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Environmental Impact of Tobacco

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,636 Words)

Price Anders Environmental Biology Tobacco use is the single largest preventable cause of death and disease in the United States. According to the 2010 U.S. Surgeon General's report, approximately 443,000 U.S. adults die from smoking-related illnesses each year. In addition, smoking has been estimated to cost the United States $96 billion in direct medical expenses and $97 billion in lost productivity annually (Current Cigarette). ...

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Peregrine Falcon Management in Pennsylvania

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

8 Pages (3,165 Words)

Nikki McGaughey Introduction Peregrine falcons are incredibly creatures, in and around the United States throughout history. They have been captivating our imaginations, being the fastest animal in the world, reaching up to 278 miles per hour in a stoop. According to scientists this should not even be possible, with the average weight of a ...

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Feasibility of Single-port Complete Thoracoscopic Lobectomy

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,775 Words)

Clinical comparisons of single-port versus three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer patients Abstract Objective: To compare the feasibility and safety of single-port versus three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer patients. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 60 lung cancer patients from June 2014 to August 2014 in Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University. There were 30 patients in single-port complete ...

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Strategies for Prevention of Global Warming Effects

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

9 Pages (3,292 Words)

Rachel Tomsett How can we as a species prevent the continued effects of global warming and to what extent has irreversible damage already occurred? Global warming, also known as climate change, describes the rising temperature of the atmosphere and ocean. Throughout all of earth’s history climate has been a very fluctuate factor (for example the ice age). However if you take into account how ...

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Insertion of L. hesperus TuSp1 Gene into B. mori

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

9 Pages (3,560 Words)

Research Plan Detailing the Insertion of L. hesperus TuSp1 gene into B. mori Team 5: Riley Capizzi, Mingming Li, Jia Mikuls, Sarah Mrozek, Eric Nagarajan, Chandini Nair, Nate Payne, Matt Smith, Evan Templeman; 7 May 2014 Introduction: Figure 1. TuSp1 molecular structure (Solution structures of TuSp1 domains). The amino acid sequence of the TuSp1 gene contains a signal peptide at the N terminus that is ...

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Dent's Disease: Symptoms, Genetics, and Treatments

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,415 Words)

Dent's Disease Alessander Leyendecker Junior Clinical Aspects Dent's disease is a recently characterized syndrome caused by a genetic mutation that leads to a renal tubular disorder and is characterized by manifestations of proximal tubule dysfunction. The proximal tubule is responsable for the reabsorption of sodium, potassium, calcium, glucose and low-molecular-weight proteins (like retinol binding protein and α1 microglobulin and β2 microglobulin) and for the ...

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Development of Relational Enzymes Function Model

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

13 Pages (4,875 Words)

Development of Relational Enzymes Function Model for Medicinal Plants. June 2015 CHAPTER 4 SYSTEM DESIGN System Perspective/Architectural Design The main perspective of the system is to manage the enzymes details with proper structure and EC no. As the system is organized specially for the differently abled people it is designed in such a way that the person must be convenient in using the ...

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Testing GMO Content of Food Products

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

9 Pages (3,273 Words)

In order to double food production for the increasing population of the world. That is predicted to be around 11 billion people by the year 2050 (James and Krattiger 1996). The scientists and the developing communities believed that the conventional agriculture process would not produce enough food and resources to sustain the increasing population. This has lead scientists to research new technologies that will help increase ...

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Comparison of Light Microscope and Electron Microscope

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,708 Words)

Light Microscope Electron Microscope (EM) How it works The stage of the microscope holds slides containing specimens. You can adjust the stage adding further light or move it allowing different layers of the object to be in focus. The user then looks through the microscope eyepiece, where amirrorat the bottom of the microscope ...

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Retroviral Mediated Gene Transfer

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,381 Words)

Retroviral methodology is an effectual method to integrate interested genes into animal genomes (Van et al., 1985). It is considered as a naturally occurring gene transfering system to integrate DNA into mammalian cells (Varmus, 1998). In 1974, the first healthy mice, that carry copies of foreign viral DNA was made by microinjecting SV40 DNA into the blastocysts (Jaenisch R, Mintz, 1974). Consequently, the germline transmission of ...

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Literature Review: Diabetes, Inflammation and Obesity

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,396 Words)

LITERATURE REVIEW DIABETES The metabolic disease diabetes mellitus is marked by high blood glucose concentration as a result of impairment in insulin secretion and/or insulin action. The primary cause of high blood glucose concentration is most of the time not obvious as to be a result of either defects in insulin secretion or insulin action on target tissues since both impairments often occur in the same ...

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Allelic Polymorphisms of Leptin Gene in Sheep

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

8 Pages (2,922 Words)

Allelic polymorphisms of Leptin gene in Najdi and Naeimi sheep of Saudi Arabia Mahmoud A.H.1, Saleh A.A. 2, Almealamah N.A. 3, Abou-tarboush F.M. 1, Aljumaah R.S. 3 and Abouheif M.A. *3 Abstract Leptin hormone plays an important role in many biological processes in animals and humans, such as appetite, immune system and reproduction. In the present study, the genetic variability in the leptin (LEP) exon 3 gene ...

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Report on RNA-seq Transcriptomics

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

8 Pages (2,921 Words)

Giannakis Nikolaos Introduction Transcriptomics Transcriptomics is the field of biology that studies the RNA transcripts in a large scale manner. Transcriptome is the whole set of RNAs transcribed by the genome from a specific tissue or cell type at a developmental stage and/or under a certain physiological condition (Willingham and Ginger and Gingeras, 2006; Jacquier, 2009). RNAs are either coding or non-coding, which means ...

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Friedrich Miescher's Experiments on the Nuclei

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,222 Words)

In the year 1869, a Swiss physiological chemist named Friedrich Miescher identified a substance called nuclein which he found inside the nuclei of human white cells. He was the first to identify such a substance from leukocytes also called white blood cells. Miescher’s intention was not to isolate the nuclein from the white blood cells but rather to isolate the components of the protein in the ...

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Growth and Lipid Production of L. Starkeyi Mutants

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

9 Pages (3,224 Words)

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Diesel is one of the components in fossil fuel. However, the over-use of diesel is producing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide gases which are the major elements leading to global warming. Hence, due to increase in demand and source limitation, biodiesel is introduced as a substitute for diesel fuel (Wild et al., 2010). Biodiesel is a diesel fuel substitute that is extracted ...

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Biotechnology

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

8 Pages (2,925 Words)

INTRODUCTION Generally, biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms and organic materials that help to meet our basic needs. According to International Unions of Pure and Applied Chemistry (1981) biotechnology is the application of biochemistry, biology, and microbiology, chemical engineering to industrial processes, products and on the environment (Bull et al, 1982). As define by European Federation of Biotechnology, biotechnology is the application of biochemistry, microbiology ...

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Identification and Characterisation of ZmCYP Genes

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

3 Pages (1,171 Words)

Methods: Gene structure, chromosomal locations and promoter analysis Conserved motifs and phylogenetic analysis of ZmCYPs Gene expansion and synteney Gene expression Methods: Identification and Charechterization of ZmCYP genes: Identification of all ZmCYP genes in the Zea mays genome was done by performing nucleotide Blast search using a reported ZmCYP sequence as a query (NCBI accession number: M55021) against maize genome database (http://www.phytozome.net). Each of the newly ...

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Anatomy of the Urinary System

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,602 Words)

Joanna Cartwright (http://purchon.com/biology/?page_id=140) The kidneys are organs that filter blood, removing excess waste, regulate blood pressure and secrete vital hormones into our bodies. They are a complex filtration system, made up of various sections. Kidneys are bean shaped organs that sit behind our digestive system, under the ribs and are approximately 12cm long and 7cm wide. Each kidney is made up ...

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Function of Motor Subunit of Ecor124i and Ecoa1

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,735 Words)

Function of motor subunit of EcoR124I and EcoA1 restriction-modification systems Introduction Effects of the Type I restriction-modification systems were described in the early 1950s, constituting the ability of certain bacterial strains to restrict or enlarge the host range of viruses after only one growth cycle. This phenomenon was called ‘host-controlled variation in bacterial viruses’ [1-3]. A decade later it was discovered to be the result of ...

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Synthesis of Biologically Active Compounds

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

3 Pages (1,105 Words)

One pot synthesis using 3-chloro benzaldehyde, malononitrile and 3-(dimethylamino)phenol has yielded molecule 1 with moderately good yield after purification using preparative TLC. Preliminary biological evaluations such as in vitro anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory studies were carried out. The IC50 value for the molecule (25.2µg/mL) was found to be good when compared with ascorbic acid (IC50 = 24.8µg/mL). The dimethyl amino group and presence of chlorine seems to ...

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Study of Effect of Smoking on the Oral Micro-flora

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,197 Words)

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF EFFECT OF SMOKING ON THE ORAL MICRO-FLORA Vishalkumar V. K, Sreedevi N, Angelica M, Priti Talwar* Abstract: It is a well-known fact that cigarette smoking (CS) is directly associated with cardiovascular diseases, chronic bronchitis, and various types of cancers worldwide. In this study, two parameters were taken in consideration. Firstly, we have focused on how cigarette smoking is affecting the oral ...

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Effects of Ocean Acidification and Global Warming

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,337 Words)

Introduction: Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from our industrial and agricultural activities has resulted in increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. Over a period of less than a decade, the change in seawater chemistry due to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels becomes one of the most critical and pressing issues, identify as ocean acidification. The ability of the ocean ...

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Association between Asthma and IL23-Receptor R381Q

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

9 Pages (3,345 Words)

Analysis of Association between Asthma and IL23-Receptor R381Q Gene Variant BACKGROUND Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. Th17 andTh2 derived cytokines (such as IL-17, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) are involved in pathophysiology of asthma. IL-23 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine mainly produced by dendritic cells and monocytes and active macrophages and is need for differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into Th17 cells. IL-23 ...

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Applications of Forensic Toxicology

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,383 Words)

Introduction: Forensic Toxicology is a scientific test which identify the present of any drugs or chemicals in the body. This can be identified from bodily fluids and tissue samples. Toxicology is the investigation of the unfavourable impacts of chemicals on living creatures. Forensic toxicology takes it above and beyond, including various related controls to aid in the location and elucidation of pills and harms poisons and ...

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Answer to the Chicken and Egg Question

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,702 Words)

Chicken vs. Egg The questions that drive everyone insane, which one come first, the chicken or the egg? One always ends up at the same place while thinking over again and again. This is a life cycle of chicken: from egg to chick then hen or rooster. ‘A circle has no beginning’, said by dotty the witch from Harry Potter. It is a no win-win situation, ...

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Effects Pine Beetles Have on the Forests

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

9 Pages (3,269 Words)

Climate change and the effects pine beetles have on the forests. Introduction The ever growing effects of natural and man-made climate change are having a wide-spread effect on many mixed and coniferous forest ecosystems. Particularly as average annual temperatures increase, the habitat for the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosa, has expanded, because the beetle is able to occupy new habitats at higher elevations, which were previously ...

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Biocompatibility Study of Lactobacillus Casei

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

8 Pages (2,873 Words)

BIOCOMPATIBILITY STUDY OF LACTOBACILLUS CASEI ISOLATED FROM CUCUMBER AND EVALUATION OF PROBIOTIC EFFECTS IN THE HUMAN GUT NANNU SHAFAKATULLAH* and M. CHANDRA Abstract: Probiotics are live microorganisms introduced orally in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that are able to contribute positively to the activity of intestinal microflora and therefore, to the health of its host. A variety of probiotic supplements are currently available in the market ...

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Identification of Unknown Bacteria

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,753 Words)

Unknown Lab Report Haridja Kabuyi Ilunga Abstract To discover the identity of the unknowns that have been given to each student, a series of biochemical tests were requisite. The different biochemical tests that were perform was Methyl Red test, Vogues-Poskauer test, Citrate test, Urea Hydrolysis, Gelatin Hydrolysis test, Sulfure Indole Motility test and Triple Sugar Iron Agar slant. Prior to the ...

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Symptoms and Causes of Arteriosclerosis

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

8 Pages (2,887 Words)

Kum Cheng Foong Introduction Arteriosclerosis is a general term that refers the hardening as well as the loss of elasticity in the arterial wall. It happens when the arteries transport oxygen and nutrients from the heart to the rest of the body become thick and stiff, sometimes obstructing blood circulation to the organs and tissues. Healthy arteries are flexible and adaptable but arterial walls could ...

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Plants in Production of Recombinant Antibodies for Research

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

8 Pages (3,199 Words)

Chris Charlton A Discussion of the Techniques, Advantages and Disadvantages of the use of Plants in Production of Recombinant Antibodies for Research and Therapeutic use with Named Examples Since Kohler and Milstein demonstrated the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from mouse hybridoma cells (1975) these proteins have become important tools for diagnostics, research and human therapy. As of November 2014 there were 47 mAbs licenced for ...

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Benefits of DNA Technology on Forensic Science

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,713 Words)

Discuss how DNA technologies have been applied to these cases including reference to the challenges facing Forensic Scientists in these cases. Illustrate your answer with appropriate case studies. Introduction Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) profiling has been used as an investigative tool since the discovery of the polymorphic nature of short tandem repeats by Jefferys in 1985 (Aronson 2005). The benefits of using DNA profiling in the identification ...

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Stem Cell Research

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

8 Pages (3,128 Words)

JOSHUA REED ‘Do the potential benefits of stem cell research outweigh the risks and negative ethical implications associated with it?’ 1.INTRODUCTION Stem cell research is currently one of the biggest fields in modern day science. It has numerous benefits currently, and it is only the beginning. The possibilities are endless, but there are many ethical implications associated with it, as well as many risks. Do ...

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Effect of Temperature and pH on Enzymes

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,945 Words)

Gabriel Soto [K1] Introduction:[K2] Catalysts is a reactant that increases the rate of chemical reactions. The reason is because it lowers the activation energy needed for the reaction to start. Activation energy is the energy that must be added to start a reaction in the first place. A reaction happens because chemical bonds are broken and atoms are rearranged. Some chemical bonds are stronger ...

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Wallago Attu Populations: Distribution and Genetic Analysis

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,754 Words)

Estimation of geographical distribution and genetic characteristics of populations is the need of the hour for conservation genetics program. Study of genetic similarity and genetic distance within and between fish populations and species of fishes is an important application of the DNA based genetic markers. Genetic variation is vital in maintaining the developmental stability and biological potential of an organism. To develop microsatellite markers for population ...

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Benefits of Bacteria

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,794 Words)

NURFATHINISSA MD ROSLAN Is Bacteria Our Friend? Bacteria are relatively simple, single-celled (unicellular) organisms. Bacterial cells are called prokaryotes, (from Greek words meaning prenucleus), because their genetic material is not enclosed in a special nuclear membrane. Bacterial cells generally appear in one of more than one shapes. Bacillus (rodlike), coccus (spherical or ovoid) and spiral (corkscrew or curved) are among the most common one, ...

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Impacts of Hybridization

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,628 Words)

Introduction Hybridization is a process that happens when two animals or plants of different species reproduce resulting in the appearance of a new organism commonly called hybrids. By only read this explanation we can assume that hybridization is beneficial, because it is in some cases, the origin point of new species but this is not necessarily true. It can also cause the extinction of numerous species, ...

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Wound Repair and Regeneration: Literature Review

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

8 Pages (2,872 Words)

The skin is the largest organ and one of its functions is as a protective barrier of human body. As it is the largest organ, hence it is prone to have injuries. Once injury occurs, this barrier will be disrupted and thus it needs to regain its function to prevent invasion of pathogens and blood loss. Wound healing involves multiple steps which includes blood clotting, re-epithelialization, ...

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Role of Sex Hormones in Complement-mediated Therapy

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

3 Pages (1,200 Words)

Introduction A pathologically increased activation of complement appears in autoimmune diseases which might enhance the inflammatory reaction. Disruption or exhaustion of complement-mediated clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic cells, and of its bridging to adaptive immunity, are contributing factors of autoimmune diseases. Additionally, the endocrine system is a target for autoimmune diseases where local effects of sex hormones seems to consist mainly in modulation of cytokine ...

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Neurodegenerative Diseases: Systems, Causes and Treatments

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

9 Pages (3,327 Words)

Simon Mendy Compare the symptoms, causes and available or future treatments for Motor Neuron Disease, Spinal Muscular Atrophy and Myasthenia Gravis. Neurodegenerative diseases are hereditary (inherited) and sporadic (acquired during a person’s life) conditions caused by progressive nervous system dysfunction (http://ec.europa.eu/health/major_chronic_diseases/diseases/brain_neurological/index_en.htm). Motor neuron disease and Spinal Muscular Atrophy (shrink) are neurodegenerative conditions that arise due to motor neurons dysfunction and Myasthenia Gravis is an ...

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Ebola Virus Mechanism of Infection

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,563 Words)

The Ebola virus (EBOV) is an enveloped, non-segmented, negative-strand RNA virus, which together with Marburg virus, makes up the filoviridae family. The virus causes severe hemorrhagic fever associated with 50-90% human mortality1. Four species of the virus (Zaire, Sudan, Côte d’Ivoire, and Reston ebolavirus) have thus far been identified, with Zaire typically associated with the highest human lethality2. A fifth EBOV species is confirmed in a 2007 outbreak in Bundibugyo, Uganda3,4. ...

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Pantothenate Synthetase: Function, Production and Kinetics

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

3 Pages (1,152 Words)

Pradyumna Raparti ABSTRACT: The enzyme Pantothenate Synthetase (also known as Pantoate--beta-alanine ligase,Pantoate-activating enzyme; abbreviated PS or Panc) is an important drug target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is essential for the in vitro growth and survival of M. Tuberculosis. The panC gene encodes for pantothenate synthetase. PS catalyzes the ATP-dependent condensation of pantoate and beta-alanine to form pantothenate with AMP(adenosine monophosphate) and pyrophosphate as ...

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E2F8 Transcription Factors

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

8 Pages (3,132 Words)

Abstract E2Fs is a common and important family of transcription factors. E2F transcription factors have been widely studied in many organizations, it has many regulating function related to cellular proliferation differentiation, DNA repair, cell cycle and cell apoptosis. E2F8 is recent identification member of E2F family, it has high degree of similarity with E2F7 on structure and function. E2F8 have a duplicated DNA-binding domain(DBD) and control ...

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Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,667 Words)

Alice Smith Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells Similarities Differences Prokaryotic cells Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Nucleoid Pili Cell wall (apart from in plant eukaryotic cells) Capsule Plasmid Eukaryotic cells Flagellum Ribosome's Nucleus Nuclear pore Chromatin Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Golgi apparatus Secretory ...

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Cas 9 and CRISPR: Systems, Mechanisms and Applications

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

8 Pages (3,092 Words)

Introduction : Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) are segments of prokaryotic DNA containing short repetations of base sequences. CRISPR systems are type of adaptive immune system confined to many bacterias for protection from foreign plasmids, viruses and also nucleic acids. They also protect bacterias from horizontal transmission of various genetic element. In CRISPR system the palindromic repeats are followed by spacer DNA , the ...

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Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Skeleton and Muscles

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

10 Pages (3,779 Words)

Louise Rich Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Skeleton and Muscles Assessment Criteria 1.1 and 1.2 Criteria 1.1 Describe the structure and functions of bones Criteria 1.2 Explain the relationship between the structure and function of the human skeleton In a short account explain skeletal and bone features which aid it carry out its roles. Remember to link structure and function for both. (300 ...

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Field Effects of Climate Change Literature Review

Published Date: 23 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,468 Words)

Preliminary review of Literature A preliminary review has been compiled to cover on field effects of climate change and agronomical responses to irrigation methods. The literature was reviewed in association mapping studies of durum wheat and for dissection of Global Warming traits. QTL analysis studies for agronomical traits was also reviewed. The literature reviews also covers the current status of research and agriculture status of Mauritania ...

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Association of IL-12β rs3212227 and Psoriasis

Published Date: 22 Jan 2018

13 Pages (5,060 Words)

Title: Associations between IL-12β rs3212227 polymorphism and susceptibility to psoriasis: a meta-analysis Running title: Association of IL-12β rs3212227 and psoriasis Highlights: We performed a Meta-analysis to assess the association ofIL-12β rs3212227 and psoriasis. Association between IL-12β rs3212227 and psoriasis was proved. IL-12β rs3212227 is the susceptibility gene of psoriasis in Asian and European. Abstract Purpose The aim of this meta-analysis was to explore whether ...

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Genotype of PRNP: Buffaloes

Published Date: 22 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,442 Words)

INVESTIGATION OF PRNP PROMOTER AND INTRON 1INDEL POLYMORPHIMS OF ANATOLIAN, MURRAH AND CROSSBRED BUFFALOES YalçÄ±n YAMAN1*, Cemal ÜN2, Orhan KARADAÄÅ¾1 ABSTRACT As a direct public health threatening disease, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) of the cattleprobablymost important disease among other Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE). It can be transmitted to human and cause to a new variant of the Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD). Unlike CJD, variant CJD (vCJD) has ...

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Effects of Eating Habits on Lifespan

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,369 Words)

CAN EATING LESS INCREASE YOUR LIFESPAN? There are many individuals and groups worldwide that have practiced annual or other, fasting of some sort for centuries, for an event or ritual of religious/cultural significance. There is sufficient evidence to presume that these fasts have physiological benefits. This report will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction diets. It will also give an overview ...

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Effect of the Menstrual Cycle on Sleep Pattern

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,908 Words)

Chen Fei Changes of fast and slow spindles across menstrual cycles in healthy women Abstract Sleep spindles, as a typical waveform of sleep electroencephalogram (EEG), are affected by the menstrual cycle. However, more and more studies show that there are two types of sleep spindles-called fast spindles and slow spindles. To investigate whether there are differences between changes of fast sleep spindles and slow ...

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Influence Factors of T-SPOT.TB assay in TB Patients

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,335 Words)

Analysis of Influence Factors of T-SPOT.TB assay in Active Tuberculosis Patients Keywords interferon-gamma release assays, T-SPOT.TB, tuberculin skin test, pulmonary TB, extrapulmonary TB Abstract Objective: To evaluate the influence factors of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) for active tuberculosis (TB) in previously Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-vaccinated patients. Methods: 456 patients underwent the T-SPOT.TB test including 402 active pulmonary TB (PTB) and 52 active extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). Correlations ...

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Synaptic Ribbon of Hair Cells

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,471 Words)

The synaptic ribbon of hair cells is a large presynaptic organelle implicated in precise synaptic transmission of auditory information to afferent neurons. Ribbon synapses are electron-dense bodies that vary in shape, size, and number across species, along the tonotopic axis, and even among active zones in individual hair cells. They are unique in their form and function such that they provide the entire acoustic signal to ...

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Strategies for Spatiotemporal Regeneration

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,431 Words)

INTRODUCTION OF SPATIOTEMPORAL REGENERATION De novo shoot organogenesis in tissue culture provide an excellent opportunity in order to study the factors that elicit the totipotency of cells which lead to shoot regeneration in higher plants. Auxins and cytokinin plays an important role for this. In addition to this histological study of the plant tissue at different time interval provides an important tool to reveal the various ...

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Meta-analysis of IL-6 polymorphism and DN Susceptibility

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

8 Pages (3,110 Words)

Associationbetween IL-6 -174G>C or -634C>G Polymorphism and Diabetic Nephropathy Risk: A Meta-analysis Highlights: This study indicates that IL-6 -634C>G polymorphism is associated with susceptibility of DN. The mutations may increase the risk of DN, which means C-allele is the risk allele of DN. It is also suggests that IL-6 -174G>C polymorphism is not be associated with DN susceptibility. Abstract Objective: Our study aims to ...

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Identification of Organic Compounds

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

10 Pages (3,785 Words)

May Zheng Lab Partner: Vena Ganesarasa Observations: Table 1: The Use of Iodine Solution for Determining the Presence of Starch in Various Samples Solutions Sample: Amylose Maltose Sucrose Glucose Unknown X Unknown Y Distilled Water Observations Light yellow, cloudy, ...

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Chemical Hazards and Tractability Implementation

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,266 Words)

Research Proposal from Islam Md. Jakiul Research Title: Assessment of Chemical Hazards and Tractability Implementation in Crustacean Seafood Supply Chain Background In course of time, global competition to access food business market gradually faces the consumer’s new and new demand for food safety and quality. The previous safety issues were mostly concerned to the microbiological contamination especially Salmonella and the new complaints are associated with the presence ...

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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

9 Pages (3,205 Words)

TAQ 1- Part 1- The similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Prokarytotic cells Eukaryotic cells Similarities Nucleus The DNA floats within the nucleus of this cell. The division of the cell happens via mitosis. The nucleus is known as a nucleoid which isn’t a true nucleus like eukaryotic cell. (John Wiley ...

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Is Ecoology Discrete Entities or Continuum Community?

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,023 Words)

Sabrina Danial Leong Discrete entities or continuum community best describes current Ecology? A number of species assembled to form a pioneer community. Commonly, community is the assemblage of any populations in a habitat. They can consists of many sizes and could be from a taxonomic group or different types of taxonomic group (Krebs 2014). These species were capable of immigrating rather rapidly and can withstand unfavorable ...

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Effect of Cross-linkers on the Resistance of Dentin Collagen

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,240 Words)

The results of this study indicated that dentin surface treatment with ethanol-based EDC solution for 1 min did not decrease immediate bond strength and resulted in bond strength preservation after water storage for 90 days. Measured hydroxyproline release from dentin collagen after exposure to collagenase demonstrated that EDC-ethanol solution treatment improved collagen resistance to collagenase-mediated degradation, which could lead to the stabilization of the hybrid layer ...

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Synthesis of Chiral Drug Intermediates

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,625 Words)

Given the important role of phenylalanine dehydrogenase (PheDH) in the synthesis of chiral drug intermediates and detection of phenylketonuria, suggesting it is significant to obtain a PheDH with special and high activity. Here, a novel PheDH gene, pdh, encoding a BsPDH with 61.0% similarity to the known PheDH from Microbacterium sp., was obtained. The BsPDH showed the optimal activity at 60°C and pH 7.0, and was ...

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Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

8 Pages (2,912 Words)

Identify and describe the function of the main components of the digestive system-30 marks Identify cell and tissue types-30 marks Identify and describe the urinary system-20 marks Digestive and urinary system Part A Identify the parts of the digestive system on the diagram overleaf---------10mks Explain the function of each part of the digestive system identified in the diagram above?---15mks Outline the composition of ...

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Effect of Mutant EDA-A1 Gene on Huvecs

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

10 Pages (3,934 Words)

Effect of EDA-A1 gene mutant on proliferation and cell cycle distribution of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cell Running title: The effect of mutant EDA-A1 gene on HUVECs. Ke Lei, MM; Lunchang Wang, MD; Bing Ma, MM; Ping Shi, MD; Longjiang Li, MD; Tuanjie Che, MD; Xiangyi He, MD Highlights: EDA-A1 gene mutant significantly decreased proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs ...

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Functions and Functions of Bones and Muscles

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,855 Words)

TAQ 1 – In a short account explain skeletal and bone function which aid carry out its roles. Remember to link structure and function for both. The human skeleton is made up of bones, these bones are composed of a mineral called calcium. Due to this mineral bone is a very hard substance, without the presence of calcium bone becomes soft and rubber like. There are ...

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Effect of Surface Area on Rates of Diffusion in Plant Cells

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,256 Words)

the effect of SURFACE AREA : VOLUME RATIO on the rate of DIFFUSION IN PLANT cells INTRODUCTION Diffusion is movement of the particles from a place higher concentration to a place of low concentration. In the experiment, agar cubes were used to resemble plant cells. The surface area to volume ratio of the agar cubes was investigated by cutting out different volumes agar and ...

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Zebrafish, Genetic Screens, and GNE Myopathy

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,050 Words)

Caroline Haver Scientists continuously research to better understand the human stages of development and progression of diseases. Due to the complexity and ethical concerns of testing with humans, scientists instead utilize model organisms such as Danio rerio (zebrafish) in their research. Gaining understanding of processes in these less complex organisms allows for better application and comprehension in more complex organisms. Therefore, I will ...

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Preventing Cardiovascular, Diabetes, and Cancer (CDC) Strips

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

9 Pages (3,251 Words)

Novel Strategies Halt Cardiovascular, Diabetes, and Cancer Strips Summary Since the authors found firstly there are cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancers (CDC) strips and disclosed their mechanisms, classifications and clinical significances, there is an arising problem how to prevent and halt CDC strips. Fortunately, the authors had already developed new strategies which based previous works for the prevention of coronary heart disease (CVD), cardiovascular events (CVEs) ...

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Fanconi Anemia Causes

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,548 Words)

Fanconi anemia is the most frequently reported rare inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFSs), around 2000 cases have been reported in the medical literature. It was first reported by Guido Fanconi in 1927. He observed 3 brothers with macrocytosis, pancytopenia, and physical abnormalities (Alter et al., 1993). 2.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY The total number of people suffering from FA has not been documented worldwide.Scientists estimate that the carrier ...

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Impact of Bt Cotton on the Environment | Literature Review

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,326 Words)

Literature review Purcell and Perlak (2004) investigated the global impact of Bt cotton. It was reported that since its introduction in 1996, this insect resistant transgenic from of cotton has been widely accepted and grown by farmers. Bt cotton has been cultivated on both, commercial and small-scale farms, and farmers with small holdings have benefited majorly. The adoption of Bt cotton has facilitated growers in terms ...

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Role of Neuromedins in Pain and Signal Transduction Pathways

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,990 Words)

Abstract Neuromedins are a family of structurally highly conserved peptides which is initially isolated from porcine spinal cord. It is best known for their contractile activity to induce uterine smooth muscle contractionon. It is ubiquitously distributed with highest levels found in several different tissues and have been ascribed numerous functions. Amino acid alignment of the C terminus of NMU shows its structure are important for bioactivity.NmU ...

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Activity of Antioxidant in the Gmelina Arborea Seed

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,856 Words)

CHAPTER I PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND The problem and its background are focused on clarifying in this chapter. The problem is determined and explains how the problem comes to its existence. It talks about the significance of having the problem solved and limits the broad spectrum to specify only the most essential parts. Introduction Gmelina arborea is regularly known as white teak, gamhar and Kashmir tree ...

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Nutrient Deficiency Effects on Growth of Raphanus Sativus

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,894 Words)

Jacob Lawson Abstract Macronutrients are an essential to all living plants, but the focus of our study is quantities that effect plants. How significant certain macronutrients relate to others in growth and total health of a living plant? Our focus of the study supports the ideal that potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen play major roles in plant development and when deficient show severely stunted growth. ...

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Industrial Production of Xanthan Gum

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,694 Words)

Xanthan Gum Production Industrial production of Xanthan gum started in 1970’s. Over the years it became one of the most important industrially produced anionic heterolpolyasaccharide. Reason for its prime importance is its wide use in food, cosmetics, paper making, medicine, paint and petroleum industry. It is used as a n emulsifier, thickner and friction and water mobility reducer. Xanthan gum is convenient to use ...

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Using Metagenomics to Monitor Microbial Communities

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,389 Words)

Executive summary: The Advanced Microbial Solutions Company is exploring a new approach to isolate novel organisms or gene from the environment for commercial exploitation. This approach is enabled by metagenomics, a high throughput capacity that can deal with the DNA extraction, sequencing and interpretation of microbial communities. The R&D Department decided to choose a variety of freshwater sediment, marine sand and water samples from Portobello Beach ...

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Assay for Different Marker Enzymes found in Chicken Liver

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,578 Words)

Introduction Cell Theory states that all living organism contain cells which are the basic unit of life. These cells contain certain organelles that perform specific functions. In order for Scientists to study these compartments, they isolated these organelles through the process of Cell Fractionation and certain enzymes are present in these organelles for it to be distinguished from one another. These enzymes are called Marker Enzymes ...

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Dilutional Hyponatremia During Intrauterine Adhesion

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

13 Pages (4,824 Words)

Severe dilutional hyponatremia in a patient during hysteroscopic of intrauterine adhesion : A case report YE Yuzhu, LIN Lina Abstract Hysteroscopy is a minimally invasive procedure for the patients of intrauterin adhesion, but may result in potentially disastrous complication labeled transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) syndrome. Excessive absorption of large scale of distension media under high inflow pressure by openings of venous channels in endometrium, ...

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Copper, Zinc and Selenium in Elderly Persons

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

8 Pages (3,134 Words)

Evaluation of the Serum Levels of Oxidant/Antioxidant Status, Copper, Zinc and Selenium in Elderly Persons with and without Physical Disability Abstract: The growing population of old persons causes that scientific community increase focus on age related disease such as physical disability. In recent studies, has been shown that parameters include serum levels of oxidative stress, copper, zinc, selenium and bone mineral density(BMD) play important role in ...

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Prevention of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC)

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,025 Words)

Role of Vitamin E in prevention of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) Kanwal Mazhar, Guiju Sun1 Abbreviations: ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; Vit E, Vitamin E; RONS, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species; Abstract Vitamin E (Vit E) has enormous potential for cancer growth inhibition and cancer prevention. It has been studied widely for its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancerous activity. The objective of this review ...

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Anti-viral and Anti-cancer Effect of Sea Cucumber Extracts

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

9 Pages (3,262 Words)

The Anti-viral and Anti-cancer effect of secondary metabolite extracts from sea cucumber (Holothuria leucospilota) in vitro Abstract Sea cucumber is used as food purposes and traditional medicine in Asia and Middle East society. In this scientific study we try to examine antiviral effect of organic extracts, obtained from sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota species against HIV-1. For this reason, sea cucumber collected from 10-30 meters depths, around ...

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Uses and Chemistry of Lignin

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,859 Words)

Plant Lignin Introduction: Lignin positions second just to cellulose as the most abundant common item on earth. All things considered, it constitutes one of the biggest regular re-sources accessible to man. To date its utilization as a substance crude material has been constrained and where it can be found in significant amounts as a detached result of the mash and paper industry, it has to a ...

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Effect of Obesity on Total Joint Replacement (TJR) Rates

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

8 Pages (2,996 Words)

The critical factor driving the growth in worldwide demand for joint replacement is obesity Kumar Anjan Contents (Jump to) Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. Obesity – How can we define it? 3. Surgical Risk: 4. Obesity and Implant Failure 5. Conclusion 6. Bibliography Abstract: During early days, obese individuals were often suggested to lose weight before undergoing total joint replacement (TJR). It was common ...

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Role of PINK1 in α-synuclein Aggregation

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,063 Words)

The role of PINK1 in α-synuclein aggregation and toxicity in Parkinson’s disease State-of-the-art Misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein (ASYN) is the major component of Lewy bodies (LBs) [1], the pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD) [2,3]. Although clinical and experimental studies suggest the involvement of protein misfolding, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction [4,5], the fundamental cause of the disease, its underlying mechanism remains elusive. The normal ...

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Importance of Health and Safety in a Hospital Lab

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,664 Words)

Natalie Pigott M1/D1: Explain and evaluate the need for health, safety and security requirements in the hospital lab you have chosen In the haematology lab, nearly every sample being analysis contains some form of pathogenic organisms. Due to this, it is essential that certain precautions are put in place in order to avoid the risk of infection and cross contamination. One of these precautions ...

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Pros and Cons of Stem Cell Research

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,096 Words)

George Dion One Method to Cure Them All Imagine a world where the blind can see and where the crippled can walk. Stem cells can make miracles like this a reality. Stem cells are cells which have no specific function, but have the ability to replace any type of cell in the human body when needed. There are two types of stem cells; embryonic ...

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Causes of Epilepsy and Seizures

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

9 Pages (3,484 Words)

An Introduction to Epilepsy Elliot Williamson Contents (Jump to) Introduction to Epilepsy Seizures Causes of Epilepsy Conclusion Index References Figures Appendix Introduction to Epilepsy Epilepsy is the oldest known brain disorder dating back as early as 2080BC (Cascino et al., 1995). It was first identified as a disease by Dr Jon ...

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Mechanisms and Consequences of GP-mediated Cytopathology

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

8 Pages (3,151 Words)

EBOV is a member of the family Filoviridae in the order Mononegavirales, and so encodes its genome in single-stranded linear RNA in the negative orientation. The genome is approximately 19 kb long, and encodes 7 open reading frames (ORFs) [29]. The different subtypes of EBOV are approximately 35-45% divergent at the nucleotide level but are considered highly genomically stable over time [28,72]. The EBOV genome contains 3’ and 5’ (leader, ...

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Causes of Food Borne Botulism

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,453 Words)

Foodborne botulism Botulism is one of the most fatal diseases in all over the world. However, it is rare, and caused by a nerve toxin which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum(C. botulinum) and sometimes by strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii (3). There are five main kinds of botulism, which are foodborne botulism, wound botulism, infant botulism, adault intestinal toxaemia botulism and iatrogenic ...

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Structure of the Swine Flu Virus

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,329 Words)

The 1918 influenza pandemic and cytokine storm Morens and Fauci (2007) states that the 1918 influenza pandemic killed 50-100 million people worldwide was caused by an influenza virus which is a subtype of H1N1 virus. Furthermore they outlines that the 1918 pandemic apparently arose to a new human host due to a genetic adaptation by an existing avian virus. In their thorough review of related studies ...

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Purification of Fructosyl Transferase (FTase)

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,395 Words)

Introduction Food products are formulated for taste, appearance, cost and convenience of the consumer. The composition of food products that confer a health benefit is a relatively new trend, and recognizes the growing acceptance of the role of diet in disease prevention, treatment and well-being. It is thus becoming increasingly clear that there is a strong relationship between the food we consume and our health. Scientific ...

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Development of Infrared Ray Sterilization Oven

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,356 Words)

IR Sterilization Oven Mohamed Hossam Yahia Mohamed Introduction: Sterilization can be defined as a process which completely eliminates or kills microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses and prions. It can be used for many things such as equipment, food, surfaces, medications, and the most important field is the biological culture medium. Sterility is obtained by exposure of the substance that needs to be sterilized to ...

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Determination of the Body by Genes

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

11 Pages (4,015 Words)

Gemma Tue TAQ 1: Genes are sections of DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid). They are shorter than actual DNA strands and each one has code for a specific protein. It does this in setting the order the amino acids must join together. DNA carries the genetic coding which will give living things there characteristics. DNA is unique except for that of identical twins. Chromosomes are ...

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Role of Doxycycline in Prostate Cancer With Microarray

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

12 Pages (4,569 Words)

Bioinformatics analysis of the role of doxycycline in prostate cancer with microarray Running title: Roles of doxycycline in prostate cancer High lights: Significant pathways involved in the progression are analyzed. PPI network was constructed and total 392 common DEGs were identified. BUB1, MYC, IGF-1, CCNE2, CYP2E1 and ALDH3B2 were identified as key genes. Abstract Purpose: We aim to identify the key genes and pathways ...

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Drug-receptor Interactions Review

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,372 Words)

Drugs and naturally occurring toxin interacts with their target molecule at the receptor sites localized in the target molecules. The drug-receptor is highly specific as the drug only binds selectively to a particular receptor. The drug-receptor interacts via several chemical bonds such as covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic bonds (Young et al., 2003). The drugs or toxins have to bind to their target molecules in ...

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Dominant and Recessive Alleles Experiment

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,867 Words)

Discussion Part A The number of dominant genes was constant from one generation to the next. It remained at a number of 50 alleles considering that all Bengal tigers with the dominant allele (H), survived to pass on the gene. On the other hand, the frequency of the dominant allele increased over the ten generations. The frequency of the dominant allele during the first generation was ...

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Types, Causes and Prevention of Illnesses

Published Date: 19 Jan 2018

8 Pages (2,820 Words)

References www.archive.microworld.org (accessed 8 march) www.biology.about.com (accessed 8 march) www.medicalnewstoday.com (accessed 8 march) www.science.howstuffworks.co.uk (accessed 8 march) Cholera Consuming food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, causes acute diarrhoea and vomiting resulting in dehydration. Vibrio cholerae is usually found in impure water supplies (unsanitary disposal of excrement) and is spread to humans by drinking this contaminated water e.g. vegetables irrigated by fresh sewage, ...

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Genes and Mechanisms in Colorectal Cancer (CRC)

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

11 Pages (4,153 Words)

Identification ofpotential therapeutic target genes and mechanisms in colorectal cancer based on bioinformatics analysis Highlights: Totally, 150 DEGs including 88 down- and 62 up-regulated genes were identified. Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction may be associated with CRC development. CXCL3 and IL8 may play roles in CRC progress by regulating TNF signaling pathway. PTGS2, CXCL3 and IL8 may be potential therapeutic target genes for CRC. Bile secretion-related genes ...

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Precautionary Principle in Biodiversity

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,571 Words)

Precautionary approach can be defined as the alternative approach or methodology that can be adopted or is developed if the conventional technology poses a threat to the well being of the society and is a potential agent of disturbing the balance of the ecosystem, thereby disturbing the biodiversity. Precautionary principle can be defined as the step taken towards environmental risk management for situations that may arise ...

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Action of Naturally Occurring Toxins and Medicines

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,871 Words)

The purpose of this review is to study ten different toxins and what changes they cause in the human body which will then lead to observable signs and symptoms. Naturally occurring toxins are obtained from organisms such as animals, plants (Dolan et al. 2010) and others while medicines are drugs used to treat or prevent a disease. A medicine can either be natural or synthesized. ...

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Spread of the Measles Virus in Europe

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,511 Words)

Introduction: Measles are an infectious disease caused by the Morbilivirus genus of viruses. The history of measles can be recorded back to the early age of men when mankind was unaware of the disastrous effects of measles. With particular focus on the European countries of the current world, we can have an organized view of the natural course of measles outbreaks in the European region. There ...

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Psychological Effects of Low Vision on Patients

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

8 Pages (3,197 Words)

Maya Al Meer Abstract Some patients suffer from eye diseases such as cataract or glaucoma and many others that cause a decrease in their level of vision making it impossible for them to regain their normal eyesight; this is known as visual impairment. Low vision is a mix of severe visual impairment and moderate visual impairment. The patient shows a decrease in the ...

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Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP): An Overview

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

10 Pages (3,834 Words)

David Hong Creative Scenario As a person diagnosed with the FOP disease, life is hard to live day by day. When I was first born, I had malformed big toes that were short and bent inward, and as a child my back felt stiff and I had difficulty crawling and moving around. One day, I was running around the yard and fell on ...

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