Principles of Cell Signalling and Transduction

27 Nov 2017

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“The principles of cell signalling and signal transduction are the same across all organisms and are crucial for survival of those organisms”. Critically discuss this statement. Introduction Around 3.7 billion years ago the first cells are thought to have emerged (Ohtomo, et al., 2014), and with this came one of the most important steps in the evolution of life on Earth. The underlying mechanisms for responding ...

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Cancer Tissue Culture in Cancer Biology

27 Nov 2017

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Abstract: The main aim of biologist who study tissue culture in cancer biology is to understand the behaviour of cancer cell in intact organisms but understanding cancer biology is a major challenge of this century. There has been major research has been done which made itself evident that only new tissue culture cancer model ,with low complexity and high predictability will be useful and allow the ...

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Overview of Pharmacophore

27 Nov 2017

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Table of Contents INTRODUCTION RATIONALE OBJECTIVES TIME FRAME LITERATURE REVIEW METHODOLOGY REQUIREMENTS REFERENCES INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is an immune cell mediated skin disease. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the onset and severity of the disease. It occurs when the immune cells starts to move from dermis to the epidermis which causes the hyper proliferation of keratinocytes. The immune cells are usually dendritic and T cells ...

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Identification of Bacterial Isolates

27 Nov 2017

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A number of research studies conducted the analysis of commercially available MALDI-TOF MS systems to evaluate their performance to identify the routinely encountered bacterial isolates in clinical microbiology laboratories (Table X). The vast majority of errors in these reports are attributed to incomplete population of databases, technician error in database assembly and during data acquisition or lack of the MS spectra to differentiate similar species. Seng ...

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Carotenoid Profiles in Pandan Leaves

27 Nov 2017

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1 Introduction 1.1 Pandan Leaves In Indonesia, people are familiar of using several herbal leaves for special purposes especially for condiments to act as natural colorants or natural flavors to improve color and flavors in food e.g. pandan leaves (Figure 1). Pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb) have been used in cooking and also as traditional herbal treatment for several illnesses in South East Asia Countries (Wongpornchai, ...

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Constructing Functional Multi-enzyme Complexes In Vitro

27 Nov 2017

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Molecular self-assembly offers a method of sophisticated materials constructed with precision. Designing self-assembling enzyme structures is of particular interest for the unique functional capabilities of enzymes, as shown in Figure 2. Chemically induced assembly has been shown to be a powerful tool for the investigation of cellular events and for its easy operation and low cost compared to bioconjuction. Chemical inducers can be cofactors, inhibitors, metal ...

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Regulation of the Long Non-coding RNA

27 Nov 2017

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Husnul Kalra Dual-use research is life sciences: Destructive knowledge “When and where serious and credible concern exists that legitimately intended biological material, technology or knowledge in the life sciences pose threats of harm to human health and security, the scientific community is obliged to develop, implement and adhere to precautious measures to meet the concern.” (Kuhlau et al, 2009) Biosafety and Biosecurity: These terms are such that ...

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Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Skeleton and Muscles

27 Nov 2017

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SABRINA PACE-HUMPHREYS UNIT TITLE:ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HUMAN SKELETON AND MUSCLES   In a short account explain skeletal and bone features which aid them to carry out their roles, Remember to link structure and function for both. Adult skeletons consist of 206 individual bones arranged in two divisions – axial and appendicular skeleton. The former runs along the body’s midline and includes skull, ...

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Enzyme Kinetics Laboratory Report

27 Nov 2017

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Introduction Enzymes are catalysts that speed up the rate of biochemical reactions that take place within the cells of organisms, hence they are called biological catalysts (Berg et al., 2012b; H Bull, 2002). They speed up the reactions, by providing an alternative route for the reactions to take place that has a lower activation energy. Enzyme help to increase the rate at which the equilibrium is ...

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Overview of Gene Types

27 Nov 2017

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Mitochondrial markers Even though mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) represents a tiny fraction of organism all genome size, they are often chosen for evolutionary studies. mtDNA is relatively easy to amplify because it appears in multiple copies in cell, the gene content is strongly conserved across animals with very few duplications, intronless and very short intergenic regions (Simon et al., 1994). Mitochondrial tRNAgenes Nucleotide sequences and the rearrangements ...

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Zebrafish Genetic Screening

27 Nov 2017

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Li Zhang Evolution is an ongoing topic in this world due to the organisms’ ability to adapt and mutate in order for them to survive in a harsh environment. Humans are among the most developed species in knowledge wise and we are constantly discovering mysteries in science. We use many model organisms to help us identify and cure diseases and one such model is ...

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Intracellular ROS Levels Investigation

27 Nov 2017

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Intracellular ROS levels were investigated using flow cytometry analysis after exposure of HCT116 to either RGO, CeO2 or nano-CeO2/RGO nanohybrid over a period of 24 h and illustrated in Figure 5.11a. Data is computed as mean fold change in DCF signal compared to cell exposed to medium only in Figure 5.11b. Figure 5.11 Intracellular ROS levels in HCT116 cells as measured by flow cytometry after ...

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Prevalence of S. Aurus in Hospital Canteen Foods

27 Nov 2017

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Introduction Being a globally important pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for various fatal diseases like pneumonia, blood-stream infections, skin and soft tissue infection, osteomyelitis, and endocarditis, along with toxin mediated syndrome like food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome [1, 2]. Since 1980, the rise of the pandemic waves of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), it is one of the most common cause of hospital as well ...

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Physiological Role of Phytohormones

27 Nov 2017

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Plant growth and development is under the control of mutual interactions among plant hormones. The five classical categories of plant hormones include auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid and ethylene. Additionally, newer classes of plant hormones have been recognized like brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and polyamines. These hormones play significant roles in regulating the plant growth and development. Various receptors and key signaling components of these ...

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Identification of Phellinus s.l.

27 Nov 2017

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Fungi are one of the most important groups of organisms on the planet earth (Vaidya, 1995). Fungi, together with bacteria, are responsible for recycling of most of the lignocellulosic material. The recycling returns dead material to the soil in a form in which it can be reused (Vaidya, 1995; Alexopoulos et al., 1996 and Lamrood, 2004). The fungal kingdom comprises a huge diversity ...

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Patterns of Osmoregulation in Different Environments

27 Nov 2017

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MUSOWE EDSON .A Write an essay on the topic “patterns of Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial environments”. Introduction Osmoregulation refers to the process by which living organisms maintain the constant osmotic conditions in the body. It involves the regulation of water and solute concentration of the body fluids such as potassium, sodium and chlorides so that their body fluids are maintained within homeostatic limits. In order ...

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Pros and Cons of GM Foods: Analysis of Ghana

27 Nov 2017

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AVAILABILITY OF GENETICALLY(G) MODIFIED(M) FOODS IN GHANA-HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROS AND CONS OF GM FOODS BAWA ABDUL-AZIZ INTRODUCTION Genetically modified foods (GMFs) are an outcome of modification of plants involving movement of genes (DNA), the genetic substances, from a plant or bacteria species, or animal, into another plant species. Scientists are increasingly able to identify which gene or ...

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Introduction to Bones in the Body

27 Nov 2017

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TAQ1 Bone is made up of specialised cells consisting of protein fibres, calcium, water and minerals. Bones structure is a living material, containing living tissue, blood vessels and nerves. This enables the bones to repair themselves if damaged or broken. Calcium within the bone makes it very hard and strong, without calcium bones may become soft a rubbery. The structure of a bone appears in sections ...

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Types of Tissue and Muscle

27 Nov 2017

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5. Muscle Muscle is one of the four fundamental types of tissue present in animals. It is a soft tissue primarily responsible to produce movement of a body part. Its cells convert the chemical energy of ATP into the mechanical energy of motion and exert a useful pull on another tissue. More specifically, muscle contraction serves the following overlapping functions: movement and contractile move of body ...

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Natural Products for Cancer and Inflammation Treatments

27 Nov 2017

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Introduction Natural products and their importance The medicinal values of natural products derived both from plants and microbes have been well recognized since ancient times. Natural products have rendered great help in the management and treatment of a range of disorders including inflammatory, parasitic, neurological, cardiovascular, metabolic, oncological and pain-related diseases.[1] Natural products are derived from varied biological sources and are the best source ...

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Immunology Field Visit Report

27 Nov 2017

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WAN MAISARAH BINTI WAN ZAMRI INTRODUCTION On 19th May 2015, Introduction to Immunology was organized a field trip to Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) in Ipoh, Perak. It involved all students that took Introduction to Immunology course. The trip was escorted by the course’s lecturer, Madam Nor Dini Rusli. HISTORY OF VRI Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Ipoh, Perak is one section in the Division of ...

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SNPs of ABCG2 in Chinese Advanced NSCLC Patients

27 Nov 2017

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Introduction Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent and fatal malignant neoplasm all over the world and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80%–85% of all lung cancers(1). The majority of NSCLC patients, approximately 80%, presents in locally advanced (phase IIIA/B) or metastatic (phase IV) stages, which results in quite low 5-year survival rates, 8-14.1% for phase IIIA and 1-5% for phase IIIAB/IV (2). The ...

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Introduction to the Nervous System

27 Nov 2017

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Gemma Allen TAQ: 1   Word count: 308 TAQ: 2 The sensory neuron evokes the sensation of pain, touch, hearing vison and taste. It receives its fundamental stimuli from the sensory organs such as the skin, eyes, etc. it is responsible for changing the external stimuli into electrical impulses within the ...

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ABCC8 Protein of Slime Mold Experiment

27 Nov 2017

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Homology modeling of Putative uncharacterized protein ABCC8 in Dictyostelium purpureum (Slime mold) and its link in human neonatal diabetes Anum Mujtba1 and Maria Jamshaid1 INDRODUCTION: ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCC8 gene. In slime mold it is a putative uncharacterized protein. The orthologs of this protein have been identified in almost all ...

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Causes of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

27 Nov 2017

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Cameron Pauley Christine Mathis Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which is often called to as "Lou Gehrig's Disease" in the Americas, is a progressive nervous system degenerating disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and in the spinal column. Motor neurons go from the brain to the spinal cord and to the muscles scattered throughout the body. The degeneration of the motor neurons in ...

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Development of Dental Bonding Agent

27 Nov 2017

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The availability of dental bonding agents for a wider range of clinical application in recent year has emphasized the need for a reliable ad convenient methods of evaluating adhesive performance. The shear bond strength test method has been criticized due to variation among the results of various studies and also its validity under clinical condition [50] [51]. Yet the test is highly popular even today, due ...

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Ultrastructure of Vitelline Cells

27 Nov 2017

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ULTRASTRUCTURE OF VITELLINE CELLS OF EXPERIMENTALLY RECOVERED MIGRATING FASCIOLA GIGANTICA Medhat Ali, Hanan El Baz, Ahmed Nigm and Marwa Aboueldahab ABSTRACT The ultrastructure of migrating juvenile Fasciola gigantica shows that vitelline cells are grouped in vitelline follicles. Vitelline cells developed through a series of developmental stages. At stage I of vitelline cell development, the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio is high and the cytoplasm has mitochondria. In ...

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Effects of Bosentan and Losartan on 2K1C Hypertensive Rats

27 Nov 2017

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Effects of bosentan and losartan on kidney and liver weight in 2K1C hypertensive rats. Introduction Hypertension (HTN) has important contribution in cardiovascular risk factors, it has great consideration by the researchers, therefore, several animal models have been developed to investigate consequences of HTN. The most well known model is Goldblatt model. Which is a widely used for renovascular HTN (Badyal et al., 2003).The 2K1C Goldblatt model ...

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Role of Thyroxin in Mammalian Brain Development

27 Nov 2017

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Mathematical Modeling of the Role of Thyroxin in Mammalian Brain Development Afzal Sara, Ahmad Muhammad, Shahid Faryal Abstract: it has been known that tri-iodothronine (T3) plays a vital role in fetal brain development however despite its importance no mathematical model has been made for it thus far. Here we present a mathematical model for metabolic pathway of T4 to T3 conversion in brain development and gene ...

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Body Processes of the Digestive System

27 Nov 2017

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Magdalena Mustafa Digestive System Digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and other accessory organs. The purpose of digestive system is to convert food into small molecules that can be later on absorbed and utilized by the cells in the body. Food is broken down, until the molecules are minor enough to be absorbed and the waste products disposed. Alimentary canal or ...

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Virtual Reality Balance Training for Overweight Intervention

27 Nov 2017

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DISCUSSION:- The purpose of the study was to determine if virtual reality balance training or traditional balance training can enhance balance in over weight individual. The result of the present study showed that all the three group i.e. Control Group, Virtual reality group demonstrated a similar performance in both the measured variable and Traditional balance group give rise to more measurable improvement. In this study positive ...

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Encoding RIP from Elaeis Guaneensis Jacq.

27 Nov 2017

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Detection and expression profiling of two novel transcripts encoding RIP from Elaeis guaneensis Jacq. in Ganoderma boninense interaction . 1 Introduction Among several oil-producing plants, oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is a tropical crop which is exclusively grown for oil production. Its high oil yield is extracted from oil palm’s thick fleshy mesocarp which is extremely rich in oil (80% of dry mass). Furthermore, oil palm has the ...

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Decolorizing Agar Cubes with NaOH | Experiment

27 Nov 2017

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Hamsika Iyer Research question: How will changing the surface area to volume ratio affect the time taken to completely decolorize the agar cubes with NaOH, thereby affecting the rate of diffusion? Introduction: The simplest way in which a molecule could move in and out of a cell is by diffusion. No energy is required, and movement occurs by way of a simple concentration gradient. ...

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Overview of Pathogens and Disease

27 Nov 2017

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Lisa Langford A pathogen is a microorganism capable of causing infections diseases or illness to its host. Viruses thrive in various environments such as air, surfaces and soil. Many viruses gain entry via the respiratory route. Airborne pathogens such as the common cold (rhinovirus) and influenza, passed on from human to human, become suspended in the tiny droplets from the nose during sneezing and ...

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Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) in Plant Breeding

27 Nov 2017

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Principle of Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) and Their Application in Plant Breeding Since life began on earth about 3 billion years ago, the biodiversity of the plants on our planet have gone through numerous natural selection and evolutionary changes, producing a rich and diverse ecosystem supporting life in various geographical regions and climates. In addition, when human race have arisen as a superior species, various plant ...

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Effect of Temperature on Beetroot Membrane

27 Nov 2017

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Kelly Butterworth An investigation to determine the effects that various temperatures have on beetroot membrane using colorimetry Abstract/Aim The aim of this experiment is to look at how temperature has an effect on the movement of pigments through a beetroot membrane, this will involve investigating how the membranes in the beetroot will split and leak the red pigment, anthocyanin. The experiment conducted was to ...

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Marijuana as Medicine to the Community

27 Nov 2017

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Marijuana is a second name of cannabis which is prepared from the cannabis plant for the use in the treatment as a medicine and a psychoactive drug. It is a powder of green, brown or gray color which is a mixture of leaves from the plant. Some people use this powder in their food and eat it. Marijuana is mostly consumed for the psychological and physiological ...

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Error-correction Methods for Next Generation Sequencing

27 Nov 2017

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Introduction The advent of high-throughput genomics and development in next generation sequencing technologies has led to an exponential growth in the identi ca-tion and storage of high quality sequence reads. Sequenced reads of such high quality lead to much more accurate results which are especially relevant in the elds of resequencing, denovo sequencing, metagenomics and gene ex-pression analysis. However, such results requires equally well developed error ...

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DNA Testing in the Criminal Justice System

27 Nov 2017

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DNA Testing Provided its uniqueness, DNA has found many uses in the medical and criminal investigation fields. In the medical field, scientists use DNA analysis to determine paternity. In the criminal investigation field, scientists use DNA analysis to identify suspects in criminal investigations. Nonetheless, identification of people using DNA analysis is not foolproof. DNA testing, also known as DNA profiling, came because of two separate breakthroughs ...

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phytochemical Composition of Talinum Triangulare (jac.)

23 Nov 2017

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Title: Study of phytochemical composition of leaves, stems and roots in Talinum triangulare (jac.) willd. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study The Talinum triangulare have common name as ‘Ginseng Jawa’ in Java, waterleaf. The waterleaf was derived from family Portulaceae. Some people confused the Talinum triangulare with Talinum frutocisum. The waterleaf was assumed native to tropical America. The herbs were introduced into Java in 1915 from ...

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ATM Functions to Address DSBs

23 Nov 2017

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During the course of a cell’s lifetime, it will be exposed to numerous DNA-damaging events due to various chemical and environmental agents. Should a cell be rendered unable to repair the damage to its genetic material, cancer and other maladies may develop, which may ultimately lead to the death of the organism. (SUZANNE CLANCEY). To this extent, numerous human diseases are attributed to an inability to ...

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Investigation of Food Content

23 Nov 2017

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Judith L. Gasalatan Aim: To investigate the food content of different food samples. Results: Food Sample Fats Starch Protein Vitamin C Whole meal bread There is fat present and became cloudy There is starch present that the colour changed into dark brown No protein ...

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Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) and Diabetes

23 Nov 2017

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Insulin and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signal pathways are known to be involved in glucose uptake regulation, but the integration of signals between these two pathways in maintaining glucose homeostasis remains mysterious (1). Insulin stimulates glucose uptake into skeletal muscle mainly via the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane (2). Also the exact mechanism involved is not yet fully understood, however, in ...

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Causes and Treatments of Dengue fever

23 Nov 2017

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Abstract Dengue fever is caused by positive-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus. Dengue virus is transmitted to humans by a mosquito vector Aedes aegypti belonging to genus Aedes of family Culicideae. 50 -100 million peoples are affected by dengue virus . Indian scientists have develop a vaccine for the prevention of the dengue fever. Dengue Virus Genome Contain 10 Viral Protein C,prM,E,NS1.NS2A,NS2B,NS3,NS4A,NS4B,NS5. vector population ...

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Extraction of GAPDH Gene from Grass Species

23 Nov 2017

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The extraction of the GAPDH gene from grass species, for sequencing, to determine which grasses will be most suitable for the stimulation of hydrocarbon-degradation Introduction: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate gehydrogenase gene (GAPDH) is a house keeping gene for a crucial enzyme which catalyses an important step in glycolysis, found in all phylogeny. This gene can be extracted and isolated from plant gDNA through the use of PCR. Once cloned, ...

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Development of Hybridoma Cells

23 Nov 2017

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Hybridoma cells are made from fusion of myeloma cells with B-cell lymphocytes obtained from a spleen of immunized host, usually from mouse. Myeloma cells have immortality properties but do not produce antibodies whereas B-cell lymphocytes are antibodies producer but they have short life span. When both cells are fused together, both the properties merge to form hybridoma cell line which is both immortal and produces antibodies ...

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Regional Fruits in India

23 Nov 2017

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Nature has bestowed us with a wide variety of plant resources and their products. Fruits and vegetables are very important food commodities not only in India but all over the world. The fruit and vegetable sector has grown substantially both in volume and in variety of outputs traded globally. Rising incomes, falling transportation costs, improved technologies and developing international agreements have all contributed to this level ...

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Structure and Ecology of E.Coli

23 Nov 2017

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NURUL ATIKAH INTRODUCTION Since the ancient time until today, the modern day area, human had been living with various microorganism like bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa and viruses (Pelczar, 2014). Basically they are living in all environment in the world. They exist in the hot spring. Water, soil and even in the air that we breathe. Due to their microscopic size, human are not ...

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Growth and Sporulation of Cryptosporiopsis SPP

23 Nov 2017

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3.1 Pathogenicity test Cashew seedlings inoculated with Cryptosporiopsis conidial suspensions exhibited small brown spots on multiple leaves. Spots enlarged over time and closely resembled spots observed in the field, although disease severity appeared lower than for field plants. Sterile water control did not display any disease symptoms. After 72 h, leaves sprayed with Cryptosporiopsis spp isolate began curling thereafter to developed dark, irregularly shaped spots with ...

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Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency: Carbon Isotopic Composition

23 Nov 2017

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Determination of intrinsic water use efficiency of different Mediterranean forest species by carbon isotopic composition Abstract An experiment will be conducted to study the C-13 composition in the tissues of Pinus halepensis, Quercus ilex and Arbutus unedo under different water availability conditions. C-13 composition will be determined using elemental analyser. An ANOVA will be conducted to analyze the composition of C-13 within the plant tissue of ...

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Organisation of the Body

23 Nov 2017

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1.1) Light microscopes can magnify an object to be seen 400-1000 times. Microscopes that allow electron can magnify up to two million times. This allows scientists to see things in more detail such as cells, this result has given doctors and scientists more understanding and function. Light microscopes use a visible light that bends and passes through the lens. Electron microscopes use a beam of electrons ...

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Bioinformatics Analysis of DGAT1 Gene in Domestic Ruminnants

23 Nov 2017

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SIROUS EIDIVANDI Abstract Diacylglycerol-O-acyltransferase (DGAT1) gene encodes diacylglyceroltransferase enzyme that playsan important role in glycerol lipid metabolism. DGAT1 is considered to be the key enzyme in controlling the synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes. This enzyme catalyzes the final step of triglyceride synthesis (transform triacylglycerol (DAG) into triacylglycerol (TAG). A total of 20 DGAT1(8,9Exones) gene sequences belonging to 5 species include cattle (Bos Taurus and BosIndicus), Goats, ...

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PrsA Lipoprotein Promotes Efficient Extracytoplasmic Protein

23 Nov 2017

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“PrsA Lipoprotein Promotes Efficient Extracytoplasmic Protein Secretion with Possible Beneficial Applications for Medicine and Industry”   Abstract This paper explores the essential function of the PrsA-mediated system of influencing the amount and rate of protein secretion from Gram positive cells. During secretion, bacterial proteins face an obstacle course of extremes of charge, pH, unfolding and re-folding into native conformations in order to be of service in the ...

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Oil Degrading Bacteria

23 Nov 2017

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Introduction Oil degrading bacteria are considered as the dominant hydrocarbon which helps in degrading the aquatic systems such as oceans. These bacteria’s are capable of diverse metabolic pathways which enable them to utilize most recalcitrant petroleum hydrocarbons that are not present in fungi. In recent years the microbial biodegradation of pollutants is a sustainable ways to clean up contaminated environment which is strive by the humans. The ...

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Childhood Absence Epilepsy | Case Study

23 Nov 2017

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Childhood absence epilepsy [CAE] is a common form of epilepsy which manifests in ten to seventeen percent of all epilepsy cases (.Matricardi, Verrotti, Chiarelli, Cerminara,Curatolo; 2014). The disease is idiopathic making the disease complex to treat. The purpose of this paper is to examine the mode of action of anticonvulsants in order to understand the therapeutic effects they have on clients with CAE. Etiology, Signs, Symptoms ...

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Non Cirrhotic Intrahepatic Portal Hypertension (NCIPH) Cause

23 Nov 2017

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Role of complement factors, ADAMTS13 and Von Willebrand factor in pathogenesis of non cirrhotic intrahepatic portal hypertension (NCIPH) in humans Hypothesis: Cytokine induced up regulation of Von Willebrand factor (VWF) on microvascular endothelial cells, coupled with shear stress, altered complement activation. Deficiency of ADAMTS13 protease facilitates formation of microvascular thrombi within the liver resulting in portal hypertension. Aim 1: Examine circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines ...

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KT-MT Interactions During Pro-metaphase and Metaphase Stages

23 Nov 2017

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Introduction An essential part of cell proliferation in eukaryotes is the accurate segregation of sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell during mitosis. Previous studies have shown that error in this process – mis-segregation of chromosomes – generates aneuploidy cells which are linked to human diseases like cancers and congenital disorders (1, 2). Forces generated by microtubules (MTs) upon linked kinetochores (KTs) is the major ...

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Balance of Brain Oxytocin and Vasopressin

23 Nov 2017

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Balance of brain oxytocin and vasopressin: implications for anxiety, depression, and social behaviors Introduction As early as 1950s, the pituitary hormones oxytocin (OXT) and vasopressin or arginine vasopressin (AVP) have been studied across vertebrates (Choleris et al, 2013). The structure of both neuropeptides appeared to be highly homogenous, distinguishable by only two positions in their nine amino acids sequences (Cohen, J., 2005). Although they are structurally ...

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21st Century Trends in Human Health

23 Nov 2017

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Human Health in the 21st Century: Global Trends, Developments and Challenges Ntsebo Immaculate Molapo Introduction The twentieth century saw the introduction of many antimicrobials and antibiotics which have been efficient in reducing the mortality rate from 797 deaths per 100000 people in 1900 to 36 per 100000 in 1980 (Arsmtrong, et al., 1999). Although there is a decline in the twentieth century, there are ...

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Identification of Micro-Organisms Assesment

23 Nov 2017

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With Bacteria as can be seen by the following table a process of elimination can be utilised to identify a previously unknown micro-organism but it is a time consuming and potentially costly process. In the Pathology Laboratory set up clinical information from the clinical staff would give the technical staff pointers to narrow the field and facilitate a prompt identification so that early treatment can be ...

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Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

23 Nov 2017

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The mysteries gathered from nature have led to the expansion of biomimetic approaches for the growth of advanced nanomaterials. Biological methods for nanoparticle production using microorganisms, enzymes, and plants or plant extracts have been recommended as possible ecofriendly alternatives to chemical and physical methods. Here, we report extracellular mycosynthesis of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl (1912). On treating iron (III) chloride (FeCl3, 6H2O) solution ...

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Diseases and Insect Pest Management

23 Nov 2017

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Barley is exposed to various diseases and insect pests responsible for heavy reduction in yield and quality. Though barley is attacked by many pathogens but few are economically important in India, which need attention through resistance breeding or chemical control. In India, stripe rust / yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. hordeii) and leaf rust/ brown rust (Puccinia hordei) are major problems in NWPZ, while in NEPZ ...

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Role of Xpd Gene in Development of Squamous Cell Carcinoma

23 Nov 2017

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“ROLE OF XPD GENE IN DEVELOPMENT OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF HEAD AND NECK” Ritika Mishra ABSTRACT In the present global health, cancer is emerging as the most dangerous death causing disease. Head and neck cancer has become one of the common ailments today and considered as a complex disease. Squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck accounts for 3.5% of all the registered cancer ...

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Diagnostic Performance of MRI for PE

23 Nov 2017

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Title:Diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging for pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis Highlights: This study was performed to analyze the diagnostic performance of MRI for PE. High sensitivity and specificity of MRI diagnosis for PE was proved. MRI diagnosis had low missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis rates in detecting PE. MRI had strong discriminative ability for confirming PE. Good diagnostic performance of MRI for PE was proved. ...

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In Vitro Stem Cell Study Assays

23 Nov 2017

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In Vitro Stem Cell Study Assays (colony assays, embryoid bodies, neurosphere, liquid culture) The introduction of proper methods for the assessment of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can lead to the full realization of the potential of these cells in biomedical research and devising strategies for the treatment of human diseases. Currently, the in vitro colony-forming cell assay is perhaps the most specific and sensitive procedure ...

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Heart and Neural Crest Derivatives-Expressed Protein 2

23 Nov 2017

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Introduction Heart- and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAND2 gene. HAND2 (also known as dHAND) is a 24 kDa, class B member of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors superfamily. This gene product is one of two closely related family members, the HAND proteins, which are asymmetrically expressed in the developing ventricular chambers and play an essential ...

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Shotgun Proteomics Analysis of Foc TR4

23 Nov 2017

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DISCUSSION Despite the fact that several fungal pathogens during early development has been studied by shotgun-based quantitative proteomics analysis (Cagas et al. 2011; Oh et al. 2010; Suh et al. 2012), no study has been conducted on the fungal pathogen, Foc TR4, that causes the most important lethal disease of banana, resulting in substantial losses to the worldwide banana crop (Li et al. 2012). In this ...

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Molecular Mechanism of Sepsis

23 Nov 2017

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Title: Protein-protein interaction network and functional module analysis to reveal the mechanism of sepsis in polytrauma patients Highlights: We explored the molecular basis of sepsis induced by polytrauma using PPI network. A total of 342 DEGs including 110 up- and 232 down-regulated genes were obtained. TRAF3 was related with the innate immune responses in sepsis. ITGB3 was the key gene involved in coagulation dysregulation in ...

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Introduction to Prokaryotes

23 Nov 2017

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The prokaryotes are a group composed of millions of genetically different unicellular microorganism. They have a low structural diversity, however are genetically and physiologically very diverse (Kenneth Todar, 2009). Particular traits help to assemble or distinguish, particular group of prokaryotic organisms to microbiologists. The classification scheme is dominated by the prokaryotes phylogeny. In the phylogenic Tree of Life, prokaryotes are divided into 2 domains: Archaea ...

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Biological Control as a Pest Management Strategy

23 Nov 2017

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Several researches were carried out by different organisations in Mauritius to implement biological control in Mauritius as a component of our local Integrated Pest Management strategies. However, it can still be observed that most of the natural enemies which have been introduced over the past few years are unable to match up with their expected efficacy on the field. Only a portion of the introduced natural ...

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Causes of Horse Injuries: Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Injury

23 Nov 2017

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The study of the cause of injury to the deep digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament Ellen Knight   The aim of my investigation is to discover what makes horses more susceptible to certain injuries (i.e. genetics, anatomy, career, conformation). The essay discusses various factors that cause horses to injure their deep digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament. There are many factors to consider ...

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Isoenzymes-therapeutic Targets in Cancer

23 Nov 2017

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3. Isoenzymes-therapeutic targets in cancer The technological advances that have occurred over the past decade and the increasing number of evidences that have emerged from previous studies, show a wide array of metabolic rewiring in cancer cells compared to normal cells. Many metabolic enzymes which are specific to important metabolic pathways and which are altered in cancer cells have been identified. These enzymes help in mediating ...

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Impact of Excessive Sugar Intake

23 Nov 2017

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HeeSung Kim Sugar Alert: The Friendly Assassinator “Sweet!” People use the word as a replacement for awesome as much as they love sweet things. Indeed, sweetness is the first taste a newborn baby recognizes, and it is crucial for living; it gives energy and is important as the sole energy source of the brain (Sigelman & Rider 184). While people have heard that sugar ...

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Investigation of Takatu Flora

23 Nov 2017

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SELECTED FLORA OF TAKATU AREA, OF BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN. Mohammad Imran, Mohammad Anwar, Habibullah.   ABSTRACT: A general survey for investigation of Takatu Flora was taken at Takatu Mountain along with its periphery. The investigations were conducted in 2013-14. Mainly 52 species were collected belonging to 24 families and were identified through available literature. Though the area is having diversity in floristic composition, the collection of the ...

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Carbohydrate-loading Before Athletic Event

23 Nov 2017

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Cheney Firman Should an ultra-marathon runner ‘carb-load’ before an event?   Introduction Carbohydrate-loading or carbo-loading is a diet that consists of carbohydrates in a high consumption to increase an athlete’s performance. Carbohydrates are the body’s primary source of energy and with eating this food group, it allows for energy to be sustained for long distance athletes. The carbo-loading diet involves training and nutrition that maximises ones ...

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Analysis of Urine Samples Using Chemstrips

23 Nov 2017

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Julia Pendexter Sarah, Kayla, and Albert Introduction The urinary system, composed of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra, plays an important role in removing waste from fluid found in the bloodstream to regulate the volume and composition of blood through the production and excretion of urine. The kidneys filter toxins, metabolic waters, and excess ions to leave the body in urine ...

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Development of Ant Insecticide

23 Nov 2017

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INTRODUCTION With the increasing number of ants that already been recognized as a major pest ant (Chong et al., 2002), a few natural ant control has been developed. Ants cause a lot of trouble in houses, offices, hospitals, premises and other places (Chong et al., 2002).Problems associated with ants are food contamination, contamination of surgical equipment in hospitals, also act as mechanical vectors for ...

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Molecular Genetics Survey in Liza auratus of Caspian Sea

23 Nov 2017

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ABSTRACT To study the biological characteristics and physical appearance, morph metric and electrophoric records, and the genetic characteristics of Liza aurauts, polymorphism, transferrin, hemoglobin, total number of proteins and the analysis of electrophoresis are performed in Tonekabon and Larim regions across the coastlines of Mazandaran Sea (Globally know as Caspian Sea) in 2013. Based on the random sampling of 200 Liza auratus obtained by fishing in ...

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Effects of Single-incision Laparoscopic Appendectomy (SILA)

23 Nov 2017

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Title: Single-incision laparoscopic appendectomy versus conventional 3-port laparoscopic appendectomy for appendicitis patients: Ameta-analysisof randomized controlled trials Abstract Purpose To analysis and discuss clinical effects of single-incision laparoscopic appendectomy (SILA) and conventional 3-port laparoscopic appendectomy (3-port LA) for appendicitis patients, we conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) through collecting published data. Methods RCTs comparing the effects of SILA and 3-port LA were searched for in ...

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Plasma Homosysteine Levels in Alzheimer’s Disease

23 Nov 2017

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Increased Plasma Homosysteine Levels Precede Early Intraneuronal β-amyloid Pathology and Cognitive Impairment in a Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease Ming Ying1, a, Zhijun Huang1, c, Zhonghao Zhanga, Quan Mab, Junjun Wanga, Jiazuan Nia,*, Xifei Yang1, b,* Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease. Homocysteine (Hcy) has been implicated as a risk factor for the onset of AD; however, there ...

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Pathogens And Diseases: An Introduction

23 Nov 2017

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Oluwakemi Yusuf Page 1 Pathogens And Diseases Pathogens are biological agents that cause or can cause infection when they get inside a living system. They are mainly micro-organisms with the ability to replicate at a very high rate when they gain access to the substrate in a living thing: plants and animals. Access to cells, tissues and organs of a living thing may alter ...

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Effect of Sugar Structure on Rate of Fermentation

23 Nov 2017

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ÇaÄŸla Sözen “How does the structure of sugar affect the rate of fermentation?” A) Introduction 1) Abstract: 2) Background Information: Living things need to obtain energy in order to sustain their presence by performing their vital activities. For most of the vital activities energy is a must have concept. Cellular respiration is an example fort he process of obtaining energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine ...

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Controlling Pol II Pausing

23 Nov 2017

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Traditional studies on eukaryotic gene regulation were mostly based on yeast, which emphasized Pol II recruitment as the main regulatory step within the transcription cycle, with little regulation following PIC formation. However, during the past three decades, more and more evidence in metazoan systems revealed that much of the regulation occurs during early elongation, through controlling Pol II pausing and releasing paused Pol II into productive ...

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Cell-cell Interaction in Embryo Development

23 Nov 2017

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The formation of vulva depends upon a second round of cell-cell interaction. The anchor cell (located in the gonad) and six precursor cells (located in the skin adjacent to the gonad) are involved in this interaction. The precursor cells are collectively called Pn.p cells, which contains cells named as P3.p to P8.p. The fate of these cells is determined by its position relative to the anchor ...

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Pathway Crosstalk Analysis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

23 Nov 2017

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Pathway Crosstalk Analysis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Based on Microarray Gene Expression Profiling Chunyan Xing,MM, Ronghua Zhang,MM, Jiyun Cui,MM, Yonghong Li,BM, Guanhua Li,MM, Yanna Yang,MM, Longbin Pang,MM, Xiaoyun Ruan,MM, Jun Li*,MM Department of Respiration, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, China   Abstract Aims and background: Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissue of the lung. A ...

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Extracting DNA From Living Samples

23 Nov 2017

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Karen Stevenson Tissue Samples. Introduction Collecting DNA samples from animals is often difficult and stressful for the animal, so non-invasive methods of collection are needed. Extracting DNA from animals usually involves one of three methods: Destructive sampling involves the organism having to be killed to get the tissues needed for genetic analysis.Non-destructive or invasive methods require a tissue biopsy or blood sample. These are ...

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Effects of Automobile Chemicals on Plant Life

23 Nov 2017

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Contents Introduction and Statement of Purpose Review of Liturature Hypothesis Methodology Data Results Conclusion Works Cited Acknowledgements Appendix Definitions of Technical Terms Introduction and Statement of Purpose The purpose of this project was to find which chemical, which would be released in a car crash, would be the worst for the surrounding plant and animal life. The inspiration for this project came when driving ...

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Effect of Polymer Combinations on Syzygium Cumini

23 Nov 2017

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COMPARAIVE STUDY OF EFFECT OF DIFFERENT POLYMERS COMBINATIONS ON ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF HERBAL GEL OF SYZYGIUM CUMINI Abstract The present study involved comparative study of effect of various polymer combinations on topical gel of Syzygium Cumini & their antimicrobial activities since combinations of polymers enhances the bioavailability, permeation and drug delivery. Results of study revealed a stable, elegant formulation of Syzygium Cumini gel. The best polymer ...

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Canonical Notch Signaling Pathway

22 Nov 2017

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The Notch signal protein receptors are produced at ER, in Golgi are cleaved by a furin-like protease at S1 site, generating a heterodimeric receptor which is non-covalently expressed on the cell surface[11].The canonical Notch signaling initiate along with cell to cell ligands and receptors interaction which is non-covalently binding. With the binding successive cleavages occur in the transmembrane region of Notch protein, at S2 cleavage site ...

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Responses to UV and IR in PBL

22 Nov 2017

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Bioinformatics analysis for identifying responses to ultraviolet radiation and ionizing radiation in peripheral blood lymphocytes Highlights: Top 100 feature genes were classified into 4 clusters. p53 signaling pathway and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathway were involved in responses to UV and IR. CDKN1A, GADD45A, CDK4 and SHMT2 were hub nodes in PPI network. Abstract Purpose: This study was aimed to explore the underlyingmechanisms of responses to ...

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Purification of Immunoglobulin G by Ion-Exchange

22 Nov 2017

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Purification of Immunoglobulin G by Ion-Exchange Chromatography and Immunoelectropheresis William McTavish Joseph Zappa Introduction Immunoglobins or, Antibodies, are soluble proteins secreted from host differentiated plasma cells that target and eliminate specific antigens to protect the host from disease (Jakoby,1971). There are five isotypes of immunoglobulin: IgM, IgD, IgA , IgE and IgG, with IgG being the most prominent antibody found in blood circulation of the host. ...

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Structure and Function of the Human Eye

22 Nov 2017

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James Stenson Regulation and Control 2 3.2 & 3.3 Neurons are small in size, microscopic. They consist normally with a cell body, dendrites and an axon. However they are all differentiated in structure as they are related to their function. Sensory Neurons - These are called afferent neurons. This means an impulse moving towards a point or the central nervous system. As the name ...

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Should 1080 Be Used to Control Forest Pests in New Zealand?

22 Nov 2017

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Caitlin Boraman Introduction 1080, Sodium Fluoroacetate, is a pesticide used in New Zealand to control forest pests such as, possums Phalangeriformes sp.[1], rats Rattus sp.[2] and stoats Mustela erminea sp.[3] These pests are a large threat to New Zealand’s native plants and birds, therefore, it is essential that they are controlled in some way to ensure the survival of our native species. 1080 offers ...

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Ocular Manifestations of Mucopolysacchridosis

22 Nov 2017

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Ocular manifestations of mucopolysacchridosis Praddep Sagar Arsikere, Pradeep Venkatesh, Yog Raj Sharma Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of disorders caused by the inherited deficiency of lysosomal enzymes involved in the metabolism of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), resulting in the widespread intracellular and extracellular accumulation of GAG. <Sayani: Check spelling of sulfate/sulphate>> Type Gene Deficient enzyme GAG deposited IInheritance pattern Hurler syndrome (MPS I-H) ...

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Overview of Antibiotic Resistance

22 Nov 2017

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ANTIBIOTIC RESITANCE: A SIMPLE REVIEW Camila dos Santos Ferro 2014 ABSTRACT During the 20th century medicine evolved and improved, discovering new drugs as an example the antibiotic class. The antibiotic provided a technological development of medicine in combating infectious diseases and helped reduce the amount of deaths for that time. However, during the last century, these diseases started to increase again and the old drugs started ...

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Features and Functions of Cells

22 Nov 2017

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DNA Testing Provided its uniqueness in each individual, DNA has found many uses in the medical and criminal investigation fields. In the medical field, scientists use DNA analysis to determine paternity. In the criminal investigation field, scientists use DNA analysis to identify suspects in criminal investigations. Nonetheless, identification of people using DNA analysis is not foolproof. DNA is an acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid. It occurs in ...

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Effects of Host and Vector Diversity on Disease Dynamics

22 Nov 2017

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Abstract Disease dynamics are affected by a number of factors including climate change, density of the population, and the interactions of different species with each other. It was also found however that host and vector diversity can also have a major impact on disease dynamics. Research on these two variables has not been as extensive as it should be considering the effect they have. The research ...

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Links Between Creativity and Depression

22 Nov 2017

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Sasha Robinson and Chenéy Firman Source A – When humour hides heartache. (Farley, K., 2014. When humour hides heartache. Sunday Tribune, p. 4.) People with depression are said to have humorous characteristics as they often make realistic, observational jokes. Comedians and creativity are often associated with this statement. Robin Williams, a suicide victim buried his suffering behind his humour, along with many other well-known comedians/entertainers. ...

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Life Cycle of Spodoptera Litura

22 Nov 2017

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Insects have been around for more than 400 million years and it could be argued that they are the most successful and enduring life form that has ever arisen on this planet. Insects are abundant and ubiquitous. From the poles to the equator, from the surface of the sea to the highest peaks and from deserts to rain forests it is estimated that there are somewhere ...

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BlcR Protein from Agobacterium Tumefaciens

22 Nov 2017

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CHAPTER 1 A General Introduction to BlcR protein from Agobacterium tumefaciens INTRODUCNTION Transcription factors and regulation mechanisms Transcription factors regulate various biological important processes by binding to specific genes and regulating gene expression. The biophysical and structural studies in the last decades revealed that the regulation mechanisms of transcription factors can be classified into two groups, one as classical allosteric modulation of DNA binding modules, and ...

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