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Principle of Homoeostasis - An Overview

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

3 Pages (981 Words)

The aim of this essay below is to explain homeostasis, the principles involves, the negative feedback, the control of the blood glucose level, the mechanism of temperature regulation and the structure of the kidney and the function and the hormonal control of osmoregulation. Homeostasis is the process of keeping the body environment in a steady state. The importance of this is that a great deal of the ...

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Genome Sequencing Approaches

Published Date: 30 Nov 2017

9 Pages (3,235 Words)

1. Introduction During the last 100 years, medical genetics grew from a simple human curiosity for a few rare hereditary disorders, to a recognized medical specialty with concepts and approaches that are key elements for the diagnosis and management of many disorders, both common and rare (Thompson & Thompson). Numerous DNA techniques in parallel with association and linkage studies have greatly contributed to the identification of ...

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Effect of Temperature on Energy Budgets of Cyprinus Carpio

Published Date: 30 Nov 2017

9 Pages (3,350 Words)

[VJG1] I. OXYGEN CONSUMPTION Introduction On a global scale, variation in temperature separates geographical extent and occurrences of organisms into different latitudinal gradients and habitat choice. This separation was attributed to the physiological tolerance and adaptation of each organisms to variation in climates with latitudes (Addo-Bediako et al, 2000; Angilletta et al, 2002). Temperature variation further impact the behavior of fish in such a ...

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Hazards of Plasma Transfusions - Monitoring Strategies

Published Date: 30 Nov 2017

6 Pages (2,209 Words)

Critically discuss the hazards associated with transfusion of plasma products. In your answer refer to the role of SHOT for monitoring such hazards. The use of plasma products during transfusion is not without hazards (Sachs, 2010). Plasma is a fluid compartment of blood and is made of 90% water, 7% colloids/proteins and 3% nutrients and vitamins (Shaz, Abrams, Hillyer & Roshal, 2013). Plasma can be manufactured ...

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Human Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Published Date: 30 Nov 2017

8 Pages (3,063 Words)

Rumana Anam Describe the Human Skeletal and Muscular System in detail (legacy, 2015) A – Describe in detail the gross structure of Human Skeletal system explaining the properties and functions of tendons ligaments and cartilages also describing the different types of joints with elaborate description of synovial joints with examples. Human Skeletal System There are two types of skeletal system:- Axial Skeleton Axial ...

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Amino Acid Quantitative Analysis

Published Date: 30 Nov 2017

7 Pages (2,420 Words)

N.Koen Introduction Amino acids give the basic building blocks of forming a protein and play an essential role in the energy metabolism, neurotransmission, and lipid transport. Their quantitative analysis is important for various uses, including disease diagnostics and in elucidating nutritional influences on physiology (Fromm & Hargrove, 2012). Amino acid levels in the body fluids are used to diagnose metabolic deficiencies. Deprived or excessive levels of ...

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Research on Plankton Population Changes

Published Date: 30 Nov 2017

12 Pages (4,745 Words)

PHYTOPLANKTONS DIVERSITY IN A IRRIGATION cum fish culture RESERVOIR DR. PRAVEEN OJHA ASST. PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF ZOOLOGY KISHORI RAMAN P.G. COLLEGE, MATHURA, U.P. e-mail : [email protected] Abstract Sixty-one genera of phytoplankton’s were recorded out of which; twenty-nine genera of Chlorophyceae, twenty-one genera of Basillariophyceae, nine genera of Cyanophyceae and two genera of Dinophyceae are found at Barnoo reservoir. The present paper deals with the study of ...

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Stereopsis Experiment Design

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

6 Pages (2,294 Words)

Experiment 9: Stereopsis INTRODUCTION Stereopsis is the capability of assessing the depth of objects in the visual field, using the relative positions of the objects visualized by each eye.1 The difference in the right eye’s and left eye’s views in terms of the location of an object is defined as binocular disparity.2 The acquirement of the depth concept is a direct consequence of having laterally ...

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L. Chinense Growth Conditions and Artificial Pollination

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

8 Pages (2,906 Words)

INTRODUCTION The genus Liriodendron is a distinctive and valuable hardwood that has great ecological and economic values. It grows fast and the wood is light and soft, so it is cultivated in many temperate mountains of the world for wood production [1-4] and it’s recommended for waste landfill remediation [5]. It's a flowering plant with beautiful leaves and hence used for urban landscaping as it provides ...

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Observation of Ecosystem in National Park

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

4 Pages (1,316 Words)

Ecology is the term that is used to describe habitation of organisms. This term was first used by the German zoologist in the year 1866. Ecosystem can, thus, be defined as a dynamic system in which the plant, animals and micro organisms interact with the non living (abiotic) components for survival (T. Vold 2008). Ecology can be plant ecology or animal ecology, depending upon the area ...

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Advantages and Disadvantages of GMOs

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

7 Pages (2,509 Words)

Background of GMOs Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have become very controversial among both the public and scientists with its benefits and drawbacks (Wohlers, 2013). With the introduction of Flavr Savr tomato, GMOs entered the commercial market in early 1990s (James, 1996). GMOs are living organisms that are derived from genetic manipulation in which its genetic material (DNA) has been modified using genetic engineering techniques ...

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Endothelial Function and Carotid Intima Media Thickness

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

7 Pages (2,470 Words)

INTRODUCTION With increasing urbanization worldwide, particularly in developing countries where a large proportion of the world's population resides, a new set of diseases are being identified. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one such disease. The incontrovertible data linking OSA to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (1–4) has further put the spotlight on this condition in recent times. It has been hypothesized that abnormal endothelial function may be ...

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Isotonic Concentration of Lettuce and Chinese Cabbage

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,747 Words)

Determination of the Isotonic Concentration of Sodium Chloride Solution to Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa) and Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa)1 Josua Alvarez Ann Justine Marzo Patrick Ocampo Paula Tiongson ABSTRACT The isotonic concentration of lettuce and Chinese cabbage to sodium chloride was determined by obtaining a thin layer from the midrib of each of the freshly harvested leaves and then was cut to four. Each ...

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Meningitis: Neisseria Meningitides | An Overview

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

7 Pages (2,718 Words)

Katie Porsch Jenna Simpson Hippocrates once spoke about a very toxic and lethal discovery in his texts. This discovery is now known to our human society as Meningitis. The scientific name for this very life-threatening disease is Neisseria meningitidis. The first known outbreak of Hippocrates assumptions was claimed to be in Geneva in 1805 (Dr Ananya Mandal, 2015). However, there are other sources that ...

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Methylated DNA Unmethylated DNA

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,672 Words)

(Cytosine in CpG) 5’-ACGTCAGCCG-3’ 5’-ACGTCAGCCG-3’ After the Bisulfite treatment 5’-ACGTTAGTCG-3’ 5’-ATGTTAGTTG-3’ _ Figure … Bisulfite conversion of unmethylated cytosine followed by PCR. (methyaltion ffpe---11.8.9 –bs con) Bisulfite-conversion of unmethylated cytocine to uracil is a three step process. First step is the reversible addition of HSO3- to cytosine. Second step is the liberation of NH3 by hydrolysis, and third step is the release of HSO3- ...

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Serum-hepatocyte Growth Factor (S-HGF) in Diagnosis of SPNs

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

17 Pages (6,758 Words)

Value of hepatocyte growth factor in the differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules[F1] Haixin Yu, Yan Wang*, Wenduan Ma, Haixiang Yu, Shengtao Shang Abstract Purpose: To evaluate serum-hepatocyte growth factor (S-HGF) in the differentiation of solitary pulmonary nodules(SPNs)[F2].[F3] Methods: The study comprised 42 serum samples from SPN patients and 10 healthy samples as control. The HGF was measured by the commercially available immunoassay[F4].[F5] Serum levels of ...

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Gamma Radiation as a Mutagen on Zea Mays’ Growth

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

8 Pages (2,823 Words)

Effects of Gamma Radiation as a Mutagen on Zea mays’ growth John Numock Malayang ABSTRACT Treating the plants with radiations, for example gamma radiation could cause significant changes to the plants such as the ability of it to mutate, and might also leave other varying effects on plants. The objective of this study is to determine the growth of corn plant (Zea mays) under ...

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BioH2 Production in Protein to Community Level Perspective

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

8 Pages (3,079 Words)

Abstract Excessive usage of traditional energy reserves leading to increased environmental pollution and global warming have strongly urged for alternative sustainable energy source. Due to non-polluting nature and high energy yields, H2 gas is considered as an ideal candidate for alternative fuel. Microbe-assisted H2 production from bioconversion of organic wastes is a cost-effective and sustainable approach, addressing energy production through organic waste disposal. Organic wastes such ...

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Biological Activities of Betulin and Betulinic Acid

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

7 Pages (2,448 Words)

Betulin is the one of the premier pure, crystalline natural product obtained from plants through extraction and sublimation of birch bark (Lowitz 1788). Betulin and betulinic acid are closely related to each other, often found together in varying amount in different plant species when extracted by different solvents . Early anti septic property of betulin and its use become famous to be used in plaster for ...

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Population Dynamics of Soybean Semilooper Gesonia Gemma

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

8 Pages (2,912 Words)

Study of Population Dynamics of Soybean Semilooper Gesonia gemma by using Rule Induction Model in Maharashtra Cruz Antony J1 and Pratheepa M2* ABSTRACT Gesonia gemma Swinhoe (1885), the grey semilooper has emerged as a serious threat to the soybean crop. This defoliator causes heavy damage to the crop in the form of loss in grain weight and grain number. Gesonia gemma population from various districts of ...

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Intestinal Bacteria in Treatment of Behcet’s Disease (BD)

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,609 Words)

The hypothesis We propose that certain intestinal bacteria have potential roles in the treatment of uveitis patients with Behcet’s disease (BD) through the modulation of Th17 cells. Introduction of Behcet’s disease BD is a systemic inflammatory disease of unknown origin that has a diverse spectrum of clinical manifestations, including mucocutaneous, vascular, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and central nervous system involvement. The prevalence of BD is higher along the ...

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Are We Entering the Post Antibiotic Era?

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

6 Pages (2,137 Words)

Introduction Antibiotics have been the main course of treatment for microbial infections throughout the years since Sir Alexander Fleming first discovered that Staphylococcus aureus colonies could be destroyed by Penicillium chrysogenum (Houbraken et al., 2011), leading to the production of Penicillin G Procaine in 1942 by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain (Ligon, 2004). The following years saw improvements being made in the treatment of infectious diseases ...

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Effect of Increasing Amount of Radiation on Corn (Zea mays)

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

8 Pages (2,878 Words)

The Effect of Increasing Amount of Radiation on the Plant Growth of Corn (Zea mays)1 Pamela Ysabel B. Mendoza ABSTRACT The effect of radiation on the growth of corn plants was determined by planting exposed and unexposed seeds. It is expected that plants exposed to higher radiation will exhibit hindered growth. 20 corn seeds were left unexposed to radiation (control) while 60 seeds ...

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Cockle Isolates of Vibrio Vulnificus Research Experiment

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

9 Pages (3,287 Words)

Isolation and identification characterization among cockle isolates of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from Selangor, Malaysia Coastal area Mohammed M. Kurdi Al-Dulaimi, Sahilah Abd. Mutalib and Ma`aruf Abd.Ghani Key words: Vibrio vulnificus, cockles, isolation, characterization, Malaysia. ABSTRACT: Vibrio vulnificus infections is worldwide public health problems associated with illnesses resulting from consumption of raw or partially cooked seafood worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate ...

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Heredity, Genetics and Protein Synthesis

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

7 Pages (2,768 Words)

Warda Abdulkadir Ahmed TAQ 1) 1. In humans each nucleus contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, 23 each from a mother and father. Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells made of chromatids consisting of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is in turn made up of four nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine ...

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Plant Homeostatic Genes

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,768 Words)

Devyani A.Bakre 1) Plant regulation: Regulation and coordination systems in plants are much simpler than in animals Homeostatic regulation of plants seeks to: Maintain an adequate uptake of water and nutrients form soil into leaves Control stomata opening so that water loss is minimised and carbon dioxide is maximised When plants respond to environmental conditions such as high temperature or salinity, they are ...

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Grizzly Bear Reintroduction to the Cascades

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

4 Pages (1,599 Words)

Alexandra Townsend Before the mid nineteen hundreds grizzly bears could be found in abundance along the northern cascades of Washington State. However, Grizzly bears were seen as a potential harm to the expanding human population and the increased value for their fur lead to their downfall. Grizzly bears are a rare occurrence in the Northern Cascades after hunting and urbanization wiped out the population ...

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Effect of Increasing Concentration of Cobalt Ion Irradiation

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,907 Words)

A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF INCREASING CONCENTRATION OF COBALT ION IRRADIATION AS MUTATION INDUCER TOWARDS THE GROWTH OF ZEA MAYS Benjamin V. Cunanan ABSTRACT To understand the effect of irradiance in the growth of plant, four setups in corn (Zea mays) were used. The varying doses of exposure to radiation included control or zero treatment for comparison, and the remaining included treatment with 10, 30, ...

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White spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Experiment

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

6 Pages (2,214 Words)

Abstract White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) continues to cause huge economic losses in the aquaculture farms due to rapid spread and broad host range. In this study, we synthesized a novel synthetic compound 3-(1-chloropiperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro benzisoxazole 2 and were screened for antiviral activity against WSSV using fresh water crabs Paratelphusa hydrodomous (Herbst). In vivo bio-assay was carried out to determine the antiviral activity. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain ...

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Process of Reproduction in the Human Body: Comparing Genders

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

8 Pages (2,902 Words)

Sophie Jesuthasan Explain the process of reproduction with particular reference to the role of the different structures within the male and the female reproductive systems. (212 words) Within the female body, the ova develops within the ovarian follicles which are contained within the ovaries. The mature ova is ejected from the ovary and wafted by cilia along the oviducts. If not fertilised, the ova ...

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Nutrient Cycle of an Isolated Cave

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

10 Pages (3,891 Words)

Introduction The caves are simple natural laboratories. The climate of the cave is very stable and easy to define. Cave environment is composed with a twilight part close to the entrance, a middle part of full darkness and unstable temperature, finally a part of full darkness and stable temperature in deeper. The twilight part is the biggest and most diverse fauna container. The middle part contains ...

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Organisation of the Body

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

10 Pages (3,851 Words)

Karen Stroud Light Microscope Electron Microscope Magnifies an object using visible light to pass through the lens and bend through the specimen, wavelengths are filtered to produce an image. Can be seen by the eye when light is passed through eyepiece lens. Specimens can be living or dead. These use beams ...

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Morals in the New Molecular Economy

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,750 Words)

Robert L. Robinson Stacey Abbott Reality exists independent of consciousness. Human beings gain objective knowledge by concept and logic formation based on their perception of reality through the use of their senses. The proper moral purpose of one’s life is the pursuit of one’s own happiness or rational self-interest. Rejects every form of human sacrifice. By This definition, we understand why “reality” is ...

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Effect of Concentration of Mouth Wash to Bacteria Count

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,838 Words)

Introduction Bacteria are common prokaryote micro-organisms that are undetectable to the naked eye. These micro-organisms are evident throughout the world in all mediums whether it be, dirt, water or organic matter. The main factor contributing to the abundance of bacteria is the ability to reproduce without another partner. Bacteria undergo a process called Binary Fission, where the cell makes a copy of genetic material, DNA, and ...

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Comparison of Aspirin and Paracetamol

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

4 Pages (1,456 Words)

Pain is a sensation and it is due to injury or illness. People might experience pain that is steady and constant or sharp and sudden. In addition, pain can be mild, moderate and severe. Depending on the level of pain, it can be treated in different ways. Normally, it will affect people’s ability to carry out daily activities and thus people will seek for medical attention ...

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Bellis Perennis in Different Areas of Light Intensity

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

9 Pages (3,266 Words)

Lauren Saxby Compare the concentration of Bellis Perennis in different areas of light intensity Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the concentration of Bellis Perennis (More commonly known as the English daisy) in different areas of light intensity. Plan: Hypothesis: The concentration of Bellis Perennis will be greater when there is a greater light intensity. Null hypothesis: The growth pattern of ...

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California Spotted Owl Population Analysis

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

10 Pages (3,922 Words)

Title Introduction The California Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) is one of the three subspecies of spotted owl and is found throughout California. It exists as a series of isolated local populations (metapopulation) of varying size from Monterey in the north, down the Sierra Nevada and throughout the mountainous regions of Southern California. The reason for this population structure is due to the discontinuous nature of ...

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Physiology of the Vagina

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

8 Pages (3,018 Words)

INTRODUCTION Vagina is a fibro muscular tube that extends 6-12 cm from cervix of the uterus. The surface of the vagina is composed of numerous folds, often called rugae. These folds keep distensability, support and provide an increased surface area of the vaginal wall. The vaginal wall is comprised of three layers: the epithelial layer, tunica adventia and the muscular coat. The epithelial layer creates the ...

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Serum Electrolytes in Tribes of Chikhaldhara Region

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

7 Pages (2,490 Words)

Serum Electrolytes Observed in Tribes of Chikhaldhara Region. Dist. Amravati (M.S.) Ingole A. B. Abstract: The present cross sectional study was undertaken among the trible people of Chikhaldhara Region to estimate and compare some biochemical parameters such as Sodium and Potassium, concentration in different age groups of trible Male and Female. Total 257 Males and 319 Females were taken for examination. Concentration of ...

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H.pylori Virulence Factors with Gastric Cancer

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

12 Pages (4,640 Words)

The Relationship between cagH, cagL, cagG, and orf17 Genotypes of Helicobacter pylori cag Pathogenicity Island with Peptic Ulcerations and Gastric Cancer Negin Raei*, Saeid Latifi-Navid, Saber Zahri Abstract Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) specific genotypes have been correlated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal disease in Iran. The aim of this study was finding the relevance of H.pylori virulence factors (cagH, cagL, cagG, and orf17) with ...

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Study of Intestinal Parasites in HIV Patients

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

4 Pages (1,232 Words)

DISCUSSION The introduction of antiretroviral therapy has lessened the prevalence of gastrointestinal infections in HIV patients, this notwithstanding, several people with HIV infection still suffer from intestinal parasitosis [20]. Co-infections of intestinal parasitosis found among HIV patients from low income countries has been anything from 18% to 50% [5-7]. In the current study, an overall prevalence of intestinal parasite among the study population was 19.3%. However, ...

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TTX and Genotoxicity of Diodon Hystrix Organs

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

9 Pages (3,283 Words)

Identification of TTX and Genotoxicity of Diodon hystrix Organs Adwaid Manu K, Vignesh M., Riven Chocalingum Abstract Tetrodotoxin is alkaloid based aquatic toxins. These toxins are one of the most potent non-proteinaceous toxins as well as the best-known marine natural toxins. Diodon hystrix (porcupine fish) were collected from Chennai costal region and dissected under sterile conditions to obtain: liver, skin, gonads, intestine, eyes and ...

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Evaluating Post-irradiation Tissue Alterations

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

10 Pages (3,975 Words)

Towards evaluating post-irradiation tissue alterations Abstract: We seek to call to attention the paucity of data concerning irradiation effects on the extracellular matrix and of organised tissues. Examples of such research are cited as are some of the limiting factors towards obtaining meaningful results. We further seek to engender a range of research towards further improving the quality of life, most pointedly of those receiving radiotherapy. ...

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Identification of Dermatophytes | Experiment

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

8 Pages (2,944 Words)

Abstract Dermatophytosis constitutes a group of superficial fungal infections of keratinized structures like stratum corneum of the skin, nails and hair. Despite the availability of effective antifungal agents, dermatophytic infections continue to be one of the principal infections throughout the world, especially in tropical countries like India. Identification of causative dermatophytic species in clinical settings are not only of epidemiological concerns but also important for the ...

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Frequencies of Alleles in a Population | Experiment

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

6 Pages (2,349 Words)

Population Genetics and Evolution Purpose Before doing this laboratory you should understand: How natural selection can alter allelic frequencies in a population; The Hardy- Weinberg equation and its use in determining the frequencies of alleles in a population; and The effects on allelic frequencies of selection against the homozygous recessive or other genotypes After doing this laboratory you should be able to: ...

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Genes of Calcium Transporters

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

7 Pages (2,704 Words)

Calcium (Ca2+) is the most plentiful mineral found in the human body. A healthy adult human body contains 1000 -1400 g of calcium, ninety-nine percent (99%) of which is found in the bones and teeth. Nerve cells, body tissues, blood, and other body fluids contain the rest of the calcium. Calcium, a macronutrient essential to human health and well-being performs diverse biological functions in the human ...

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RNA interference (RNAi) for Crops

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,753 Words)

What is RNA interference (RNAi): A method of silencing or blocking the function of a gene by introducing the short sequenced RNA resulting in transcriptional inhibition or no protein production. Classes of RNAs involved in RNAi: There are different classes of RNA which are involved in method of silencing of genes. these different classes of RNA includes: dsRNA: double stranded RNA or dsRNA is actively ...

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Eukaryotic Vectors for Expression of Proteins

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

4 Pages (1,558 Words)

INTRODUCTION Expression vectors are actually the plasmids that allow the expression of the foreign DNA. Organization and expression of the eukaryotic genome are nowadays studied in vivo as it gives us the live telecast of working with eukaryotic cells. There are different eukaryotic vectors that can be brought into use for studying the expression of the eukaryotic genome. But there are some vectors which are commonly ...

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Treg Cells in Inflammation Experiment

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

8 Pages (3,157 Words)

Introduction Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD) are chronic relapsing-remitting inflammatory disorders of the gut that afflicts millions of the individuals throughout the world with symptoms which impair performance and quality of life [1, 2]. The etiology of UC is still not fully understood, although some studies suggest that loss of tolerance toward endoluminal microbes result in dysregulated immune activity of the intestinal mucosa[2-4]. Both ...

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Gram Negative Unknown Lab Report

Published Date: 29 Nov 2017

8 Pages (3,056 Words)

Jennifer Mbanasor The primary motivation behind this experiment is to uncover the distinctive bacteria organisms placed in my unknown broth. The issue is that this obliges various tests with the end goal that I should have the capacity to identify the microorganisms. My intention in this trial is to acquire the right names for these subjects with a specific end goal to progressively ...

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Lipids from R.glutinis using Agricultural Waste

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

3 Pages (1,194 Words)

Lipids are the molecules which contain hydrocarbons and building blocks of the structure and function of cell. Examples of lipids include vitamins, certain, waxes , and mainly of the non-protein membrane of cells. These are molecules which can be extracted from animals and plants using nonpolar solvents such as acetone, chloroform and aether. Fats belong to this group as do other steroids, phospholipids forming cell membrane ...

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Causes of Infertility: Endometriosis

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,936 Words)

1. Introduction 1.1 Infertility One in six couples in the UK will experience problems achieving a pregnancy at some point in their reproductive lifetime. (National Infertility Awareness Campaign (NIAC), 1998) Infertility is defined as the inability of a reproductive age woman to conceive “after 1 year of unprotected vaginal sexual intercourse.” (NICE, 2013) It is known that only a quarter of couples experiencing delays in achieving ...

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Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-intestinal Systems

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

9 Pages (3,294 Words)

SABRINA PACE-HUMPHREYS CARDIOVASCULAR, RESPIRATORY AND GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEMS Part 1 – Explain the anatomy of the cardiovascular system and the role played by each of the major parts. (400 words) The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood. Right/left sides are divided into two chambers. The right side includes the pulmonary artery, vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, septum and right ventricle. Blood is pumped ...

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Concepts of Gene Therapy

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

9 Pages (3,514 Words)

Genes - the units of heredity “There can be little doubt that the idea of ‘the gene’ has been the central organizing theme of twentieth century biology” philosopher and biochemist Lenny Moss claimed in 2003. A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. Genes hold the information to build and maintain their cells and pass genetic traits to offspring. In general terms, ...

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Causes and Impacts of Parkinson's Disease

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,755 Words)

Parkinson’s disease Problem Parkinson’s disease is a condition where the brain over many years progressively becomes damaged by a loss of nerve cells in part of the brain (as shown in figure 1). The main symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are mainly relational to motor movement; a person with Parkinson’s disease may have involuntary shaking of specific parts of the body known as tremor, muscle stiffness which ...

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Principles of Cell Signalling and Transduction

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,693 Words)

“The principles of cell signalling and signal transduction are the same across all organisms and are crucial for survival of those organisms”. Critically discuss this statement. Introduction Around 3.7 billion years ago the first cells are thought to have emerged (Ohtomo, et al., 2014), and with this came one of the most important steps in the evolution of life on Earth. The underlying mechanisms for responding ...

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Cancer Tissue Culture in Cancer Biology

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

6 Pages (2,240 Words)

Abstract: The main aim of biologist who study tissue culture in cancer biology is to understand the behaviour of cancer cell in intact organisms but understanding cancer biology is a major challenge of this century. There has been major research has been done which made itself evident that only new tissue culture cancer model ,with low complexity and high predictability will be useful and allow the ...

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Overview of Pharmacophore

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

6 Pages (2,151 Words)

Table of Contents INTRODUCTION RATIONALE OBJECTIVES TIME FRAME LITERATURE REVIEW METHODOLOGY REQUIREMENTS REFERENCES INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is an immune cell mediated skin disease. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the onset and severity of the disease. It occurs when the immune cells starts to move from dermis to the epidermis which causes the hyper proliferation of keratinocytes. The immune cells are usually dendritic and T cells ...

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Identification of Bacterial Isolates

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

6 Pages (2,387 Words)

A number of research studies conducted the analysis of commercially available MALDI-TOF MS systems to evaluate their performance to identify the routinely encountered bacterial isolates in clinical microbiology laboratories (Table X). The vast majority of errors in these reports are attributed to incomplete population of databases, technician error in database assembly and during data acquisition or lack of the MS spectra to differentiate similar species. Seng ...

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Carotenoid Profiles in Pandan Leaves

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

19 Pages (7,374 Words)

1 Introduction 1.1 Pandan Leaves In Indonesia, people are familiar of using several herbal leaves for special purposes especially for condiments to act as natural colorants or natural flavors to improve color and flavors in food e.g. pandan leaves (Figure 1). Pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb) have been used in cooking and also as traditional herbal treatment for several illnesses in South East Asia Countries (Wongpornchai, ...

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Constructing Functional Multi-enzyme Complexes In Vitro

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

6 Pages (2,048 Words)

Molecular self-assembly offers a method of sophisticated materials constructed with precision. Designing self-assembling enzyme structures is of particular interest for the unique functional capabilities of enzymes, as shown in Figure 2. Chemically induced assembly has been shown to be a powerful tool for the investigation of cellular events and for its easy operation and low cost compared to bioconjuction. Chemical inducers can be cofactors, inhibitors, metal ...

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Regulation of the Long Non-coding RNA

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,952 Words)

Husnul Kalra Dual-use research is life sciences: Destructive knowledge “When and where serious and credible concern exists that legitimately intended biological material, technology or knowledge in the life sciences pose threats of harm to human health and security, the scientific community is obliged to develop, implement and adhere to precautious measures to meet the concern.” (Kuhlau et al, 2009) Biosafety and Biosecurity: These terms are such that ...

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Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Skeleton and Muscles

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

7 Pages (2,450 Words)

SABRINA PACE-HUMPHREYS UNIT TITLE:ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HUMAN SKELETON AND MUSCLES In a short account explain skeletal and bone features which aid them to carry out their roles, Remember to link structure and function for both. Adult skeletons consist of 206 individual bones arranged in two divisions – axial and appendicular skeleton. The former runs along the body’s midline and includes skull, ...

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Enzyme Kinetics Laboratory Report

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,765 Words)

Introduction Enzymes are catalysts that speed up the rate of biochemical reactions that take place within the cells of organisms, hence they are called biological catalysts (Berg et al., 2012b; H Bull, 2002). They speed up the reactions, by providing an alternative route for the reactions to take place that has a lower activation energy. Enzyme help to increase the rate at which the equilibrium is ...

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Overview of Gene Types

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

6 Pages (2,308 Words)

Mitochondrial markers Even though mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) represents a tiny fraction of organism all genome size, they are often chosen for evolutionary studies. mtDNA is relatively easy to amplify because it appears in multiple copies in cell, the gene content is strongly conserved across animals with very few duplications, intronless and very short intergenic regions (Simon et al., 1994). Mitochondrial tRNAgenes Nucleotide sequences and the rearrangements ...

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Zebrafish Genetic Screening

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

4 Pages (1,418 Words)

Li Zhang Evolution is an ongoing topic in this world due to the organisms’ ability to adapt and mutate in order for them to survive in a harsh environment. Humans are among the most developed species in knowledge wise and we are constantly discovering mysteries in science. We use many model organisms to help us identify and cure diseases and one such model is ...

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Intracellular ROS Levels Investigation

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,946 Words)

Intracellular ROS levels were investigated using flow cytometry analysis after exposure of HCT116 to either RGO, CeO2 or nano-CeO2/RGO nanohybrid over a period of 24 h and illustrated in Figure 5.11a. Data is computed as mean fold change in DCF signal compared to cell exposed to medium only in Figure 5.11b. Figure 5.11 Intracellular ROS levels in HCT116 cells as measured by flow cytometry after ...

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Prevalence of S. Aurus in Hospital Canteen Foods

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,871 Words)

Introduction Being a globally important pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for various fatal diseases like pneumonia, blood-stream infections, skin and soft tissue infection, osteomyelitis, and endocarditis, along with toxin mediated syndrome like food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome [1, 2]. Since 1980, the rise of the pandemic waves of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), it is one of the most common cause of hospital as well ...

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Physiological Role of Phytohormones

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

6 Pages (2,271 Words)

Plant growth and development is under the control of mutual interactions among plant hormones. The five classical categories of plant hormones include auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid and ethylene. Additionally, newer classes of plant hormones have been recognized like brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and polyamines. These hormones play significant roles in regulating the plant growth and development. Various receptors and key signaling components of these ...

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Identification of Phellinus s.l.

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

9 Pages (3,215 Words)

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Fungi are one of the most important groups of organisms on the planet earth (Vaidya, 1995). Fungi, together with bacteria, are responsible for recycling of most of the lignocellulosic material. The recycling returns dead material to the soil in a form in which it can be reused (Vaidya, 1995; Alexopoulos et al., 1996 and Lamrood, 2004). The fungal kingdom comprises a huge diversity ...

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Patterns of Osmoregulation in Different Environments

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,915 Words)

MUSOWE EDSON .A Write an essay on the topic “patterns of Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial environments”. Introduction Osmoregulation refers to the process by which living organisms maintain the constant osmotic conditions in the body. It involves the regulation of water and solute concentration of the body fluids such as potassium, sodium and chlorides so that their body fluids are maintained within homeostatic limits. In order ...

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Pros and Cons of GM Foods: Analysis of Ghana

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,907 Words)

AVAILABILITY OF GENETICALLY(G) MODIFIED(M) FOODS IN GHANA-HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROS AND CONS OF GM FOODS BAWA ABDUL-AZIZ INTRODUCTION Genetically modified foods (GMFs) are an outcome of modification of plants involving movement of genes (DNA), the genetic substances, from a plant or bacteria species, or animal, into another plant species. Scientists are increasingly able to identify which gene or ...

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Introduction to Bones in the Body

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,791 Words)

TAQ1 Bone is made up of specialised cells consisting of protein fibres, calcium, water and minerals. Bones structure is a living material, containing living tissue, blood vessels and nerves. This enables the bones to repair themselves if damaged or broken. Calcium within the bone makes it very hard and strong, without calcium bones may become soft a rubbery. The structure of a bone appears in sections ...

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Types of Tissue and Muscle

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

8 Pages (2,888 Words)

5. Muscle Muscle is one of the four fundamental types of tissue present in animals. It is a soft tissue primarily responsible to produce movement of a body part. Its cells convert the chemical energy of ATP into the mechanical energy of motion and exert a useful pull on another tissue. More specifically, muscle contraction serves the following overlapping functions: movement and contractile move of body ...

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Natural Products for Cancer and Inflammation Treatments

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

11 Pages (4,384 Words)

Introduction Natural products and their importance The medicinal values of natural products derived both from plants and microbes have been well recognized since ancient times. Natural products have rendered great help in the management and treatment of a range of disorders including inflammatory, parasitic, neurological, cardiovascular, metabolic, oncological and pain-related diseases.[1] Natural products are derived from varied biological sources and are the best source ...

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Immunology Field Visit Report

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

10 Pages (3,833 Words)

WAN MAISARAH BINTI WAN ZAMRI INTRODUCTION On 19th May 2015, Introduction to Immunology was organized a field trip to Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) in Ipoh, Perak. It involved all students that took Introduction to Immunology course. The trip was escorted by the course’s lecturer, Madam Nor Dini Rusli. HISTORY OF VRI Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Ipoh, Perak is one section in the Division of ...

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SNPs of ABCG2 in Chinese Advanced NSCLC Patients

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

9 Pages (3,480 Words)

Introduction Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent and fatal malignant neoplasm all over the world and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80%–85% of all lung cancers(1). The majority of NSCLC patients, approximately 80%, presents in locally advanced (phase IIIA/B) or metastatic (phase IV) stages, which results in quite low 5-year survival rates, 8-14.1% for phase IIIA and 1-5% for phase IIIAB/IV (2). The ...

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Introduction to the Nervous System

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

11 Pages (4,188 Words)

Gemma Allen TAQ: 1 Word count: 308 TAQ: 2 The sensory neuron evokes the sensation of pain, touch, hearing vison and taste. It receives its fundamental stimuli from the sensory organs such as the skin, eyes, etc. it is responsible for changing the external stimuli into electrical impulses within the ...

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ABCC8 Protein of Slime Mold Experiment

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

7 Pages (2,790 Words)

Homology modeling of Putative uncharacterized protein ABCC8 in Dictyostelium purpureum (Slime mold) and its link in human neonatal diabetes Anum Mujtba1 and Maria Jamshaid1 INDRODUCTION: ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCC8 gene. In slime mold it is a putative uncharacterized protein. The orthologs of this protein have been identified in almost all ...

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Causes of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,657 Words)

Cameron Pauley Christine Mathis Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which is often called to as "Lou Gehrig's Disease" in the Americas, is a progressive nervous system degenerating disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and in the spinal column. Motor neurons go from the brain to the spinal cord and to the muscles scattered throughout the body. The degeneration of the motor neurons in ...

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Development of Dental Bonding Agent

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

8 Pages (3,069 Words)

The availability of dental bonding agents for a wider range of clinical application in recent year has emphasized the need for a reliable ad convenient methods of evaluating adhesive performance. The shear bond strength test method has been criticized due to variation among the results of various studies and also its validity under clinical condition [50] [51]. Yet the test is highly popular even today, due ...

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Ultrastructure of Vitelline Cells

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

6 Pages (2,363 Words)

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF VITELLINE CELLS OF EXPERIMENTALLY RECOVERED MIGRATING FASCIOLA GIGANTICA Medhat Ali, Hanan El Baz, Ahmed Nigm and Marwa Aboueldahab ABSTRACT The ultrastructure of migrating juvenile Fasciola gigantica shows that vitelline cells are grouped in vitelline follicles. Vitelline cells developed through a series of developmental stages. At stage I of vitelline cell development, the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio is high and the cytoplasm has mitochondria. In ...

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Effects of Bosentan and Losartan on 2K1C Hypertensive Rats

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

13 Pages (4,955 Words)

Effects of bosentan and losartan on kidney and liver weight in 2K1C hypertensive rats. Introduction Hypertension (HTN) has important contribution in cardiovascular risk factors, it has great consideration by the researchers, therefore, several animal models have been developed to investigate consequences of HTN. The most well known model is Goldblatt model. Which is a widely used for renovascular HTN (Badyal et al., 2003).The 2K1C Goldblatt model ...

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Role of Thyroxin in Mammalian Brain Development

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

9 Pages (3,241 Words)

Mathematical Modeling of the Role of Thyroxin in Mammalian Brain Development Afzal Sara, Ahmad Muhammad, Shahid Faryal Abstract: it has been known that tri-iodothronine (T3) plays a vital role in fetal brain development however despite its importance no mathematical model has been made for it thus far. Here we present a mathematical model for metabolic pathway of T4 to T3 conversion in brain development and gene ...

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Body Processes of the Digestive System

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

4 Pages (1,277 Words)

Magdalena Mustafa Digestive System Digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and other accessory organs. The purpose of digestive system is to convert food into small molecules that can be later on absorbed and utilized by the cells in the body. Food is broken down, until the molecules are minor enough to be absorbed and the waste products disposed. Alimentary canal or ...

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Virtual Reality Balance Training for Overweight Intervention

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,653 Words)

DISCUSSION:- The purpose of the study was to determine if virtual reality balance training or traditional balance training can enhance balance in over weight individual. The result of the present study showed that all the three group i.e. Control Group, Virtual reality group demonstrated a similar performance in both the measured variable and Traditional balance group give rise to more measurable improvement. In this study positive ...

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Encoding RIP from Elaeis Guaneensis Jacq.

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

7 Pages (2,744 Words)

Detection and expression profiling of two novel transcripts encoding RIP from Elaeis guaneensis Jacq. in Ganoderma boninense interaction . 1 Introduction Among several oil-producing plants, oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is a tropical crop which is exclusively grown for oil production. Its high oil yield is extracted from oil palm’s thick fleshy mesocarp which is extremely rich in oil (80% of dry mass). Furthermore, oil palm has the ...

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Decolorizing Agar Cubes with NaOH | Experiment

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

6 Pages (2,286 Words)

Hamsika Iyer Research question: How will changing the surface area to volume ratio affect the time taken to completely decolorize the agar cubes with NaOH, thereby affecting the rate of diffusion? Introduction: The simplest way in which a molecule could move in and out of a cell is by diffusion. No energy is required, and movement occurs by way of a simple concentration gradient. ...

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Overview of Pathogens and Disease

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

9 Pages (3,583 Words)

Lisa Langford A pathogen is a microorganism capable of causing infections diseases or illness to its host. Viruses thrive in various environments such as air, surfaces and soil. Many viruses gain entry via the respiratory route. Airborne pathogens such as the common cold (rhinovirus) and influenza, passed on from human to human, become suspended in the tiny droplets from the nose during sneezing and ...

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Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) in Plant Breeding

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,766 Words)

Principle of Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) and Their Application in Plant Breeding Since life began on earth about 3 billion years ago, the biodiversity of the plants on our planet have gone through numerous natural selection and evolutionary changes, producing a rich and diverse ecosystem supporting life in various geographical regions and climates. In addition, when human race have arisen as a superior species, various plant ...

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Effect of Temperature on Beetroot Membrane

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

10 Pages (3,749 Words)

Kelly Butterworth An investigation to determine the effects that various temperatures have on beetroot membrane using colorimetry Abstract/Aim The aim of this experiment is to look at how temperature has an effect on the movement of pigments through a beetroot membrane, this will involve investigating how the membranes in the beetroot will split and leak the red pigment, anthocyanin. The experiment conducted was to ...

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Marijuana as Medicine to the Community

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

4 Pages (1,481 Words)

Marijuana is a second name of cannabis which is prepared from the cannabis plant for the use in the treatment as a medicine and a psychoactive drug. It is a powder of green, brown or gray color which is a mixture of leaves from the plant. Some people use this powder in their food and eat it. Marijuana is mostly consumed for the psychological and physiological ...

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Error-correction Methods for Next Generation Sequencing

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

7 Pages (2,707 Words)

Introduction The advent of high-throughput genomics and development in next generation sequencing technologies has led to an exponential growth in the identi ca-tion and storage of high quality sequence reads. Sequenced reads of such high quality lead to much more accurate results which are especially relevant in the elds of resequencing, denovo sequencing, metagenomics and gene ex-pression analysis. However, such results requires equally well developed error ...

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DNA Testing in the Criminal Justice System

Published Date: 27 Nov 2017

5 Pages (1,974 Words)

DNA Testing Provided its uniqueness, DNA has found many uses in the medical and criminal investigation fields. In the medical field, scientists use DNA analysis to determine paternity. In the criminal investigation field, scientists use DNA analysis to identify suspects in criminal investigations. Nonetheless, identification of people using DNA analysis is not foolproof. DNA testing, also known as DNA profiling, came because of two separate breakthroughs ...

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phytochemical Composition of Talinum Triangulare (jac.)

Published Date: 23 Nov 2017

11 Pages (4,151 Words)

Title: Study of phytochemical composition of leaves, stems and roots in Talinum triangulare (jac.) willd. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study The Talinum triangulare have common name as ‘Ginseng Jawa’ in Java, waterleaf. The waterleaf was derived from family Portulaceae. Some people confused the Talinum triangulare with Talinum frutocisum. The waterleaf was assumed native to tropical America. The herbs were introduced into Java in 1915 from ...

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ATM Functions to Address DSBs

Published Date: 23 Nov 2017

4 Pages (1,351 Words)

During the course of a cell’s lifetime, it will be exposed to numerous DNA-damaging events due to various chemical and environmental agents. Should a cell be rendered unable to repair the damage to its genetic material, cancer and other maladies may develop, which may ultimately lead to the death of the organism. (SUZANNE CLANCEY). To this extent, numerous human diseases are attributed to an inability to ...

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Investigation of Food Content

Published Date: 23 Nov 2017

8 Pages (3,147 Words)

Judith L. Gasalatan Aim: To investigate the food content of different food samples. Results: Food Sample Fats Starch Protein Vitamin C Whole meal bread There is fat present and became cloudy There is starch present that the colour changed into dark brown No protein ...

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Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) and Diabetes

Published Date: 23 Nov 2017

7 Pages (2,544 Words)

Insulin and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signal pathways are known to be involved in glucose uptake regulation, but the integration of signals between these two pathways in maintaining glucose homeostasis remains mysterious (1). Insulin stimulates glucose uptake into skeletal muscle mainly via the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane (2). Also the exact mechanism involved is not yet fully understood, however, in ...

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Causes and Treatments of Dengue fever

Published Date: 23 Nov 2017

8 Pages (3,146 Words)

Abstract Dengue fever is caused by positive-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus. Dengue virus is transmitted to humans by a mosquito vector Aedes aegypti belonging to genus Aedes of family Culicideae. 50 -100 million peoples are affected by dengue virus . Indian scientists have develop a vaccine for the prevention of the dengue fever. Dengue Virus Genome Contain 10 Viral Protein C,prM,E,NS1.NS2A,NS2B,NS3,NS4A,NS4B,NS5. vector population ...

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Extraction of GAPDH Gene from Grass Species

Published Date: 23 Nov 2017

4 Pages (1,453 Words)

The extraction of the GAPDH gene from grass species, for sequencing, to determine which grasses will be most suitable for the stimulation of hydrocarbon-degradation Introduction: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate gehydrogenase gene (GAPDH) is a house keeping gene for a crucial enzyme which catalyses an important step in glycolysis, found in all phylogeny. This gene can be extracted and isolated from plant gDNA through the use of PCR. Once cloned, ...

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