Role of Biomolecules in the Human Body

23 Mar 2015 05 Dec 2017

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Complex organic compounds which governs the common activities of living organisms are called as biomolecules. Living systems are made up of various complex biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, etc. In addition to that some simple molecules like vitamins and mineral salts also play an important role in the functions of organisms. DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES: CARBOHYDRATES: Carbohydrates are primarily produced by plants and form a ...

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Medical Applications of Nanobubbles

23 Mar 2015 05 Dec 2017

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Echogenic bubble formulations have wide applications disease diagnosis and therapy. Therefore, nanobubbles were prepared and the contrast agent function was evaluated in order to study the nanosized bubble's property for ultrasonic imaging. For this purpose Coumarin-6 as a model drug was loaded into nanobubbles to investigate the drug delivery potential to cells. The results showed that the nanobubbles composed of 1% of Tween 80, and 3 mg/ml ...

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Drug Interaction Between Phenytoin and Statins

23 Mar 2015 05 Dec 2017

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STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All sources evaluated were published in English and included original case reports, letters, and medical record or database reviews that described an interaction between phenytoin and statins or a specific statin. DATA SYNTHESIS: Primary and tertiary literature describe the decreased efficacy of specific statins secondary to the concomitant use with phenytoin. Limited evidence exists for monitoring patients' phenytoin and cholesterol. However, increased ...

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Isolation of Pathogenic Microorganisms

23 Mar 2015 05 Dec 2017

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Food handlers with poor hygienic conditions working in motels, hotels, restaurants and road side food vendors in and around Vellore could be the potential source of infection due to presence of different pathogenic microorganism in or on their body. We conducted a test to detect the pathogenic microorganisms in the nail sample of 17 food handlers. The nail samples were examined for the presence of different pathogens ...

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In vitro Pharmacodynamic Infection Model (IVPM) Analysis

23 Mar 2015 05 Dec 2017

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'Drug resistance follows the drug like a faithful shadow' said by Paul Ehrlich. For the major classes of known antibiotics resistance has developed within few years from the time of clinical introduction of the drug. Sulphonamide resistance was reported in 1939, streptomycin resistance in 1946 and penicillin resistance in 1946 (G. J. Ebrahim, 2010). Bacterial resistance can be innate or acquired. In innate resistance, a bacterial species ...

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Recrystallisation Process of Aspirin

23 Mar 2015 05 Dec 2017

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To familiarize themselves with the preparation of some simple organic compound and to purify the compound by Recrystallisation. This experiment also enables students to conduct the synthesis of aspirin, reinforce the skills of Recrystallisation and also the technique of melting point determination. By the end of the experiment, one should have acquired the skills to use Recrystallisation to purify solids. Procedure This experiment is mainly broken into ...

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Acid-alkaline Extraction Experiment

23 Mar 2015 05 Dec 2017

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Phenolic compounds undergo similar salt formation with sodium hydroxide solution. Hence, a sodium hydroxide solution can be used to extract a carboxylic acid or phenolic compound from its solution in an organic solvent, or conversely, an organic solvent can be used to remove organic impurities from a carboxylic acid or phenol dissolved in aqueous sodium hydroxide. Aqueous solutions of sodium bicarbonate likewise convert carboxylic acids to their ...

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Daniell Cell Construction and Working

23 Mar 2015 05 Dec 2017

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JOHN FREDRRIC DANIELL, a British chemist & meteorologist, was the inventor of the daniell cell. He invented it in 1836. He wanted to eliminate the hydrogen bubble problem which is found in the voltaic pile, and his solution was to use a second electrolyte to consume the hydrogen produced by the first. The Daniell cell was a great invention over the existing technology used in the early ...

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Secretors and Non-secretors Disease Susceptibility

23 Mar 2015 05 Dec 2017

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Human population can be categorized into secretors and non-secretors based on A, B and H antigen on basis of presence or absence of these blood group antigens in the body fluids and secretions, such as saliva, sweat, tears, semen, serum, mucus present in the digestive tract or respiratory cavities etc. Secretors are individuals that secrete blood group antigens in their body fluids while non-secretors are the individuals ...

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Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System

23 Mar 2015 05 Dec 2017

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Drugs acting in CNS were among the first to be discovered by primitive humans and are still the most widely used group of pharmacologic agents. In addition to their use in therapy, many drugs acting on the CNS are used without prescription to increase one's sense of well being. The mechanism by which various drugs act in the CNS have not been clearly understood. In last three ...

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Zoonotic Diseases: An Overview

23 Mar 2015 05 Dec 2017

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Zoonotic diseases are animal diseases that can be transmitted to humans. Transmission can be by ingestion, inhalation, bites, scratches, contact with contaminated products, and vector-borne. There are over 200 zoonotic diseases that can possibly threaten your health and involve several different causative agents, such as bacteria, parasites, viruses, and others. I am only going to inform you of just a hand full that is caused by bacteria ...

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Computer Simulation of Action Potential in Squid Axon

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Please use this proforma to record your data. You should aim to complete the experimental part and answer all the questions before you leave. Please show your completed pro-forma to one of the demonstrators before leaving so that they can check with you that you can answer all the questions. This will form also be available as electronically on studynet. You can use the electronic form to ...

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Activity of Amylase - Temperature and Ph

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ACTIVITY OF A-AMYLASE ENZYME IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE AND PH Alpha amylase is an enzyme. It specific binds with water and starch. It hydrolyses starch and glycogen to give glucose and maltose. It acts on the alpha bonds of polysaccharides. Because of the specificity of the enzymes activity the structure of the enzyme must be precise. Any factor which will cause denaturation of ...

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Image Quality and Signal to Noise Ratio

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive medical test that uses intense magnetic fields to make images of the inside of the body. Generally, the magnetic resonance (MR) image quality depends on the effect of MRI parameters on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) which is often calculated using samples taken from reconstructed image that will enhance image quality. Ogura, Miyai, Maeda, Fkutake and Kikumoto (2003) state that the ...

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Genetic Investigation of Corn

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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According to Mendel's Law of Segregation, phenotypic ratios may be influenced by dominance of one allele compared to another. The alleles separate when an organism produces gametes via meiosis. This experiment investigated INTRODUCTION In order to conduct this experimental, Mendel's laws of inheritance were to be studied in order to understand genetics. Mendel's first law (the principle of segregation), is where two alleles of a homologous pair ...

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Alzheimer's Disease Causes and Symptoms

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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ABSTRACT : Alzheimer's Disease is a neurological disease majorly characterized by "decline in the brain function" and "memory loss". The disease involves mainly three stages. Different chemical factors and possibly genetic factors are responsible for causing the disease. Symptoms can be treated by provision of the sufficient supplements to reduce the risk of the disease. Techniques are also available for the treatment and detection which are being ...

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Dengue Fever and the Immune System

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Dengue virus cause variable range of dengue shock syndrome with fatal dengue varies from undifferentiated. Because of the increasing incidence and geographical distribution of dengue in the past 50 years, dengue has become increasingly recognized as one of the main infectious diseases in the world. This research will study the aspects of immune system and dengue. Also offers the importance of dengue virus infection and discusses the ...

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Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Regenerative medicine is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the replacement, repair or restoration of injured tissues. This field emerged from the need for reconstruction in children and adults in whom tissue has been damaged by diseases, trauma and congenital anomalies. Stem cell research is a promising field with an alluring potential for therapeutic intervention, and thus begs a critical understanding of the long-term consequences of stem cell ...

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Food Processing Strategies for Quality

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food or to transform food into other forms for consumption by humans or animals either in the home or by the food processing industry. Food processing typically takes clean, harvested crops or butchered animal products and uses these to produce attractive, marketable and often long shelf-life food products. Similar processes are used ...

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The Chemistry of Pheromones

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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The first pheromone was identified in 1953. This pheromone, called BOMBYKOL is secreted by female moths and carried a "come to me" signal to males. This signal can travel large distances and is effective at low concentrations. The mammalian pheromone system was more difficult to understand because mammals, far from having the simple stereotyped behaviour of insects, have complex and independent behaviour. Mammals were found to detect ...

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Enzymes Effects on the Rates of Chemical Reactions

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Enzymes increases the rates of chemical reactions by providing a reaction pathway with a transition state free energy barrier lower than the uncatalyzed reaction (i.e. by lowering the free energy barrier that separates the reactants and products). The diagram below shows the reaction coordinate. (a) Enzymes catalyzed oxidation-reduction reactions only in relationship with small cofactors, which act like their chemical teeth. Cofactors may be ions like Cu2, ...

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Synthesis of Metal Acetylacetonate Complexes

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) is useful for identifying types of chemical bonds in an organic or inorganic molecule such as its functional group by producing an IR (infrared) absorption spectrum. FTIR can be used for qualitative analysis for known compound and quantitative analysis for unknown compound that is either in solid, liquid or gaseous state. However, FTIR alone is insufficient to identify an unknown compound. Though, ...

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SIR Model of Epidemics - Investigation

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Epidemic is applied to a disease which, spreading widely, attacks many person at the same time. Epidemic is a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease. When an epidemic exists, it will affect many human populations. There were many factors to simulate the rise of epidemics such as poor population health, immigration and failure of public health programs. According to the world health organization appeared, disease should have ...

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Asthma Causes Effects and Prevention

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Asthma is a chronic disease caused by the inflammation of the respiratory tract. It is characterized by obstructions in the airflow and bronchoplasm, shortness in breathing, tightness of the chest, coughs and wheezes. Furthermore, its prevalent rate is higher among children in crowded inner-city places or among homeless children. Statistics have indicated that there is a rise in the rate of diagnosis especially among children below the ...

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History of Soap and Detergents

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Soap is integral to our society today, and we find it hard to imagine a time when people were kept sweet-smelling by the action of perfume rather than soap. However, the current widespread use of soap is only a very recent occurrence, despite the fact that it has been made for more than 2500 years. The first recorded manufacture of soap was in 600BC, when Pliny the ...

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Examining Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a generic term for techniques used for increasing the amount of crude oil that can be extracted from an oil well. Using EOR, 30-60 % of the reservoir original oil can be extracted compared with 20-40% using primary and secondary recovery techniques. Enhanced oil recovery is also called improved oil recovery or tertiary recovery. This improved extraction is achieved by gas injection, ...

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The Importance of Colorimetry

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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In physical and analytical chemistry, colorimetry is a technique used to determine the concentration of solution. It is widely used in biochemical estimations. A substance estimated by colorimetry, must be either colored or more commonly, capable of forming chromo genes, through interaction with suitable reagents. The instrument known as colorimeter or photometer is in fact, an absorptiometer, since it is the amount of light absorbed, which is ...

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Migraine Headaches: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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A migraine headache(1) is a type of vascular headache.it is caused by Vassodillation.In it release of chemicals from nerve fibers occurs which coil around the large arteries of brain. Sympathetic nervous system is usually activated by migraine attacks, which controls responses that cause pain and strees. The oral medicine which are taken to treat migraine headaces,their impaired absorption is a main reason for the ineffectivness of medicines.Migraine ...

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Separation of Proteins Investigation

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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The main reason for protein purification is to isolate a protein of interest from the rest of the contaminants, so its conformation (structure) and other figures can be studied. This has always been fundamental to many biochemical experiments. Once require region of cellular protein is established, the protein is then liberated into solution and separated from contaminating materials. This is done by sequential use of different fraction ...

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Salt Concentrations on Germination of Seeds

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Through my research, I decided to use rye, oats and barley seeds because due to the increasing salinity problems, there would be future food shortages due to global warming damaging crops and the increasing human population. The seeds were treated with different salt concentration solutions of sodium chloride, magnesium sulphate, calcium sulphates and bicarbonates. A Chi Squared test was done to find the relationship between each of ...

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Mortality Rate of Cryptococcus Neoformans

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Compare the mortality rate of C. neoformans in Australia and sub-Saharan Africa. Do they differ? Provide an explanation for any discrepancy observed. Mortality due to cryptococcosis in Australia and sub-Saharan Africa One of the most severe complications of C. neoformans infection is cryptococcal meningitis. It accounts for 720,000 estimated cases and 504,000 deaths yearly in sub-Saharan Africa, 100 cases and 9 deaths in the Oceania region ...

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Digestive System of the Pig

23 Feb 2017 04 Dec 2017

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Chapter 4: The digestive system of the pig Learning objectives: After you have studied this chapter, you should: 1. Get a fundamental understanding of the porcine digestive tract 2. Describe the essential digestive processes 3. Understand the role of the digestive organs in digestion and absorption 1 Introduction (HNL/MSH) 2 Anatomy of the digestive system (HNL) The anatomy the porcine digestive tract has been described and illustrated ...

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ECOSISTEMAS DE AGUAS CONTINENTALES

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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ECOSISTEMAS DE AGUAS CONTINENTALES Los ecosistemas de aguas continentales son los que se encuentran en los continentes y han perdido toda su salinidad por evaporación (ya que, al pasar a estado gaseoso de ellas, se separa cualquier sustancia sólida como la sal) por ello, además de ser potables tienen un sabor dulce para el ser humano que las puede distinguir de las aguas saladas de los océanos. ...

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Effects of Particle Sizes on Lactose Diluents

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Powder size and flow properties are crucial in dictating the quality of manufactured capsules in terms of weight variation and content uniformity. The aim of this experiment was therefore: To assess and investigate the effects of different particle sizes of lactose diluents on their flowability which was measured by the angle of repose and percentage compressibility of the coarse and the fine lactose diluents and how this ...

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Annotated Bibliography on Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD)

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Marsano et al., 2003, reported that Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a serious and potentially fatal outcome caused due to alcohol usage. ALD encompasses three conditions mainly fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. The diagnosis and management of this disease is important for decreasing the mortality. For accurate diagnosis of ALD new bio marker or idenififier proteins are being investigated. There is no specific therapy for ALD ...

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Microevolution to Macroevolution

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Evolving: Microevolution to Macroevolution There are many changes that the earth undergoes. Microevolution, a small change in the gene frequency of a population, is one of these changes that scientist have explored. Evolution at this scale can be observed over short periods of time. Theses changes are due to factors such as natural selection of genes, new populations are genes mixing with genes, gene mutation, and genetic ...

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Overview of the Origins of Life Initiative

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Although many people believe that Charles Darwin was the father of evolution, in fact he only published twenty-five (25) words on the subject on how life began. They were: “Probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was breathed.” (On the Origin of Life on Earth, 198) Darwin's theory was that life emerged ...

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Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides in Humans

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Antimicrobial peptides Introduction Cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are gene-encoded peptides of the host defence system made up of 12-50 amino acids, with at least 2 positive charges conferred by lysine and arginine residues and about 50% hydrophobic amino acids (Hancock and Scott 2000). They are produced from gene transcription and ribosomal translation and often, further proteolytically processed (Zhoa 2003). The peptides are folded so that non-polar amino ...

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Familial Hypercholesterolemia Inheritance

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Familial Hypercholesterolemia Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by high cholesterol levels, specifically low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and an increased risk of having a heart attack early in life (MEDPED 2009). Heterozygous FH is a common condition which occurs in 1 in 500 people. FH is an inherited disorder, you are born with it or your not (Citkowitz 2009). FH was the first inherited disorder ...

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Methods of Food Prservation

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Introduction Food is an organic substance once eaten provides human body with the required energy. Food is mostly organic in that it contains carbon and hydrogen molecules and degenerates over time. Food once exposed to air undergoes reaction which is normally referred to as degeneration. Scientists have observed that, if left unattended, food provides a perfect breeding site for micro-organisms. These micro-organisms which include bacteria and fungi ...

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Human Skin Pigmentation Processes

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Human skin pigmentation can be regulated by various physiological factors such as hormones, peptides derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and also by the -melanocyte-stimulating hormone (-MSH) via the melanocortin-1-receptor (MC-1R) pathway. A further factor believed to have a regulatory mechanism in human skin pigmentation is a key enzyme known as tyrosinase. Melanocytes also have a role in determining and regulating the human skin pigmentation. Melanocytes form two types ...

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Food Waste - Types and Causes

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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1. Introduction The aim of the research study is to make an overall analysis of food wastes, its various types and their causes, composting and different processes involved, various methods and techniques practiced in different countries, and overall benefits and advantages/disadvantages of food waste composting. There are mainly two broad categories of food waste viz., organic food waste arising due to human consumption at home, restaurants and ...

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Pagets Disease of Bone - Causes and Treatments

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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Paget's disease of the bone, also known as Osteitis Deformans (Paget 1877) is a chronic inflammatory condition that results in the proliferation and softening of the bone that may affect any or all parts in the skeleton (Mann, 1990). It is characterised by increased bone remodelling, bone hypertrophy and abnormal bone structure. It is rarely present before the age of 55, therefore is found in increasing prevalence ...

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Mendel's Genetic Laws - Principles

03 Oct 2016 04 Dec 2017

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Q1: Deoxyribonucleic acid, more known as DNA, is a genetic material that exists in all living organisms. Within DNA there is a short segment that involves genes, and these genes are what have been passed down from parents to their children. A gene is a specific order of nucleotides producing pieces of a chromosome that are conveying information from parents to their offspring, and is held ...

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Animal Biotechnology in Developing Countries

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: APPLICATIONS, RISKS AND ETHICS TO BE CONSIDERED ABSTRACT In majority of the developing countries, the application of biotechnology associated to livestock has to be appropriate for the animal owners who lack resources and who have small land and few animals. Livestock is becoming highly necessary for the developing countries in terms of economic growth, healthy life style and socio-economic objectives. Livestock ...

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Principle of Homoeostasis - An Overview

23 Mar 2015 04 Dec 2017

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The aim of this essay below is to explain homeostasis, the principles involves, the negative feedback, the control of the blood glucose level, the mechanism of temperature regulation and the structure of the kidney and the function and the hormonal control of osmoregulation. Homeostasis is the process of keeping the body environment in a steady state. The importance of this is that a great deal of the ...

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Genome Sequencing Approaches

30 Nov 2017

9 (3,235 )

1. Introduction During the last 100 years, medical genetics grew from a simple human curiosity for a few rare hereditary disorders, to a recognized medical specialty with concepts and approaches that are key elements for the diagnosis and management of many disorders, both common and rare (Thompson & Thompson). Numerous DNA techniques in parallel with association and linkage studies have greatly contributed to the identification of ...

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Effect of Temperature on Energy Budgets of Cyprinus Carpio

30 Nov 2017

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  [VJG1] I. OXYGEN CONSUMPTION Introduction On a global scale, variation in temperature separates geographical extent and occurrences of organisms into different latitudinal gradients and habitat choice. This separation was attributed to the physiological tolerance and adaptation of each organisms to variation in climates with latitudes (Addo-Bediako et al, 2000; Angilletta et al, 2002). Temperature variation further impact the behavior of fish in such a ...

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Hazards of Plasma Transfusions - Monitoring Strategies

30 Nov 2017

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Critically discuss the hazards associated with transfusion of plasma products. In your answer refer to the role of SHOT for monitoring such hazards. The use of plasma products during transfusion is not without hazards (Sachs, 2010). Plasma is a fluid compartment of blood and is made of 90% water, 7% colloids/proteins and 3% nutrients and vitamins (Shaz, Abrams, Hillyer & Roshal, 2013). Plasma can be manufactured ...

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Human Skeletal and Muscular Systems

30 Nov 2017

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Rumana Anam Describe the Human Skeletal and Muscular System in detail (legacy, 2015) A – Describe in detail the gross structure of Human Skeletal system explaining the properties and functions of tendons ligaments and cartilages also describing the different types of joints with elaborate description of synovial joints with examples. Human Skeletal System There are two types of skeletal system:- Axial Skeleton Axial ...

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Amino Acid Quantitative Analysis

30 Nov 2017

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N.Koen Introduction Amino acids give the basic building blocks of forming a protein and play an essential role in the energy metabolism, neurotransmission, and lipid transport. Their quantitative analysis is important for various uses, including disease diagnostics and in elucidating nutritional influences on physiology (Fromm & Hargrove, 2012). Amino acid levels in the body fluids are used to diagnose metabolic deficiencies. Deprived or excessive levels of ...

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Research on Plankton Population Changes

30 Nov 2017

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PHYTOPLANKTONS DIVERSITY IN A IRRIGATION cum fish culture RESERVOIR DR. PRAVEEN OJHA ASST. PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF ZOOLOGY KISHORI RAMAN P.G. COLLEGE, MATHURA, U.P. e-mail : [email protected] Abstract Sixty-one genera of phytoplankton’s were recorded out of which; twenty-nine genera of Chlorophyceae, twenty-one genera of Basillariophyceae, nine genera of Cyanophyceae and two genera of Dinophyceae are found at Barnoo reservoir. The present paper deals with the study of ...

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Stereopsis Experiment Design

29 Nov 2017

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Experiment 9: Stereopsis INTRODUCTION Stereopsis is the capability of assessing the depth of objects in the visual field, using the relative positions of the objects visualized by each eye.1 The difference in the right eye’s and left eye’s views in terms of the location of an object is defined as binocular disparity.2 The acquirement of the depth concept is a direct consequence of having laterally ...

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L. Chinense Growth Conditions and Artificial Pollination

29 Nov 2017

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INTRODUCTION The genus Liriodendron is a distinctive and valuable hardwood that has great ecological and economic values. It grows fast and the wood is light and soft, so it is cultivated in many temperate mountains of the world for wood production [1-4] and it’s recommended for waste landfill remediation [5]. It's a flowering plant with beautiful leaves and hence used for urban landscaping as it provides ...

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Observation of Ecosystem in National Park

29 Nov 2017

4 (1,316 )

Ecology is the term that is used to describe habitation of organisms. This term was first used by the German zoologist in the year 1866. Ecosystem can, thus, be defined as a dynamic system in which the plant, animals and micro organisms interact with the non living (abiotic) components for survival (T. Vold 2008). Ecology can be plant ecology or animal ecology, depending upon the area ...

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Advantages and Disadvantages of GMOs

29 Nov 2017

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Background of GMOs Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have become very controversial among both the public and scientists with its benefits and drawbacks (Wohlers, 2013). With the introduction of Flavr Savr tomato, GMOs entered the commercial market in early 1990s (James, 1996). GMOs are living organisms that are derived from genetic manipulation in which its genetic material (DNA) has been modified using genetic engineering techniques ...

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Endothelial Function and Carotid Intima Media Thickness

29 Nov 2017

7 (2,470 )

INTRODUCTION With increasing urbanization worldwide, particularly in developing countries where a large proportion of the world's population resides, a new set of diseases are being identified. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one such disease. The incontrovertible data linking OSA to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (1–4) has further put the spotlight on this condition in recent times. It has been hypothesized that abnormal endothelial function may be ...

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Isotonic Concentration of Lettuce and Chinese Cabbage

29 Nov 2017

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Determination of the Isotonic Concentration of Sodium Chloride Solution to Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa) and Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa)1 Josua Alvarez Ann Justine Marzo Patrick Ocampo Paula Tiongson   ABSTRACT The isotonic concentration of lettuce and Chinese cabbage to sodium chloride was determined by obtaining a thin layer from the midrib of each of the freshly harvested leaves and then was cut to four. Each ...

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Meningitis: Neisseria Meningitides | An Overview

29 Nov 2017

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Katie Porsch Jenna Simpson Hippocrates once spoke about a very toxic and lethal discovery in his texts. This discovery is now known to our human society as Meningitis. The scientific name for this very life-threatening disease is Neisseria meningitidis. The first known outbreak of Hippocrates assumptions was claimed to be in Geneva in 1805 (Dr Ananya Mandal, 2015). However, there are other sources that ...

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Methylated DNA Unmethylated DNA

29 Nov 2017

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(Cytosine in CpG) 5’-ACGTCAGCCG-3’ 5’-ACGTCAGCCG-3’   After the Bisulfite treatment 5’-ACGTTAGTCG-3’ 5’-ATGTTAGTTG-3’ _ Figure … Bisulfite conversion of unmethylated cytosine followed by PCR. (methyaltion ffpe---11.8.9 –bs con) Bisulfite-conversion of unmethylated cytocine to uracil is a three step process. First step is the reversible addition of HSO3- to cytosine. Second step is the liberation of NH3 by hydrolysis, and third step is the release of HSO3- ...

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Serum-hepatocyte Growth Factor (S-HGF) in Diagnosis of SPNs

29 Nov 2017

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Value of hepatocyte growth factor in the differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules[F1] Haixin Yu, Yan Wang*, Wenduan Ma, Haixiang Yu, Shengtao Shang Abstract Purpose: To evaluate serum-hepatocyte growth factor (S-HGF) in the differentiation of solitary pulmonary nodules(SPNs)[F2].[F3] Methods: The study comprised 42 serum samples from SPN patients and 10 healthy samples as control. The HGF was measured by the commercially available immunoassay[F4].[F5] Serum levels of ...

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Gamma Radiation as a Mutagen on Zea Mays’ Growth

29 Nov 2017

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Effects of Gamma Radiation as a Mutagen on Zea mays’ growth John Numock Malayang ABSTRACT Treating the plants with radiations, for example gamma radiation could cause significant changes to the plants such as the ability of it to mutate, and might also leave other varying effects on plants. The objective of this study is to determine the growth of corn plant (Zea mays) under ...

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BioH2 Production in Protein to Community Level Perspective

29 Nov 2017

8 (3,079 )

Abstract Excessive usage of traditional energy reserves leading to increased environmental pollution and global warming have strongly urged for alternative sustainable energy source. Due to non-polluting nature and high energy yields, H2 gas is considered as an ideal candidate for alternative fuel. Microbe-assisted H2 production from bioconversion of organic wastes is a cost-effective and sustainable approach, addressing energy production through organic waste disposal. Organic wastes such ...

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Biological Activities of Betulin and Betulinic Acid

29 Nov 2017

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Betulin is the one of the premier pure, crystalline natural product obtained from plants through extraction and sublimation of birch bark (Lowitz 1788). Betulin and betulinic acid are closely related to each other, often found together in varying amount in different plant species when extracted by different solvents . Early anti septic property of betulin and its use become famous to be used in plaster for ...

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Population Dynamics of Soybean Semilooper Gesonia Gemma

29 Nov 2017

8 (2,912 )

Study of Population Dynamics of Soybean Semilooper Gesonia gemma by using Rule Induction Model in Maharashtra Cruz Antony J1 and Pratheepa M2* ABSTRACT Gesonia gemma Swinhoe (1885), the grey semilooper has emerged as a serious threat to the soybean crop. This defoliator causes heavy damage to the crop in the form of loss in grain weight and grain number. Gesonia gemma population from various districts of ...

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Intestinal Bacteria in Treatment of Behcet’s Disease (BD)

29 Nov 2017

5 (1,609 )

The hypothesis We propose that certain intestinal bacteria have potential roles in the treatment of uveitis patients with Behcet’s disease (BD) through the modulation of Th17 cells. Introduction of Behcet’s disease BD is a systemic inflammatory disease of unknown origin that has a diverse spectrum of clinical manifestations, including mucocutaneous, vascular, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and central nervous system involvement. The prevalence of BD is higher along the ...

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Are We Entering the Post Antibiotic Era?

29 Nov 2017

6 (2,137 )

Introduction Antibiotics have been the main course of treatment for microbial infections throughout the years since Sir Alexander Fleming first discovered that Staphylococcus aureus colonies could be destroyed by Penicillium chrysogenum (Houbraken et al., 2011), leading to the production of Penicillin G Procaine in 1942 by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain (Ligon, 2004). The following years saw improvements being made in the treatment of infectious diseases ...

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Effect of Increasing Amount of Radiation on Corn (Zea mays)

29 Nov 2017

8 (2,878 )

The Effect of Increasing Amount of Radiation on the Plant Growth of Corn (Zea mays)1 Pamela Ysabel B. Mendoza   ABSTRACT The effect of radiation on the growth of corn plants was determined by planting exposed and unexposed seeds. It is expected that plants exposed to higher radiation will exhibit hindered growth. 20 corn seeds were left unexposed to radiation (control) while 60 seeds ...

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Cockle Isolates of Vibrio Vulnificus Research Experiment

29 Nov 2017

9 (3,287 )

Isolation and identification characterization among cockle isolates of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from Selangor, Malaysia Coastal area Mohammed M. Kurdi Al-Dulaimi, Sahilah Abd. Mutalib and Ma`aruf Abd.Ghani Key words: Vibrio vulnificus, cockles, isolation, characterization, Malaysia. ABSTRACT: Vibrio vulnificus infections is worldwide public health problems associated with illnesses resulting from consumption of raw or partially cooked seafood worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate ...

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Heredity, Genetics and Protein Synthesis

29 Nov 2017

7 (2,768 )

Warda Abdulkadir Ahmed TAQ 1) 1. In humans each nucleus contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, 23 each from a mother and father. Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells made of chromatids consisting of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is in turn made up of four nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine ...

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Plant Homeostatic Genes

29 Nov 2017

5 (1,768 )

Devyani A.Bakre   1) Plant regulation: Regulation and coordination systems in plants are much simpler than in animals Homeostatic regulation of plants seeks to: Maintain an adequate uptake of water and nutrients form soil into leaves Control stomata opening so that water loss is minimised and carbon dioxide is maximised When plants respond to environmental conditions such as high temperature or salinity, they are ...

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Grizzly Bear Reintroduction to the Cascades

29 Nov 2017

4 (1,599 )

Alexandra Townsend Before the mid nineteen hundreds grizzly bears could be found in abundance along the northern cascades of Washington State. However, Grizzly bears were seen as a potential harm to the expanding human population and the increased value for their fur lead to their downfall. Grizzly bears are a rare occurrence in the Northern Cascades after hunting and urbanization wiped out the population ...

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Effect of Increasing Concentration of Cobalt Ion Irradiation

29 Nov 2017

5 (1,907 )

A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF INCREASING CONCENTRATION OF COBALT ION IRRADIATION AS MUTATION INDUCER TOWARDS THE GROWTH OF ZEA MAYS Benjamin V. Cunanan ABSTRACT To understand the effect of irradiance in the growth of plant, four setups in corn (Zea mays) were used. The varying doses of exposure to radiation included control or zero treatment for comparison, and the remaining included treatment with 10, 30, ...

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White spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Experiment

29 Nov 2017

6 (2,214 )

Abstract White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) continues to cause huge economic losses in the aquaculture farms due to rapid spread and broad host range. In this study, we synthesized a novel synthetic compound 3-(1-chloropiperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro benzisoxazole 2 and were screened for antiviral activity against WSSV using fresh water crabs Paratelphusa hydrodomous (Herbst). In vivo bio-assay was carried out to determine the antiviral activity. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain ...

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Process of Reproduction in the Human Body: Comparing Genders

29 Nov 2017

8 (2,902 )

Sophie Jesuthasan Explain the process of reproduction with particular reference to the role of the different structures within the male and the female reproductive systems. (212 words) Within the female body, the ova develops within the ovarian follicles which are contained within the ovaries. The mature ova is ejected from the ovary and wafted by cilia along the oviducts. If not fertilised, the ova ...

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Nutrient Cycle of an Isolated Cave

29 Nov 2017

10 (3,891 )

Introduction The caves are simple natural laboratories. The climate of the cave is very stable and easy to define. Cave environment is composed with a twilight part close to the entrance, a middle part of full darkness and unstable temperature, finally a part of full darkness and stable temperature in deeper. The twilight part is the biggest and most diverse fauna container. The middle part contains ...

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Organisation of the Body

29 Nov 2017

10 (3,851 )

Karen Stroud   Light Microscope Electron Microscope Magnifies an object using visible light to pass through the lens and bend through the specimen, wavelengths are filtered to produce an image. Can be seen by the eye when light is passed through eyepiece lens. Specimens can be living or dead. These use beams ...

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Morals in the New Molecular Economy

29 Nov 2017

5 (1,750 )

Robert L. Robinson Stacey Abbott   Reality exists independent of consciousness. Human beings gain objective knowledge by concept and logic formation based on their perception of reality through the use of their senses. The proper moral purpose of one’s life is the pursuit of one’s own happiness or rational self-interest. Rejects every form of human sacrifice. By This definition, we understand why “reality” is ...

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Effect of Concentration of Mouth Wash to Bacteria Count

29 Nov 2017

5 (1,838 )

Introduction Bacteria are common prokaryote micro-organisms that are undetectable to the naked eye. These micro-organisms are evident throughout the world in all mediums whether it be, dirt, water or organic matter. The main factor contributing to the abundance of bacteria is the ability to reproduce without another partner. Bacteria undergo a process called Binary Fission, where the cell makes a copy of genetic material, DNA, and ...

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Comparison of Aspirin and Paracetamol

29 Nov 2017

4 (1,456 )

Pain is a sensation and it is due to injury or illness. People might experience pain that is steady and constant or sharp and sudden. In addition, pain can be mild, moderate and severe. Depending on the level of pain, it can be treated in different ways. Normally, it will affect people’s ability to carry out daily activities and thus people will seek for medical attention ...

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Bellis Perennis in Different Areas of Light Intensity

29 Nov 2017

9 (3,266 )

Lauren Saxby Compare the concentration of Bellis Perennis in different areas of light intensity Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the concentration of Bellis Perennis (More commonly known as the English daisy) in different areas of light intensity. Plan: Hypothesis: The concentration of Bellis Perennis will be greater when there is a greater light intensity. Null hypothesis: The growth pattern of ...

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California Spotted Owl Population Analysis

29 Nov 2017

10 (3,922 )

Title Introduction The California Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) is one of the three subspecies of spotted owl and is found throughout California. It exists as a series of isolated local populations (metapopulation) of varying size from Monterey in the north, down the Sierra Nevada and throughout the mountainous regions of Southern California. The reason for this population structure is due to the discontinuous nature of ...

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Physiology of the Vagina

29 Nov 2017

8 (3,018 )

INTRODUCTION Vagina is a fibro muscular tube that extends 6-12 cm from cervix of the uterus. The surface of the vagina is composed of numerous folds, often called rugae. These folds keep distensability, support and provide an increased surface area of the vaginal wall. The vaginal wall is comprised of three layers: the epithelial layer, tunica adventia and the muscular coat. The epithelial layer creates the ...

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Serum Electrolytes in Tribes of Chikhaldhara Region

29 Nov 2017

7 (2,490 )

Serum Electrolytes Observed in Tribes of Chikhaldhara Region. Dist. Amravati (M.S.) Ingole A. B.   Abstract: The present cross sectional study was undertaken among the trible people of Chikhaldhara Region to estimate and compare some biochemical parameters such as Sodium and Potassium, concentration in different age groups of trible Male and Female. Total 257 Males and 319 Females were taken for examination. Concentration of ...

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H.pylori Virulence Factors with Gastric Cancer

29 Nov 2017

12 (4,640 )

The Relationship between cagH, cagL, cagG, and orf17 Genotypes of Helicobacter pylori cag Pathogenicity Island with Peptic Ulcerations and Gastric Cancer Negin Raei*, Saeid Latifi-Navid, Saber Zahri Abstract Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) specific genotypes have been correlated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal disease in Iran. The aim of this study was finding the relevance of H.pylori virulence factors (cagH, cagL, cagG, and orf17) with ...

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Study of Intestinal Parasites in HIV Patients

29 Nov 2017

4 (1,232 )

DISCUSSION The introduction of antiretroviral therapy has lessened the prevalence of gastrointestinal infections in HIV patients, this notwithstanding, several people with HIV infection still suffer from intestinal parasitosis [20]. Co-infections of intestinal parasitosis found among HIV patients from low income countries has been anything from 18% to 50% [5-7]. In the current study, an overall prevalence of intestinal parasite among the study population was 19.3%. However, ...

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TTX and Genotoxicity of Diodon Hystrix Organs

29 Nov 2017

9 (3,283 )

Identification of TTX and Genotoxicity of Diodon hystrix Organs Adwaid Manu K, Vignesh M., Riven Chocalingum Abstract Tetrodotoxin is alkaloid based aquatic toxins. These toxins are one of the most potent non-proteinaceous toxins as well as the best-known marine natural toxins. Diodon hystrix (porcupine fish) were collected from Chennai costal region and dissected under sterile conditions to obtain: liver, skin, gonads, intestine, eyes and ...

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Evaluating Post-irradiation Tissue Alterations

29 Nov 2017

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Towards evaluating post-irradiation tissue alterations Abstract: We seek to call to attention the paucity of data concerning irradiation effects on the extracellular matrix and of organised tissues. Examples of such research are cited as are some of the limiting factors towards obtaining meaningful results. We further seek to engender a range of research towards further improving the quality of life, most pointedly of those receiving radiotherapy. ...

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Identification of Dermatophytes | Experiment

29 Nov 2017

8 (2,944 )

Abstract Dermatophytosis constitutes a group of superficial fungal infections of keratinized structures like stratum corneum of the skin, nails and hair. Despite the availability of effective antifungal agents, dermatophytic infections continue to be one of the principal infections throughout the world, especially in tropical countries like India. Identification of causative dermatophytic species in clinical settings are not only of epidemiological concerns but also important for the ...

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Frequencies of Alleles in a Population | Experiment

29 Nov 2017

6 (2,349 )

Population Genetics and Evolution Purpose Before doing this laboratory you should understand: How natural selection can alter allelic frequencies in a population; The Hardy- Weinberg equation and its use in determining the frequencies of alleles in a population; and The effects on allelic frequencies of selection against the homozygous recessive or other genotypes After doing this laboratory you should be able to: ...

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Genes of Calcium Transporters

29 Nov 2017

7 (2,704 )

Calcium (Ca2+) is the most plentiful mineral found in the human body. A healthy adult human body contains 1000 -1400 g of calcium, ninety-nine percent (99%) of which is found in the bones and teeth. Nerve cells, body tissues, blood, and other body fluids contain the rest of the calcium. Calcium, a macronutrient essential to human health and well-being performs diverse biological functions in the human ...

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RNA interference (RNAi) for Crops

29 Nov 2017

5 (1,753 )

What is RNA interference (RNAi): A method of silencing or blocking the function of a gene by introducing the short sequenced RNA resulting in transcriptional inhibition or no protein production. Classes of RNAs involved in RNAi: There are different classes of RNA which are involved in method of silencing of genes. these different classes of RNA includes: dsRNA: double stranded RNA or dsRNA is actively ...

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Eukaryotic Vectors for Expression of Proteins

29 Nov 2017

4 (1,558 )

INTRODUCTION Expression vectors are actually the plasmids that allow the expression of the foreign DNA. Organization and expression of the eukaryotic genome are nowadays studied in vivo as it gives us the live telecast of working with eukaryotic cells. There are different eukaryotic vectors that can be brought into use for studying the expression of the eukaryotic genome. But there are some vectors which are commonly ...

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Treg Cells in Inflammation Experiment

29 Nov 2017

8 (3,157 )

Introduction Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD) are chronic relapsing-remitting inflammatory disorders of the gut that afflicts millions of the individuals throughout the world with symptoms which impair performance and quality of life [1, 2]. The etiology of UC is still not fully understood, although some studies suggest that loss of tolerance toward endoluminal microbes result in dysregulated immune activity of the intestinal mucosa[2-4]. Both ...

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Gram Negative Unknown Lab Report

29 Nov 2017

8 (3,056 )

Jennifer Mbanasor   The primary motivation behind this experiment is to uncover the distinctive bacteria organisms placed in my unknown broth. The issue is that this obliges various tests with the end goal that I should have the capacity to identify the microorganisms. My intention in this trial is to acquire the right names for these subjects with a specific end goal to progressively ...

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Lipids from R.glutinis using Agricultural Waste

27 Nov 2017

3 (1,194 )

Lipids are the molecules which contain hydrocarbons and building blocks of the structure and function of cell. Examples of lipids include vitamins, certain, waxes , and mainly of the non-protein membrane of cells. These are molecules which can be extracted from animals and plants using nonpolar solvents such as acetone, chloroform and aether. Fats belong to this group as do other steroids, phospholipids forming cell membrane ...

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Causes of Infertility: Endometriosis

27 Nov 2017

5 (1,936 )

1. Introduction 1.1 Infertility One in six couples in the UK will experience problems achieving a pregnancy at some point in their reproductive lifetime. (National Infertility Awareness Campaign (NIAC), 1998) Infertility is defined as the inability of a reproductive age woman to conceive “after 1 year of unprotected vaginal sexual intercourse.” (NICE, 2013) It is known that only a quarter of couples experiencing delays in achieving ...

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Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-intestinal Systems

27 Nov 2017

9 (3,294 )

SABRINA PACE-HUMPHREYS CARDIOVASCULAR, RESPIRATORY AND GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEMS   Part 1 – Explain the anatomy of the cardiovascular system and the role played by each of the major parts. (400 words) The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood. Right/left sides are divided into two chambers. The right side includes the pulmonary artery, vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, septum and right ventricle. Blood is pumped ...

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Concepts of Gene Therapy

27 Nov 2017

9 (3,514 )

Genes - the units of heredity “There can be little doubt that the idea of ‘the gene’ has been the central organizing theme of twentieth century biology” philosopher and biochemist Lenny Moss claimed in 2003. A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. Genes hold the information to build and maintain their cells and pass genetic traits to offspring. In general terms, ...

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Causes and Impacts of Parkinson's Disease

27 Nov 2017

5 (1,755 )

Parkinson’s disease Problem Parkinson’s disease is a condition where the brain over many years progressively becomes damaged by a loss of nerve cells in part of the brain (as shown in figure 1). The main symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are mainly relational to motor movement; a person with Parkinson’s disease may have involuntary shaking of specific parts of the body known as tremor, muscle stiffness which ...

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