Birds?

23 Mar 2015 06 Jul 2017

6 (2,328 )

Keywords: deforestation and birds, deforestation impact on birds INTRODUCTION This assignment is based on the impact of deforestation on bird communication. Basically, there are two ways in which birds communicate, that is by powerful sight and vocal sound. They also have an important hearing also since they would have to different sounds produced by their own kind. Hearing is actually affected by noise produced from their environment. ...

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Similarities between Photosynthesis and Aerobic Respiration

23 Mar 2015 06 Jul 2017

3 (1,121 )

Keywords: similarities photosynthesis and anaerobic respiration Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are both part of a cyclic process of biochemical reactions. Photosynthesis requires the products of aerobic respiration (carbon dioxide and water), while aerobic respiration requires the products of photosynthesis (glucose and oxygen). Together, these reactions are involved in how cells make and store energy. The energy transfers in both processes and in how the gas exchange between ...

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Anorexia Nervosa, Symptoms, Treatment, Impact

23 Mar 2015 04 Jul 2017

3 (1,190 )

Keywords: anorexia symptoms, anorexia essay Circulatory system is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow of the blood around the body. Blood contains antigens and antibodies to protect us from infectious and non-infectious diseases which called the immune system. Whenever antigen and antibody interlock, the antibody marks the antigen for destruction. Everyone would want to have the ideal body. They ...

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Determination of Vitamin C Concentration by Titration

23 Mar 2015 03 Jul 2017

3 (1,131 )

Keywords: vitamin c titration, titration reaction vitamin c Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) is a necessary nutrient in the human diet. Fruit juices are among the most common consumer items taken to meet our daily requirements of ascorbic acid. Vitamin C can be determined in food by use of an oxidation-reduction reaction. The redox reaction is preferable to an acid-base titration because a number of other species in ...

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Ethyl Acetate Properties

23 Mar 2015 03 Jul 2017

10 (3,836 )

Keywords: ethyl acetate uses Ethyl acetate is the most popular ester from ethanol and acetic acid. It is manufactured on a large scale for use as a solvent. Ethyl acetate is a moderately polar solvent that has the advantages of being volatile, relatively non-toxic, and non-hygroscopic. Ethyl Acetate is an organic compound which also known as, ethyl ethanoate, commonly abbreviated EtOAc or EA. Below is the table ...

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Innovation in Food Technology

23 Mar 2015 03 Jul 2017

6 (2,143 )

Keywords: food technology innovation, food and biotechnology Nowadays the there various kind of issues that arroused in our country, Malaysia and most probably the issues strongly related to the food industry. For my essay, i will focus on the issue of innovation in food technology by the used of biotechnology. In order to produce healthy food formulation at the same time nutritious food, various traditional food technologies have ...

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Factors Affecting Animal Growth

23 Mar 2015 30 Jun 2017

10 (3,870 )

Keywords: cattle growth factors, cattle growth impact Modern cattle are descendants of Bos indicus and Bos Taurus (Gillespie, 1992). According to Lawrie (1991) these breeds are believed to be descended from Bos primigenius, the wild cattle. The last representative of the wild species died in Poland in 1627 (Zeuner, 1963). Lawrie (1991) reported that domestication of cattle followed the establishment of settled agriculture about 5000 B.C. and ...

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Why is Thermoregulation Important?

23 Mar 2015 29 Jun 2017

8 (3,092 )

Keywords: importance of thermoregulation, what is thermoregulation In all living organisms there is a complex series of chemical reactions occurring, the rate of which is dependent of temperature.1 In order for these chemical reactions to occur and thus sustain life all animals exhibit some way of regulating their body temperature. This process is known as thermoregulation. This regulation is achieved in various ways, either by behavioural or ...

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Brine Shrimp Hatching Experiment

23 Mar 2015 29 Jun 2017

5 (1,840 )

Keywords: hatching shrimp experiment, hatching shrimp temperature Wherever salt water is evaporated on a large scale, or salt lakes develop, brine shrimp will eventually appear. How do they get there? Certain birds visit salt waters - shorebirds such as gulls and stilts, for example. Could they transport the adult brine shrimp or eggs? Could brine shrimp eggs travel by wind? An interesting fact to remember is that although ...

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Cyclic Voltammetry Principle

23 Mar 2015 29 Jun 2017

20 (7,939 )

Keywords: principle of cyclic voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry theory Cyclic voltammetry is the most widely used technique for acquiring qualitative information about electrochemical reactions [34, 35]. The power of cyclic voltammetry results from its ability to provide considerable information on the thermodynamics and kinetics of heterogeneous electron transfer reactions [47, 48], and coupled chemical reactions [36, 37]. It also provides mathematical analysis of an electron transfer process at ...

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Separation of Photosynthetic Pigments by Paper Chromatograph

23 Mar 2015 28 Jun 2017

6 (2,190 )

Plant pigments have the ability to absorb visible light, which can be used in order to harvest energy for photochemical reactions. There are a variety of pigments present in plants, and for this experiment, these pigments were separated using paper chromatography. Absorbance spectrophotometry was also used in order to obtain the different absorbances of the pigments. The data was then used to compare relative chlorophyll content in ...

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Cryopreservation

23 Mar 2015 28 Jun 2017

8 (2,847 )

Keywords: disadvantages cryopreservation, advantages cryopreservation In the world of science this two procedures Vitrification and Slow cooling are use to keep the biological materials such as cells, bone marrow , DNA etc at the low temperature , when compared to their normal temperatures. These two procedures will come under the Cryobiology. Cryobiology: It is the study of life below the low temperature. Background: In the centuries 2500 ...

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Identification of Unknown Carbohydrates Lab Report

23 Mar 2015 28 Jun 2017

2 (636 )

Keywords: unknown carbohydrate test, identify carbohydrate INTRODUCTION One of the main types of nutrients is the carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are the most vital foundation of energy for your body. Our digestive system has a capacity to change carbohydrates into glucose or most commonly known as blood sugar. Our body gets energy used by our cells, tissues and organs from this sugar. Carbohydrates also stores additional sugar in our ...

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Isolation and Characterization of DNA

23 Mar 2015 28 Jun 2017

3 (1,039 )

Keywords: onion dna analysis, dna of onion, dna onion experiment The experiment was about the isolation and characterization of DNA. The DNA was isolated from the onion. The mass of the isolated DNA was 15.11 g. The purity of isolated DNA was estimated by calculating the ratio based from the absorbance at 260nm and 280nm resulted to 0.671 meaning more protein was absorbed. Meanwhile in denaturation of ...

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Characteristics of Tilapia Fish

23 Mar 2015 27 Jun 2017

9 (3,352 )

Keywords: characteristics of tilapia, nile tilapia characteristics Tilapia is generic name of an African cichlids endemic group. This group is composed of three aquaculture important kind of Oreochromis, Sarotherodon and Tilapia. Various characteristics differentiate these three genera, but the main critical concerns to reproductive conduct. All species of tilapia are nesting in builders; a brood parent guards the fertilized eggs in the nest. Both species of Sarotherodon ...

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Buffering Region Of Histidine Monohydrochloride

23 Mar 2015 27 Jun 2017

10 (3,972 )

The objective of this experiment is to determine the buffering region of histidine monohydrochloride by titrating histidine with a base, NaOH. By plotting a suitable graph, the pKa values of histidine can be observed. Normally, a titration curve is constructed to illustrate the relationship between the pH of the mixture and the number of moles of base added to it. However in this experiment, the graph of ...

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Kangaroo Circulatory System

23 Mar 2015 27 Jun 2017

9 (3,516 )

Keywords: kangaroo anatomy, kangaroo skull anatomy What are the differences and similarities between the anatomy and physiology of a cat and dog, (a placental mammal) and the anatomy and physiology of a kangaroo? Well, you are about to find out. Introductory information such as outer appearance and behavior will be discussed, such as height, hair coat, speed, and more. Also, all eight body systems: skeletal system, muscular ...

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Osmosis Concentration Gradient

23 Mar 2015 27 Jun 2017

9 (3,338 )

Keywords: concentration gradient osmosis Plant cells at all times have a tough cell wall adjoining them. When they occupy water by osmosis they begin to swell up, but the cell wall prevents them from bursting. Plant cells turn into turgid when they are placed in dilute solutions. Turgid means swollen and tough. The pressure inside the cell increases; ultimately the internal pressure of the cell is so ...

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Frequency of Meiotic Divisions from Sordaria fimicola

23 Mar 2015 14 Jun 2017

5 (1,808 )

Abstract The purpose of this investigation is to determine the frequency of meiotic divisions analyzed from hybrid crossings collected from different strains of the fungus Sordaria fimicola. The experiment was conducted to demonstrate hybrid crossings with MI and MII patterns of ascospores within the asci. Over the course of seven days, the sample of Sordaria was incubated and fused under laboratory conditions. In the outer areas of ...

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Diffusion Coefficient of 2m NACL in Water

23 Mar 2015 14 Jun 2017

11 (4,018 )

This experiment aims to determine the diffusion coefficient of a liquid mixture, sodium chloride solution, in de-ionized water. This is done through the use of a honeycomb diffusion cell which consists of 121 vertical capillaries which are 5mm long and 1mm in diameter. Fick's Law of Diffusion is used in this experiment to calculate the diffusion coefficient of sodium chloride solution in de-ionized water. The change in ...

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Induction of Beta Galactosidase in E.Coli Lab Report

23 Mar 2015 13 Jun 2017

5 (1,954 )

Aim: To study the effects of IPTG, lactose, glucose, chloramphenicol, rifampicin and streptomycin induction on the units of beta-galactosidase of E.coli Introduction In 1961, a special group of units that able to control its beginning and ending of transcription activities by undergoing induction process was discovered by Jacob and Monod. This special enzyme is known as Lac operon which is group of genes that arranged in sequences ...

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Debromination and Bromination of Cholesterol

23 Mar 2015 13 Jun 2017

5 (1,858 )

Bromination/debromination which is an important organic reaction that aims in purification of crude cholesterol from impurities which include 3-cholestanol, 7-cholesten-3-ol, and 5,7-chlestadien-3-ol was performed in a laboratory scale for two weeks. Due to steric constraints, only cholesterol reacted with bromine and crystallized from the solution making it possible to be separated (Feiser, and Williamson 63). The dibromocholesterol formed is regenerated by reacting with Zinc dust. In addition, ...

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Mycoplasma vs Mycobacterium

23 Mar 2015 12 Jun 2017

3 (1,149 )

Keywords: mycobacterium mycoplasma, mycoplasma mycobacterium Mycobacteria are aerobic and slender, curved rod shaped species. Since they are aerobic they like to live in areas where oxygen levels are high; such as, apical or upper part of the lungs. Thus, a decrease in oxygen concentration can be dangerous for these organisms. On the other hand, Mycoplasma is a bacterial genus that has more than 100 species. It was ...

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Ohmic Heating in Food Preservation

23 Mar 2015 12 Jun 2017

12 (4,640 )

Keywords: ohmic heating equation, ohmic heating plasma, ohmic heating food Ohmic heating is also known as joule heating, electric resistance heating, direct electric heating, electro heating and electro conductive heating. It is a process in which alternating electric current is passed through food material to heat them. Heat is internally generated within the material owing to the applied electrical current. In conventional heating, heat transfer occurs from ...

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Endosymbiotic Theory in Eukaryotic Cells

23 Mar 2015 08 Jun 2017

9 (3,204 )

Keywords: eukaryotic cells endosymbiotic, endosymbiotic theory cells, endosymbiotic theory critique Endosymbiotic theory- the modern, or organelle- containing eukaryotic cell evolved in steps through the stable incorporation of chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic symbionts from the domain Bacteria. The hypothesis of endosymbiosis is at present the most widely accepted theory on the evolution of the eukaryotic cell. This current theory states that the mitochondria and chloroplasts contained within the eukaryotic ...

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Optimum Temperature for Catalase in Potato

23 Mar 2015 08 Jun 2017

4 (1,404 )

Keywords: potato catalise temperature Hydrogen peroxide is a common by-product produced during metabolism in living organisms. On accumulation, hydrogen peroxide can have various implications on living cells such as skin disorders (Schallreuter & Rokos 2006). Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide gives out harmless water and oxygen, as shown by the equation 2H2O2 (aq) ïƒ 2H2O (l) + O2 (g). The rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is low ...

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Reptile and Bird Eggs: An Introduction

23 Mar 2015 07 Jun 2017

5 (1,639 )

Keywords: reptile eggs, bird eggs, egg differences birds For a long time now scientist have been studying all types of reptiles since before man walked the earth. When comparing today's modern reptile eggs, and bird eggs we see many differences that are still being studied. Birds are almost found everywhere, while most reptile are only in specific location. They both lay eggs that are diverse internally and ...

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Types Of Modified Starch

23 Mar 2015 07 Jun 2017

3 (1,076 )

Keywords: modified starch types, modified strach analysis Native starches are structurally too weak and limited functions for application in pharmaceutical, food and non-food technologies due to its inherent weakness of hydration, swelling and structural organization. Unprocessed starches produce weak-bodied, cohesive rubbery pastes when cooked and undesirable gels when the pastes are cooled. To enhance viscosity, texture, stability among many desired functional properties desired, starch and their derivatives ...

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Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Essay

23 Mar 2015 07 Jun 2017

4 (1,573 )

Keywords: photosynthesis and respiration essay Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are critical in the continued cycle of energy to sustain life as we define it. Both have several stages in which the creation of energy occurs, and have varied relationships with organelles located within the eukaryotic cell. The processes are the key in how life has evolved and become as diverse as we know it. Although cellular respiration ...

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Analysis Of Infosys Technologies Limited

23 Mar 2015 07 Jun 2017

9 (3,381 )

Keywords: infosys pestle analysis, pestle analysis of infosys Infosys Technologies Ltd. was inaugurated in 1981 by seven people with US$ 250. Today, it is a global leader in the ‘next generation' of IT and earning revenues of US$ 6.04 billion. Infosys designs, defines and delivers technology-enabled business solutions for Global 2000 companies. Infosys provides a complete range of services by leveraging its dominion and business expertise and ...

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The Breakdown Of Fructose

23 Mar 2015 06 Jun 2017

4 (1,582 )

Keywords: fructose breakdown, fructose breakdown enzymes First of all I would like to describe the term enzymes. Basically enzymes are protein which is used in the chemical reaction and they act as a catalyst in these reactions. Their function is to speed up the chemical reaction without using themselves. If they are not used as a catalyst in the reactions than the reaction speed would be very ...

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Compare and Contrast the Development of B and T Cells

23 Mar 2015 06 Jun 2017

4 (1,573 )

The epithelial surfaces of the body serve as an effective barrier against most microorganisms, and they are rapidly repaired if wounded. Adaptive immunity is initiated when an innate immune response fails to eliminate a new infection, whereby an activated antigen presenting cells (APCs) bearing pathogen's antigens are delivered to the draining lymphoid tissues. An adaptive immune response differs from the innate immunity in its ability to target ...

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Application of Transition Metals

23 Mar 2015 06 Jun 2017

18 (7,001 )

Keywords: transition metals applications, The term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings: In the past it referred to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, which includes groups 3 to 12 on the periodic table. All elements in the d-block are metals (In actuality, the f-block is also included in the form of the lanthanide and actinide series). ...

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Fungi Lab Report | Free Essay

23 Mar 2015 06 Jun 2017

5 (1,854 )

Keywords: fungi lab conclusion, lab report fungi Each pair was given two of the eight possible species. Firstly, the garlic extract was prepared. This was done by grinding 10g of garlic in a sterilised mortar and pestle with 15ml of deionised water. The outer scales of the garlic bulbs were removed and it was chopped into small pieces on a sterilised tile to make it easier to ...

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Integumentary System Essay - Functions and Maintenance

23 Mar 2015 06 Jun 2017

5 (1,697 )

Keywords: integumentary system function The integumentary system is made up of skin, hair, nails, and glands. It is the most visible organ system and one of the most complex. The integumentary system protects the body from the outside world and harmful substances. The word integument means a covering, and the skin of an organ, an average adult covers well over 3000 square inches of surface area of ...

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Changing Concentration Of Hydrochloric Acid

23 Mar 2015 06 Jun 2017

4 (1,530 )

Keywords: hydrochloric acid concentration effect, concentration change hydrochloric How will changing the concentration of hydrochloric (HCl) acid affect the rate of hydrogen gas (H2) production during the reaction with magnesium (Mg), using the pressure buildup by hydrogen gas? Introduction Factors that influence rates of reactions include change in concentration, temperature, surface area, or the addition of a catalyst. This experiment will specifically investigate the effect of concentration ...

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Cloning in Plants And Animals

23 Mar 2015 05 Jun 2017

7 (2,665 )

Keywords: plant and animal cloning, cloning advantages disadvantages, cloning ethical debate What is cloning? Cloning is a process carried out in a laboratory by which a genetically identical organism can be made through non-sexual means. How it started? In February 1997, when embryologist Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at Roslin Institute in Scotland were able to clone a lamb, named Dolly. Who are cloned? Both plants and ...

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Amylase Activity In Germinating Barley

23 Mar 2015 05 Jun 2017

3 (1,041 )

Amylase is a calcium dependent enzyme which hydrolyzes complex carbohydrates at alpha 1,4-linkages to form maltose and glucose. Amylase is an enzyme found in the germinating seeds. Imbibition process causes the release of growth plant hormone gibberelin which stimulates the synthesis of amylase. The activity of the amylase enzyme is affected by many factors such as temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and the presence of any ...

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Salt Concentration Effect on Reaction Rates

23 Mar 2015 05 Jun 2017

3 (1,064 )

Enzymes are proteins that catalysis chemical reaction to its highest speed. They do so by lowering the activation energy. Enzymes contain an active site where a substrate, in this case, the hydrogen peroxide binds to it and breaks into water and oxygen. Salt concentration denatures the structure of the protein, therefore, causing the rate of the reaction to decrease. The main purpose of this study was to ...

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The Effects Of Climate Change To Human Health

23 Mar 2015 02 Jun 2017

4 (1,517 )

Keywords: climate change health effects, climate change health, climate change impact health Climate change has become a hot issue lately. 21st century has to face a new crisis that could have long term effects on the world as well as on human health. Climate change becomes a hot topic now because of things that human have been doing for the last 100 years have been increasing and ...

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Pipe Surge And Water Hammer Experiment

23 Mar 2015 02 Jun 2017

10 (3,710 )

Keywords: surge tank experiment, surge tank experiment report The objective of the work undertaken was consisted two separate experiments, pipe surge and water hammer. These are both caused by a reduction in the flow rate within a pipe. They are two alternative dissipations of the kinetic energy of the fluid into another form of energy - pressure in the case of the water hammer, and potential energy ...

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gravimetric determination of chloride lab report

23 Mar 2015 01 Jun 2017

4 (1,551 )

This experiment was done to determine the amount of chloride ions present in a known Sodium Chloride sample and an unknown sample by Argentometric method. Silver nitrate solution of 0.2 M was added slowly to the aqueous solution of 0.50 g test sample while continuously stirring and the chloride was precipitated as silver chloride. This precipitate was filtered, dried and weighed. Then the average percentage of chloride ...

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Pure Culture Methods And Gram Staining

23 Mar 2015 31 May 2017

5 (1,707 )

Keywords: producing pure culture, separated colonies, bacteria culture methods Individual and well separated colonies are crucial when working with bacterial cultures. Pure culture method involves the step of taking a small and well isolated colony and transferring it to a sterile growth medium in a suitable culture vessel (Ryan & Ray, 2010). There are three types of commonly used methods to produce pure cultures. They are the ...

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DNA Extraction From Chicken Liver

23 Mar 2015 31 May 2017

3 (1,091 )

Keywords: chicken liver dna extraction Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person's body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). The information ...

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Preparation Of Diphenylisoxazoline By A Dipolar Cycloaddition

23 Mar 2015 31 May 2017

6 (2,172 )

Keywords: diphenylisoxazoline The aims of this experiment were: to synthesise a diphenylisoxazoline by a 1,3- dipolar cycloaddition reaction - this involved the preparation of an oxime which was oxidised to form a rather unstable nitrile oxide which was trapped in situ with an alkene to yield an isoxazoline.; to fully characterise both, the intermediate oxime and the final isoxazoline, with Infra-Red and Proton NMR spectra. Experimental Preparation ...

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How Does the Body Maintain Acid-Base Balance?

23 Mar 2015 31 May 2017

6 (2,091 )

Keywords: acid base balance It is important to regulate chemical balance or homeostasis of body fluids. Acidity or alkalinity has to be regulated. An acid is a substance that lets out hydrogen ions in solution. Strong acid like hydrochloric acid release all or nearly all their hydrogen ions and weak acids like carbonic acid release some hydrogen ions. Bases or alkalis have low hydrogen ion concentration and ...

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Determining Concentrations With Spectrophotometer

23 Mar 2015 30 May 2017

4 (1,437 )

To learn how to make a spectrophotometer accurately and interpret the data recorded to construct a graph and obtain a standard curve using excel. To learn how mathematical calculations of the absorbance readings and of unknowns to get the standard curve of a concentration value from the curve. Method: Refer to Proc 2048 Biochemical Engineering Lab Manual Exercise 1- The Spectrophotometer Absorbance readings of Methyl Orange and ...

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The Effects of Agonists

23 Mar 2015 30 May 2017

4 (1,357 )

Introduction The investigation involved experiments to determine the pharmacological properties of a range of reference drugs, and one unknown drug. This information can be used to help our understanding of how drugs act upon different receptor sites, and how they interact with other drugs. The effects of agonists were investigated, along with how they are affected by antagonists. From investigating the reproducibility, mimicry and effects of antagonism ...

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Kinetic Study Of An Iodine Clock Reaction

23 Mar 2015 30 May 2017

4 (1,433 )

The order of reaction with respect to I ˉ was determined to be 1 and the order of reaction for ˉ was determined to be 1. This was determined through the Method of Initial Rates. The elapsed time it took for the reaction to occur was recorded as were the concentrations of the reactants. This helped us derive the order of each reactant which helped us find ...

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Effects of Drugs on Heart Rate

23 Mar 2015 30 May 2017

6 (2,029 )

Keywords: agonist effect heart rate, antagonists effect heart rate This investigation tests the effects of various drugs on cardiovascular receptors. The experiment aims to show the differences in heart rate and blood pressure produced from several types of drugs including agonists such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, acetylcholine and their antagonists such as propanolol and atropine. Results are graphed and tabulated and there is a clear trend showing the ...

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Identifying Bacterial Growth

23 Mar 2015 26 May 2017

4 (1,212 )

Keywords: bacterial growth experiment, bacterial growth genus Introduction: This experiment was about isolating a single bacterial colony from a soil sample and identifying which genus it belongs in. This is especially important for functions such as agriculture, as knowing whether a specific soil has a high concentration of nutrient producing bacterium is essential to being able to harvest good crops. Another key component of soil bacterium, is ...

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Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanisms and Solutions

23 Mar 2015 26 May 2017

6 (2,111 )

Keywords: antibiotics discovery, antibiotic resistance mechanisms, antibiotic resistance solutions In the past 50 years, antibiotics have been critical in the fight against many diseases and infections. Their discovery was one of the leading causes for the dramatic rise of average life expectancy in the 20th century and their significance to public health would be impossible to overstate. Antibiotics are defined as any compound which either kills or ...

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Human Carbonic Anhydrase II

23 Mar 2015 25 May 2017

15 (5,889 )

Human carbonic anhydrase II is one of the fastest studied enzymes known with a variety of roles in reaction catalysis. Its primary function is to catalyze the reversible hydration reaction of carbon dioxide. In addition to carbon dioxide hydration, it is also capable of other latent skills, such as catalyzing esterase activity. The ability of human carbonic anhydrase II to function as a catalyst derives from key ...

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Population of Drosophila Melanogaster

23 Mar 2015 25 May 2017

5 (1,666 )

Keywords: winged mutant genotype, predominant phenotype, hardy weinberg equilibrium Purpose: Determining the effect of selection on a recessive allele in a population of Drosophila melanogaster by using different types in a population cage. Observations were obtained, which gave the outcome of what happened when flies exhibiting different traits were placed in a container and allowed to reproduce. Results: In the experiment, 25 male and female Drosophila ...

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Plant Engineering - An Evaluation

23 Mar 2015 24 May 2017

4 (1,328 )

Keywords: nuclear transformation in plants, genetically engineered plants, recombinant dna technology Every year human spend billions of dollars on prescription medication. Unfortunately, many are finding it increasingly more difficult to afford these expensive but necessary drugs. The rapidly escalating costs of pharmaceuticals and the prospective need for mass-produced vaccines make it necessary to produce these medicinal compounds more economically and in greater quantity. Recombinant DNA technology, the ...

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Common Uses Of Nuclear Medicine

23 Mar 2015 19 May 2017

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Nuclear medicine is a medical technique that can be used both in diagnosis and treatment. Nuclear medicine diagnosis techniques include organ imaging, functional analysis and in vitro radioimmunoassay. Radioactive tracers are taken internally by orally or intravenous injection, and emit radiation during the process of circulation and metabolism in the body. And external detectors (e.g.: gamma cameras) can capture and form images from the radiation emitted. Nuclear ...

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Origin Of Diversity Within Species

23 Mar 2015 19 May 2017

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The question to whether there is a universal common ancestor is one that has queried scientists for years, and, though so far unsuccessful, the evolutionary pathways of most species can be traced back to xmya years. The taxonomic group Araneae is one of the most ancient and diverse groups of species on earth. The earliest Aranae fossil is Attercopus fimbriunguis; it dates back to the Middle Devonian ...

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Structure And Function Of Cell Nucleus

23 Mar 2015 19 May 2017

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Cells play a major role in living organisms. Cells have various organelles that make it play its role in living organisms. Some of these organelles include nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic recticulum, Golgi apparatus. Eukaryortic cells like in humans possess a nucleus whereas bacteria and other prokaryotic cells do not have nucleus. In this essay will be focusing on the organelle nucleus. Nucleus is the most important organelle ...

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Molecular Weight Of Unknown Protein

23 Mar 2015 19 May 2017

7 (2,699 )

Abstract SDS Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is used to separate protein molecules based on size. By using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and a gel made from acrylamide, protein shape, structure and charge no longer become factors as proteins migrate on to gels and protein bands are only affected by size. Together with Western Blotting (WB) both common laboratory techniques, they are used to further determine the presence ...

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Wisconsin Fast Plants Brassica Rapa

23 Mar 2015 19 May 2017

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In Module 1, we used plant genetics of the Wisconsin Fast Plants, Brassica rapa to study transmission genetics. Brassica rapa was used since it is a model organism. A model organism possesses life cycles and characteristics that make them exceptionally suitable for transmission genetic study, "including a short generation time, manageable numbers of progeny, adaptability to a laboratory environment, and the ability to be housed and propagated ...

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Effects Of Enzyme Efficiency | Hydrolysis Of Sucrose

23 Mar 2015 19 May 2017

9 (3,443 )

In this experiment we hypothesized if a 6ml volume of supernatant invertase is added in varying dilutions to a 2 ml volume of 1% sucrose solution, then the concentration of the end product, of glucose will be directly proportionate to the amount of invertase present. To test this hypothesis we tested varying dilutions (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25%) of invertase supernatant solutions. We tested using two ...

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Submerged And Solid State Fermentation

23 Mar 2015 19 May 2017

6 (2,263 )

Higher fungi, also known as Dikarya, are a subkingdom of Fungi that is comprised of the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. They do not possess flagella and can are either filamentous or unicellular. Ascomycota is the largest phylum of the Kingdom Fungi, it contains over 64,000 species. The ascomycota classification makes up more than 75% of fungi. It is distinguished by a sexual structure called an ascus, meaning ...

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Cup Plate Method | Cultivation Of Microorganism

23 Mar 2015 19 May 2017

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An Adduct formed by stirring (0.01 mole) of aromatic aldehyde with the 40% of NaHSO3. O-phenylenediamine (0.01 mole) was dissolved in 50 ml of warm Ethanol 80. The NaHSO3 adduct of the aldehyde is added slowly with constant stirring in the warm solution of O-phenylenediamine stirred for 20-30 min still solid product obtained, then added 100 ml of Distilled water and filtered . Now the product was ...

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Compare Stomatal Distribution

23 Mar 2015 19 May 2017

7 (2,765 )

An investigation to compare stomatal distribution in shady and sunny sides in Bougainvillea Glabr. How does the stomatal density vary in the sunny and shady parts of paper flowers? (Bougainvillea Glabra) Bougainvillea Glabra are evergreen flowering plants surrounded by colorful bracts including red, yellow, golden and white. They belong to Nyctaginaceae Family and are angiosperms. The average height is 10-12ft with spread of 8ft in hot and ...

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Primary fungal pathogens

23 Mar 2015 19 May 2017

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Dissertation Introduction Fungal pathogens can be separated into two distinct groups; true or primary fungal pathogens, and opportunistic pathogens. True or primary pathogens can cause disease in any individual, regardless of their health status. Examples of these include Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which cause disease in areas of endemicity. Opportunistic fungal pathogens are not sufficiently pathogenic to cause infection in healthy individuals, ...

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Case Study: Patient With Asthma

23 Mar 2015 19 May 2017

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Patient RR is a 58 years old female with a weight of 55kg. Patient was admitted to hospital on 9th April 2009. Her presenting complaints were cough with sputum, pain when inhaling air at chest, breathless and unable to speak in full sentence. Her past medical histories were hypercholesterolemia, bronchial asthma and she has no known drug allergy. For her social history, she works as a security ...

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Pollination in Fruit

23 Mar 2015 19 May 2017

5 (1,877 )

Pollination is a basic requirement for production of fruit, seeds and thus new plants. Therefore pollination plays an important role in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. The process of pollination is simply described as the transfer of pollen (male gametes) from stamen (male reproductive organ) to the stigma (part of female reproductive organ) and further to the ovule (female gamete). This transfer process in plants varies. By definition ...

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Reaction Time And Energy Drinks

23 Mar 2015 19 May 2017

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This extended essay is an investigation into reaction times in males and females and how they were affected by Red Bull. The research question was "How significant is the reduction in reaction time due to drinking Red Bull, in males as compared to females between the ages of 16-17." To answer this, a simple experiment was carried out to obtain the necessary data. The ruler drop test ...

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Natural and catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

23 Mar 2015 18 May 2017

3 (1,131 )

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy. Enzymes are specific to one reaction due to their structure; they bind with a specific substrate at an active site to induce a conformational change that allows chemical bonds to be broken easier-thus reducing the amount of energy needed to initiate a reaction. Catalysts, and therein enzymes, are neither reactants nor products in chemical reactions. Therefore, ...

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Anatomy And Pathophysiology Of Gout

23 Mar 2015 18 May 2017

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Introduction Gout is an acute inflammatory arthritis with the potency to fully destroy the integrity of the joint leading to severe disability. It is termed as a "true crystal deposition disease" caused by formation of monosodium urate crystals in joints and other tissues. It is the common cause of inflammatory arthritis that has increased in prevalence in recent decades (Roddy and Doherty 2010). Gout normally results from ...

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Lytic Lysogenic Switch In Phage Lambda

23 Mar 2015 18 May 2017

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The bacteriophage lambda is a virus that is parasitic in bacteria, attaching by its tail to the surface to the surface of an E.coli cell and injecting its chromosome into the bacterium to multiply. The lambda infected bacterium then exhibits either a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle. Generally after infection of an E. coli host, the lambda phage chromosome lysogenizes the host. All except one gene ...

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Human Nerve Conduction Velocity

23 Mar 2015 18 May 2017

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Medsci 206 Laboratory Report 6: Human Nerve Conduction Velocity Aim: To record the EMG and observe the changes in the recording with different levels of voluntary muscle contraction velocities of both the ulnar and the median nerves that are located in the human forearm. To analyze and contrast examples of normal and abnormal nerve conduction measurements Introduction: The currents that courses through our motor ...

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Water Quality: Determination Of Alkalinity

23 Mar 2015 18 May 2017

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Alkalinity of water is its acid-neutralizing capacity. It is the sum of all the titratable bases. The measured value may vary significantly with the end-point pH used. Alkalinity is a measure of an aggregate property of water and can be interpreted in terms of specific substances only when the chemical composition of the sample is known. Alkalinity is significant in many uses and treatments of natural waters ...

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Structure and function of a serine protease

23 Mar 2015 18 May 2017

3 (1,053 )

Enzymes have a fundamental role in all metabolic reaction that occurs in all living organisms. Enzymes are proteins which has the ability to bind to substrates and break substrate into products. In most cases, enzymes act as catalyst as they aid the reactants to come closer by using their active sites. In this essay I will be reviewing the structure and function of a serine protease known ...

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Effect Of Caffeine On Reaction Times

23 Mar 2015 18 May 2017

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This study was devised to compare the reaction time of humans before and after the consumption of caffeine in the form of coffee. A total number of 50 subjects were involved in this project. Their reaction time before drinking coffee was tested using a reaction time test on the computer. 30 minutes after drinking a fixed amount of coffee, their reaction time was tested again. Generally, the ...

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Characteristics Of Hazards In Milk

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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It is clear from several food safety studies that there are three main types of hazards in food microbiological hazards, chemical hazards and physical hazards (De Boer et al. 2005; McCarthy et al. 2006; Spais and Vasileiou 2011; Yeung and Morris 2001). Milk hazards are also divided in the same categories and these may remain in milk through various processes which carried out for milk processing. Sources ...

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How Eukaryotic Organisms Came Into Existance

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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According to the University of Utah (2010) contemporary science dictates that modern day eukaryotic cells (deriving from the Greek words eu-'true', karyo-'nucleus') have evolved from simple unicellular organisms known as prokaryotes (pro-'before', karyo-'nucleus') through a series of random mutations, others wise known as natural selection. They are both considered to be living organisms as both types of cells; can be organized in a hierarchy( depending on feeding ...

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Analysis Of A Linear Accelerator

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

6 (2,349 )

Nowadays patient with cancer are treated by radiation, surgery, chemotherapy or with a combination of these options. The radiotherapy treatment unit used to deliver radiation to cancerous cells and tissues is the linear accelerator, also known as linac. The linear accelerator has been defined by Khan F. M. (2003) as a device that uses high-frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate electrons, to high energies through a linear tube. ...

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Classes Of Radiopaque Contrast Media

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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INTRODUCTION In medical imaging, contrast media have been search because the differences in density among body tissues is too small. Contrast media is used to provide more adequate contrast for good visualization and differences of anatomical details. This will be advantages to radiographer to provide more clearly image that can be easily to anylize. It is necessary to increase or decrease density of interested organ to provide ...

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The Fluid Mosaic Model Of Membrane Structure

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

4 (1,532 )

The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure is a cell membrane that behaves like a two- dimensional liquid of mixed composition. The cell membrane is described to be fluid because of its hydrophobic components that are integrated into the membrane structure such as lipids and membrane proteins that move sideways throughout the membrane. That means the membrane more like a fluid. The membrane is referred to as ...

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