Police And The Use Of Force Shakoya

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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There have been several issues concerning the policies that underline the use of force within the field of law enforcement. Favorable opinions, negative objections, and indecisive feelings about the use of force have varied throughout the public as well as within the criminal justice system when it comes to this policy. For a number of years, it has been extremely difficult in determining the proper definition of ...

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Women And The Criminal Justice System

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

3 (1,065 )

The aim of this work is to define the role factors such as gender, class, familial structure and prior victimization have in the awarding of justice to the female offender. It was found that the criminal justice system has traditionally been more lenient to the female offender based on two factors: gender and class and family structure. However, the criminal justice system finds itself in a legal ...

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Evidence Between Offending And Social Class

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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This essay will outline and critically evaluate the main evidence supporting an association between offending, victimisation and social class, using criminological theories such as Strain Theory and Labelling theory to demonstrate this. Social class in relation to offending and victimisation is an extremely broad area, taking this and the words limit into account this essay will specifically focus on offending and Victimisation of the lower classes in ...

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Crime And The Impact On Modern Society

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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The threat and fear of crime are constant concerns that impact many people in modern society. The safety of schools and communities are usually indicated by crime rates, and are justifiably major factors in choosing where to reside. Research denotes that juveniles are involved in numerous crimes each year, as perpetrators who are subjected to legal intervention for status offenses such as running away, school truancy and ...

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The White Collar Crime

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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In 1986, Kenneth Lay merged Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth to form Enron and then in the early 1990s he helped initiate the selling of electricity at market prices. By doing so, it later led to the US Congress to pass legislation deregulating the sale of natural gas. Consequently this made it possible for traders to sell energy at higher prices, allowing companies to significantly increase their ...

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Effectiveness Of Sex Offender Treatment

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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In previous years, the fear of sex offenders has led the public to believe a fallacy regarding sex offender treatments. The public often start to view anyone who commits a sexual offence to be a high risk sex offender. Society need to understand that some sex offenders are low risk offenders who are very unlikely to re-offend again. The public believe sex offenders should be sent to ...

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Organised Crime and the Criminal Justice Process

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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This essay will begin with a brief outline of the historical work of organised crime. Then the definition of organised crime will be given with examples of areas associated with organised crime. The Criminal Justice Process will then be explained and the role of the Serious Organised Crime Agency including the Assets Recovery Agency with statistics showing the economic and social impact of organised crime. Finally ...

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How hooliganism in football has changed

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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This report will look at Football hooliganism and how it has changed through the years. It will look at the early years of hooliganism and compare the hooliganism to today's hooligan firms. It will identify the way in which the hooligan has changed through the years from being easily identified, to the casual years in which the hooligan was more accustomed to the casual lifestyle of designer ...

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Ethics in Psychology and Criminal Justice

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Ethical behavior is important within any discipline whether it be automobile mechanics or brain surgeons. Two disciplines in which ethical behavior is especially important are the disciplines of criminal justice and psychology due to the vulnerable state of the individuals which are encountered on a daily basis. Straying from compliance of ethical guidelines in either of these disciplines could result in mental damage in psychology, false arrests ...

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White Collar Crime: The Influences of the Social Class

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Introduction When it comes to talk about crime, a lot of people will relate to the street crimes including burglary, robbery, and assault. However, more and more people complain that an increasing number of white-collar crimes exits in our society nowadays, such as false advertising, tax evasion, and insider stock trading. Write-collar crimes are very complicated issues which "can harm victims both directly and indirectly without the ...

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Ethical Theories and Criminology

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Four Ethical Theories and How They Relate to Criminology This paper will cover four ethical theories and how they relate or don't relate to the field of criminology today. The four theories deal with ethically making the right decisions and what influences the actions. Every action has a reaction and the reaction is the consequences of every action. The outcome of the consequences can dictate whether or ...

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Importance Of Geographic Profiling

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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This paper shall give a comprehensive discussion about the importance of geographic profiling to aid in investigative methods employed by government agents and police officers in pinpointing predatory criminals. The sophistication of the techniques in crime scene investigation have kept pace with the rapid development in the tools and technologies used in the field, and this has enabled police authorities to employ a variety of methods to ...

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Understandings And Responses To Paedophilia

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

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The concept of paedophilia started to formulate as an object of scientific study in the mid - ninetieth century, as a part of the broader context of sexual deviations. It was first noticed as a phenomenon in the sex "industry" of the time that provided young children to satisfy certain appetites. Later on, child prostitution took place in post - war big cities also as a means ...

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Programs to rehabilitate young offenders

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

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The intent of this dissertation is to explore the current shaping of the youth justice system and also to explore the programs that are in place to help rehabilitate young offenders who have been placed in young offender institutes. This research will discuss and examine the effectiveness of these programs put in place for young people who are in custody to help prevent them from re-offending once ...

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Race. Ethnicity And Criminal Justice History

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

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UK has been a multi-culture country historically whereby people from various origins, nations, races, religions, beliefs, etc. migrated to UK in the last two centuries. Largely, these migrants have been from Africa and Asia that form the ethnic minority communities within the UK. In the past 30 years, these ethnic minorities progressed very well in the UK and have been the victims of hate and racial crimes. ...

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Restorative Justice | An analysis

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

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Introduction Restorative Justice is often known as the term used to describe meetings in which people affected by crime talk about their experience, the damage and harm caused, in addition to discussing how the situation can be repaired, on a direct and personal level. Government research shows that Restorative Justice is coveted by around half of victims, helping victims who choose to take part, but reducing their ...

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Psychological Theories Of Crime

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

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Psychology and Crime Psychology of crime tries to give an explanation how some people deviate from the social norms and choose to commit crime. It is also a tool commonly used in the investigation process that helps investigators interview suspects effectively. Definitions of Crime A crime is generally considered as an act that is against what criminal law says. Crimes that are 'mala prohibita' vary with time ...

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The Success Of Inmate Reentry Programs

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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What can correctional facilities offer to inmates to help those that are about to be released from prison keep from being rearrested. Most inmates who are released have no job, money, or a place to live. The same pressures and temptations that landed ex-offenders in prison are present in the environment that they often go back to. The key elements of successful re-entry into society after prison ...

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Traditional Classical Theory Verses Positivist Theory

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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The reason for choosing Classical versus Positivist Theory is that these two theories were the basis of argument before the Twentieth Century, and, if studied, one could understand the discrepancies of crime theories and debates when dealing with the law, psychiatrists and deterrence(Padhy, 2006).Crime theories emerge from the study of criminology(Padhy, 2006). Criminology is a sociological branch of study utilising crime statistics, psychology and law and the ...

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The Roles Of Women In Terrorism

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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The involvement of women in terrorist organisations is by no means new, but their role therein has changed markedly over recent years. Up until the late twentieth century, women in terrorist organisations were largely assigned tasks removed from the front lines of political violence - they existed only to support their male counterparts, through gathering intelligence, providing healthcare, and even maintaining safe houses for more-active terrorists. Since ...

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Investigating The Age Of Criminal Responsibility

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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The following research attempts to explore and discuss the criminal age of responsibility in England and Wales. A questionnaire was given out to a sample population in order to gauge public opinion on and around this topic. Secondary data was gathered, such as books, journals and online resources, in order to discuss and explore different ways of dealing with juvenile offenders. Overall, the evidence indicates a strong ...

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Critical Issues in Law Enforcement

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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There are three critical issues in law enforcement Citizens today look to law enforcement for service and protection. In order for officers to serve and protect, some issues have to be resolved. Remaining stress-free, enforcing the code of ethics and lastly, the presence of female police officers. These three critical issues can quickly weaken a department if left to manifest without any intervention. Being stress-free in law ...

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History Of Crime And Punishment

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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Crime is defined as an act that the law makes punishable and is often called an offense. It is an offense against the public, as compared to a tort, which is a wrongdoing against an individual and gives rise to an action for damages. Crimes produce two kinds of injuries: Social and Personal. Social injury pertains to the State and it is repaired through the imposition of ...

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Challenges in the 21st Century Police Force

03 Oct 2016 09 May 2017

8 (2,929 )

What are the Challenges a Police Force face in a diverse Society? A diverse society is a society in which there are different kinds of people, different races such as black, white, Asian, Mexican etc. The theory of diversity includes acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique and knowing individual differences. These can be along the magnitudes of age, race, ethnicity, sexual ...

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Principles of social control theory

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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Social Control Theories. Many criminological theories always explain why do people commit crime, or to find out what are the most influential factors motivate people commit crime and violate the social norms. Instead, social control theories have been already assumed humans are potentially committing crime. Moreover, the social control or social bond theory is emphasizing why a person do not be a criminal. In social control theorists' ...

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Performance Issues Of Private Security Guards

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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There is an ever increasing reliance on private security companies to take on the role of protecting both public and private facilities around the world. There are 852 Security Companies operating in Pakistan employing over 350,000 people and representing a business of over half a billion US dollars (Tyab, 2012). Private security business is flourishing day by day due to law and order situation in the country. ...

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Legal Defenses in Criminal Law

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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In criminal law, offenses are clearly defined. Some require a proof of the criminal act and others require proof of intent to commit the crime. "Under the law; individuals may have performed illegal acts but still not be found guilty of a criminal violation because of a legally recognized justification for the actions or because legally they were not responsible for their actions (Neubauer & Fradella, 2010, ...

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White Collar Crime And Society

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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"Theres no such thing as white-collar crime. And theres definitely no such thing as black-on-black crime. Crime is crime. Let me explain something to you. I dont care if you have a white collar or a tank top. If you rob me, Im gonna whup your ass." -Mitch Gilliam, Head of State, 2003 Many people dismiss White Collar Crime as a criminal offence, for many reasons they ...

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Do Correctional Officers Abuse Their Authority?

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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Correction officers hold considerable power and authority within the corrections system. They are in charge of maintaining discipline and order within the facility at which they work. Many people view correction officers as the cause of violence within the prisons and jail. Others view correction officers as those who are professional, ethical, and hold good moral standards. I purpose a questionnaire consisting of yes, no, and no ...

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Strategies to decrease recidivism

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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Recidivism is one major problem facing various societies across the world. It involves acts committed by people which involve repeating undesirable behaviors after being trained or treated to extinguish the behavior or experiencing negative consequences due to the behavior. Recidivism is common with criminal behavior or substance abuse but for purposes of this paper, we will focus on criminal behavior. Recidivism is a behavior which is linked ...

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Conducting Forensic Assessments

23 Mar 2015 09 May 2017

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This study discusses different aspects of forensic psychology in relation to juvenile suspects by assessing an individual in the case study portrayed in the documentary "Murder on a Sunday Morning". This paper provides the brief descriptions of the following: The case study in the documentary, including a description of the individual and his forensic population.The potential role(s) of a forensic psychologist in relation to the case study.The ...

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Understanding crowd behaviour

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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There are many vague definitions of the term 'a crowd' one of which is defined as by the Oxford Dictionary() as "a large number of people gathered together, usually without orderly arrangement" and Le Bon (2006:15) defines a crowd as "a gathering of individuals of whatever nationality, profession or sex and whatever be chances that have brought them together". The Oxford Dictionary() also defines behaviour as "a ...

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Similarities and differences of youth justice systems

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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Introduction Different countries have their own different way of dealing with their young offenders. Youth offenses comprise a sensitive issue that ought to be handled with care. The youth justice system of any country is charged with the responsibility of dealing with young offenders. The paper is a review into the similarities and the differences of youth justice systems in England and Wales and Sweden in view ...

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The Importance Of Gunshot Residue As Evidence

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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Gunshot residue is made of particles that form when gasses coming out of a gun hit a surface and instantly cool and condense. The presence or absence of gunshot residue can suggest whether a person fired the weapon or was the victim. There are many tests to show whether or not gunshot residue is present on a surface. The techniques and methods of testing have gotten much ...

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Illegal Immigrants From Mexico to US

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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Nowadays, illegal immigration continues to be a disputable and divisive issue, not only in the United States, but throughout the whole world. The migration of Mexicans into the United States is one of the key problems throughout the history of bilateral cooperation of Mexico and the United States. In this case, the speech is goes not about a legal entry into the country, which in one or ...

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Criminology Research Methods

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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Using examples from published research, critically consider that way that choice of study design might influence research findings and conclusions. A study design is a fundamental component of any piece of research, providing a structure within which to implement a suitable methodology for the collection and analysis of information and data. The choice of study design employed in criminological research will inevitably influence the findings and conclusions drawn, ...

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A summary of criminological theories

03 Oct 2016 05 May 2017

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Criminology Matrix Demographic Information Social Disorganization Theory Beginning on the 20th Century 1920-1930’s. Created by theorists Robert Park, Ernest Burgess, W.I. Thomas, Florian Znaniecki, Clifford Shaw, and Henry McKay. Social disorganization shows social change, conflict, and the lack of social consensus as the root causes of crime and deviance. Social disorganization, Chicago school of criminology, Chicago Area Project, demographics, concentric zones, delinquency areas, and cultural transmission (Schmalleger, ...

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The History Of Correctional Systems

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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The correctional system is an umbrella term referring to a range of mandates directly executed or administered by jurisdictional justice institutions, which entails the castigation, management, supervision and rehabilitation of convicted offenders. These mandates are often accomplished through incarceration, parole and probation, while prison presents the most popular correctional agency globally. The system is alternatively recognized as a penal system because it concerns a network of institutions ...

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Sociological perspectives on deviance

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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The term "deviance" is used by sociologists to refer to behaviour which changes, in some way, from a social norm. In this respect, it is clear that the idea of deviance refers to a violation of social norms and refers to rule breaking behaviour. Deviance refers to those actions which go against the norms, values and beliefs of ordinary culture. For example, drinking alcohol at the age ...

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The Ideas Of The Classical School

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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In order to appropriately address the topic of discussion, its important to consider the criminological perspectives related to the debate and the principles associated with each perspective. Two schools which will be drawn upon are the Classical school, which was established towards the end of the 18th century and the Positivist school which developed towards the end of the 19th century. The Classical school was based on ...

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Should Juvenile Offenders Be Treated Like Adults?

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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This paper is intended to inform readers on the history behind the juvenile justice system, the severity of the juvenile offender problem, the pros and cons of trying juveniles as adults, and views on the death penalty concerning juveniles. This paper will also provide professional views as to why juveniles should not be tried as adults. Studies have shown that trying juveniles as adults is not only ...

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Child rights based juvenile justice system in Bangladesh

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

11 (4,237 )

Juvenile delinquency is a burning issue and relatively a new phenomenon in the criminal and human rights jurisprudence. The juvenile of the world are innocent, vulnerable, and curious, full of hope, and belongs to thrill, aspirations, ambition and what not. In face the future of the juvenile should be shared and cared in the light of equality, dignity and social justice with a view to protecting and ...

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An Analysis Of Pulling Levers Policing

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Many jurisdictions have been experimenting with comparatively new problem-oriented policing models to halt gun and gang violence among chronic young offenders. Originating in Boston, one approach is the focused deterrence strategy, also known as pulling levers. Its intentions are to affect the demeanor and surroundings of the serious offenders that are known as being at the center of the gun and gang problems. "The strategy seeks permanent ...

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The Types Of Murder

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Murder is defined as 1. The action or an act of killing. a. The deliberate and unlawful killing of a human being, esp. in a premeditated manner; (Law) criminal homicide with malice aforethought (occas. more fully wilful murder); an instance of this. What makes the murder is the wilful killing of a human being by another human being. There are many people killed each year and in ...

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Moral Panic: Youth Slashing in Singapore

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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1. Introduction Slashing cases involving Singaporean youth gang members gain immense notoriety in 2010. The visibility of such criminal acts is amplified further by the mass media. Such reports provoke the public's latent fear of being attack by youth gangs especially so when high-profile cases such as the murder of Darren Ng at Downtown East was reported to occur in the evening between 5.30pm and 5.57pm at ...

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Gender Gap In Rates Of Offending

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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To address this statement and draw a conclusion it is necessary to look at changes in society over time, as women have a different role now than they used to. Even though early criminology has often been gender blind, criminologist such as Lombroso and Pollak tried to make a connection with male crime to explain and answer the question why women do not commit as much crime ...

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Comparative Criminal Justice: United states and China

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Compare and contrast two different types of criminal justice systems. The two criminal justice systems that shall be discussed in this paper are those of the United States and that of the People's Republic of China. When comparing and contrasting these two systems one should start with the premises that both are instituted in their reciprocal countries in the attempt to curb the proliferation of crime, offenders ...

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The Infuence Of Technology On Criminal Behavior

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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“That technology influences criminal behaviour in all its aspects can hardly be disputed. If mobile phones and laptop computers are available for seizure by thieves and robbers, technology in the form of anti-theft devices for vehicles and burglar alarms for buildings have also played their part in deterring the felons.” The advancement of technology clearly alters and extends crime and criminal behaviour and has resulted in new ...

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Corporate Crimes And Corporate Governance To Combat Them

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Corporate crimes refer to criminal practices by individuals that have the legal authority to have a word for a corporation or company. These can include presidents, managers ,directors and chairman , sales people and agent or anyone within a company that has the authority to act on behalf of the firm Corporate crimes often seen to involve a very different set of dealings between offenders and victims, ...

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The Effectiveness Of Community Policing

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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After careful analysis of several gathered qualitative studies and views from police officers, politicians, and designated community members, all of which are fluent with the method of 'community policing', one should conclude that not only the community understands what community policing is, but the community also understands how and why it was implemented, and how it can be measured by its effectiveness to show a continuing pattern; ...

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Young Offenders: An Evaluation of Restorative Justice

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Restorative justice has become a central aspect of much youth justice policy and practice internationally. Within the UK, it has been integrated into many features of the youth justice system, particularly through new police cautioning procedures and referral orders. First, this essay will begin with a brief overview of political and policy developments since the 1960's. Notably, it will analyze recent developments in youth justice and will ...

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The Media: Reporting Of Crime

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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If crime has fallen to such an extent why is it that media reporting of crime levels indicate that the opposite is the case and what impact does that have on public perceptions of community safety The Home Office has been publishing statistics on crime for over 150 years. Until the 1980s it was largely reliant on police figures and in many other countries this is still ...

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The 'Lucifer Effect': How Good People Turn Evil

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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In Lucifer Effect Dr Zimbardo discusses his Stanford Prison Experiment conducted in 1971 in relevance to the prison abuses in Abu Ghraib in 2003. It is a shocking book presenting the transformation from an average good person into a bad brutal individual; the metamorphosis from Lucifer into Satan. At the same time Dr Zimbardo explains how this transformation is possible, how group dynamics and situational factors, maintained ...

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The death penalty debate

23 Mar 2015 04 May 2017

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Death penalty has been an issue of controversy and debate for ages and one comes across a large number of arguments for and against capital punishment system. Capital punishments were prevalent at one stage or other in the developmental history of many nations and many of them have constitutionally abolished death penalty from their criminal justice systems. Advocates of death penalty in the United States argue that ...

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Social Exclusion Deprivation

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Social Exclusion Deprivation “In recent decades, crime prevention has taken on increasingly 'exclusive' forms" What is Social Exclusion? According to Vleminckx and Berghman (2001), “social exclusion” is a concoction (or blend) of multidimensional and mutually reinforcing processes of deprivation, associated with progressive dissociation from social milieu, resulting in the isolation of individuals and groups from the mainstream of opportunities society has to offer. Mayers, et.al., (2001) defined ...

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Street gangs in the UK and US

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Today, the problem of street gangs affects both the US and the UK. The emergence of gangs is often accompanied by the trend to the change of gang demographics, including the change of the age of gangs members, ethnic origin of gang members and so on. Historically, street gangs in the US and the UK developed in isolation from each other and they did not intersect in ...

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The Main Causes Of Juvenile Delinquency

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Juvenile justice - is a system of state bodies that execute justice in cases of crimes and offenses committed by juveniles, as well as state and private structures conducting monitoring of correction and rehabilitation of juvenile offenders and the prevention of juvenile delinquency, family welfare and child rights. In 1824 in New York the first reformatory for children was created to protect them from sharing in prison ...

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Punishment In Islamic Law

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Introduction In every society, security and stability are basic needs no less important than other needs like food and clothing. Travis Hirschi propounded a theory of social control that emphasizes on the role of society in the control of criminal behaviour [1] . It specifies the fact that no society can afford to denounce criminal activity without duly accepting its responsibility towards the same. In other words the theory ...

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Dangerousness and Dangerous Offenders

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Dangerousness and Dangerous Offenders. Analyse the concept of dangerousness and critically evaluate its usefulness for the criminal justice system. Dangerousness, is the concept of criminology that is used to attribute those offenders who are deemed to pose a significant risk to the general public but whose actions cannot be made attributable to a specific mental illness.  This therefore means that the administration of their criminal punishment is, ...

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Alcohol: A Cause Of Violence?

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Alcohol is undeniably one of the most widely and safely used intoxicants in the world, however, it is also dangerous, both from a psychological and physiological view. Alcohol is currently responsible for more deaths and personal destruction than any other known substance of abuse, alcohol is legal, easily obtained, and supported by a multi-billion dollar worldwide industry. In this essay I will be critically assessing whether there ...

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An evaluation of crime statistics

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Crime Statistics Evaluated. Crime statistics ought to be evaluated in light of a number of factors that can mislead social constructions of offending. Conclusions drawn from individual data sets are to be evaluated against the dark figure of crime and commonly held myths. Statistical data are mostly gathered and interpreted to suit political and corporate agendas (Chambliss, 2001; Croall, 1998; Rampton & Stauber, 2001; Slapper & Tombs, ...

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The Australian Wheat Board Scandal

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Introduction This essay will discuss the primary organisational structure and causes of the Australian Wheat Board scandal, hereafter referred to as AWB. This was a scandal of global magnitude, whereby AWB paid substantial monetary bribes to Iraq officials in blatant non-compliance of the regulations set out in the Oil-for-Food programme; which was established by the United Nations. Moreover, this essay will discuss the evidence presented in the ...

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The Nature Of Crime And Criminality

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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The concept of crime is not a new term especially even in laymen's word. It is an act committed in violation of the law. Indeed, it is an omission forbidden by criminal law. And in the commission of a crime, it can be punishable through imprisonment or by a fine. In some cases, there are also other forms of punishment imposed by the government or other governing ...

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Terrorism And The Society

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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HYPOTHESIS: Terrorism is a forceful and unlawful method to achieve the desired goal. Its sole motive is to overthrow the existing law and order machinery. It is a deliberate use of violence against civilians and armed personnel and the state. INTRODUCTION Before we get into Terrorism and it's effects on Society, we must clearly understand what 'terrorism' means. Terrorism isn't a new term, and though it has ...

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Police Brutality: An introduction

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Police Brutality To serve and protect," is a common phrase that is used among police officers that defines their primary duty as a cop. What once was a powerful notion, has lost its meaning through time. Instead, its reputation is now riddled with cases involving what is known as police brutality along with memorable names such as Rodney King, Amadou Diallo, Sean Bell, Timothy Thomas, and Abner ...

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Characteristics of female offending and victimisation

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Previous to the feminist movement of the nineteen sixties and seventies criminology was predominantly the domain of men as was the Criminal Justice System (CJS), (Newburn 2007). Therefore it is no surprise that women were mostly over looked within these fields. Moreover the few earlier explanations of female criminality have now largely been discredited due to their oversimplified, biological and sexually natured explanations (Lombrosso 1895, Thomas 1923 ...

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How Useful Is Robert Merton's Anomie Theory?

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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This essay is about how Robert Merton theory accounts for crime and deviance within a contemporary society. I will look at how he believes crime is a result of an ambitious society, and whether or not we can blame crime on the wider society and not on the deviant themselves. I will show how Merton and also Durkheim (1958-1917) construct their theories of crime from different principles, ...

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Introduction To The Criminal Justice System

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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What do we mean by the 'Criminal Justice System' ('CJS')? This essay aims to answer the question 'What do we mean by the Criminal Justice System?' In order to do this, we will start by looking at an introduction to the criminal justice system and briefing talking through the different agencies it is comprised of. We will then go on to look at the three main government ...

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Police Department Roles And Functions

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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The principle roles of law enforcement organizations are to go after individuals that have committed a crime. However, they have other roles as well; they are to enforce the law from enforcing speed limit laws to civil and criminal laws. Law enforcement officers are able to write tickets give a mere warning or even arrest someone for a criminal offense. A law enforcement officer is the first ...

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Models of Crime Prevention: Their application

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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Due to the increasing complexity brought about by modernisation, overpopulation, urbanisation, and globalisation, crime prevention has required a more urgent stance not only from government but also from communities, schools, citizens, families, and non-government institutions. While the prevention of crime has been unanimously agreed upon, the best way to go about it is still under debate. There have been several models of crime prevention which criminologists and ...

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What Is Geographic Profiling?

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

10 (3,984 )

Crime is not randomly distributed and offenses are more likely to occur in certain places and at certain times. The apprehension process can be significantly accelerated if geographic profiling is used to organize an abundance of information via geographical links (Ramsland n.d.). This technique is an effective tool in ascertaining a suspect's residence and/or place of employment because it is conducted in a scientific manner on the ...

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Impact Of Crime On Jamaica's Economy

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

7 (2,738 )

An economic problem that Jamaica faces as a country is Crime. Crime may be defined as an intentional act or omission in violation of criminal law. For many decades Jamaica has been plagued with crime and violence. This has been a major concern of the nation and the Government since the mid -1970s. In January of 2012, Jamaica's murder rate was over 20% higher than in the ...

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Investigation of whether Poverty Causes Crime

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

9 (3,285 )

In the current essay we will discuss the fact that poverty causes crime. Poverty is a characteristic of the economic situation of the individual or social group in which they cannot satisfy a certain range of the minimum requirements needed for life saving ability. Poverty is a relative concept and depends on the overall standard of living in the society. According to experts, not getting decent wages ...

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The intelligence and definition of Led Policing

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

7 (2,735 )

A lot has been discussed about Intelligence Led Policing (ILP), yet there is no standard definition of ILP (McGarrell, Freilich, Chermak, 2007). Ratcliffe (2003) said it is "the application of criminal intelligence analysis as objective decision making tool in order to facilitate crime reduction and crime prevention through effective policing strategies and external partnership projects drawn from an evidential base". His notion found support from Sheptycki (2005) ...

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Young Gangs And Criminal Behaviour In Malaysia

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

10 (3,982 )

According to the National Youth Development Policy in Malaysia (as cited in United Nations, 2002), people between the ages of 15 and 40 are considered youth. However, the United Nations defines youth, as those persons between the ages of 15 and 24 years. The Merriam-Webster (2010) defined youth as the time of life when one is young, the period between childhood and maturity. Statistically, youth aged 15 ...

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Demand And Globalisation Of Human Trafficking

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

8 (3,159 )

This essay will analyse the concept and practice of human trafficking, focusing particularly on the way in which the local issues have attributed to globalisation of human trafficking, and the influence of western societies on human trafficking. It will further analyse the harms and violence associated with the trafficking, as well as powers that state bodies have on control and prevention of human trafficking. Human trafficking is ...

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The causes and effects of torture in prison

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

4 (1,345 )

"Prison Torture" explains the harmful consequences that prison torture can cause to the detainees and why it should be abolished. The first part of this paper discusses the common causes of prison torture in which the most known is obtaining confidential information from criminals. The second part of this paper reflects the physical consequences of the prisoner during the process of torture. The third part explains how ...

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Self Harm And Suicide In Prison

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

6 (2,329 )

Although specific explanations have been put forward by those attempting to explain self harm and suicide, they can each generally fit into one of two main larger theories. The first, that the individual characteristics of inmates themselves are explanatory variables and that their susceptibility to self-harm and suicide is essentially imported into prison. The second, that it is the environmental factors characteristic of prison which actually act ...

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Extra judicial Killing: Myth or Reality?

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

7 (2,608 )

How interesting it is that in Bangladesh the elite force named as Rapid Action Battalion [RAB] kills the arrested persons by the name of cross-fire and name them the criminals. "Extra-judicial", thus the term is used to state the killings. It is called extra judicial because of its type, which works as a process outside the judiciary system of Bangladesh. Farid Ahmed in a non periodical web ...

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An analysis of Criminology and its history

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

13 (4,998 )

Legally speaking, a crime is an act that is punishable by law. A person is called criminal who has committed such a legally prohibited act. But still there are some other criteria based on which a person is determined as a criminal or not a criminal. Criminology is considered a the scientific study which relates both the individual and society to the criminal behavior, including the nature, ...

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Which factors contribute to young people committing crime?

03 Oct 2016 28 Apr 2017

5 (1,988 )

Which factors contribute to young people committing crime? Introduction I chose this topic for my literature review as I feel that if we understand the root of the problem of the crime, in this case the risk factors that lead to criminal activity, then juvenile delinquency could be understoodand possibly prevented. A risk factor is ‘some specific characteristic displayed by a person or their circumstances that bears ...

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Female Offenders: Harsher Sentences In Courts

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

3 (803 )

Most research implies that there is a significant difference in the way women and men ware treated by the criminal system and that these differences are mainly due to the operation of gender stereotypes. Research studies have hypothesised that gender does affect sentence in a number of ways. The effect is not necessarily explicit and it may or may not to the woman offender's apparent advantage. This ...

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Desistance Rehabilitation And Reintegration

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

13 (4,975 )

When a criminal is able to stop the behavior that characterizes his or her criminal activities, the gradual process involved is what is termed as desistance. Apart from the fact that it has practical applications for probation workers with criminal offenders from the community, desistance also has a strong link and connection in the rehabilitation of a criminal. However, theories of desistance when compared to the theories ...

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Definitions Of Crime: Social And Ideological Constructs

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

3 (1,131 )

The social construct of crime is extremely significant within the victimised actor model that purposes that criminal behaviour only manifests because those with power and authority define certain activities, typically those engaged in by the poor and powerless as criminal, while those of the powerful are ignored (Burke, 2009 p. 349). Dorling et al. (2008, p. 7) states that 'crime has no ontological reality; but is a ...

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Juvenile Delinquency: Strain Theory

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

4 (1,420 )

A juvenile delinquent is a person who is typically under the age of 18 and commits an act that otherwise would have been charged as a crime if they were an adult. Depending on the type and severity of the offense committed, it is possible for persons under 18 to be charged and tried as adults (Wikipedia). Juvenile delinquency is a growing problem in the United States ...

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Stricter Gun Control Laws

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

5 (1,922 )

Gun control in the United States has been a controversial issue over past years, especially in light of the recent events of the Sandy Hook Elementary school shootings. Gun control is the regulation of the selling, owning, and use of guns. Americans have many reasons for owning and using fire arms, both positive and negative. The second Amendment of the Constitution gives the rights to American citizens ...

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The Legal Definition Of Crime

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

3 (1,150 )

'Explain how crime can be considered as a social construction and contrast this with legal definition of crime.' 'Our nation, from the start, has been divided by class, race, national origin and has endured class conflicts throughout history' (Zinn as cited in Welch, 2009). The purpose of this essay is to show that crime is constructed socially rather than individually. In order to do so, I will ...

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Admissibility of Confessions

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

4 (1,313 )

Discuss a challenge to the admissibility of confessions on the basis of oppression seems to require a high degree of police impropriety thus will rarely be established. Confessions made during questioning are seen as powerful indications of guilt and characteristically lead to conviction; 98% of cases in which suspects confess result either in a guilty plea or a conviction following trial.  As such, legal representatives of suspects ...

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Prostitutes: Victims Or Offenders?

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

7 (2,625 )

The profession of prostitution has existed since times immemorial, with some people even claiming that it is one of the oldest professions in the world. However, till today sex work remains a highly stigmatized and taboo topic in most states and regions of the world. Most people tend to look down upon those who pursue it and perceive prostitutes to be despicable, sex-loving and morally corrupt criminals. ...

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Ethical Issues In Contemporary American Police

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

7 (2,664 )

Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to provide a modern overview of three major ethical issues pertaining to contemporary American policing and criminal justice. Corruption for personal gain is one of the most fundamental ethical violations in policing relates and relates to the misuse of authority for personal betterment. Truthfulness in court testimony, good faith, and constitutional compliance differ from traditional corruption because the underlying ...

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The Criminal Black Stereotypes In Detail

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

8 (2,896 )

In this chapter, I firstly begin with a detailed presentation of the Black male stereotypes, then I bring into discussion the perceptions about Blacks and crime in the United States. The war on drugs of the 1980s represented a real subject of interest and I tried to present and discuss briefly about it because it was a powerful contributor to the typification of criminals as Black. Black ...

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The United States and Canadian Correctional system

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

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From a historical point of view, Great Britain had influenced the correctional system in the United States and Canada. During the America's Colonial period, United-States was under the British rule and its penal system today is influenced by efforts made during that time. While Canada is currently under the British rule and its penal system reflects their system. These two countries are located in close proximity to ...

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History Of Corporal Punishment

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

7 (2,604 )

Corporal or bodily punishment is the deliberate use of force anticipated to cause pain or harm for correction, discipline, changing bad behavior or in sole faith of bringing up the child. This physical harm can be caused by hitting, whipping, beheading, stoning, Cutting off limbs, burning and many other different means. The phrase usually refers to systematically striking the suspect with an implement, whether in legal, family ...

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Factors That Promote Human Trafficking

23 Mar 2015 28 Apr 2017

8 (3,111 )

The trafficking of human is a growing epidemic. It is linked to money laundering, document forgery, drug trafficking and international terrorism. This is not an issue that is discussed at the dinner table, on television and in magazines. It is a direct threat to the national security of the United States because money made from human trafficking is directly linked to the funding of terrorist activities. Because ...

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Research and study on the deviant woman

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

7 (2,780 )

Living in a period which had totally ignored women and the study of female deviance (prior to 1960s), Professor Frances Heidensohn saw, as other criminologists, the immediate need for research and study on the deviant woman. As "a pioneer of feminist perspectives in criminology" [i] , Heidensohn's work provided the "too much man's land" of criminology and how women have been unfairly treated and neglected in previous studies. Heidensohn ...

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Literature Review: The Impact Of Legalized Abortion

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

3 (1,085 )

The publication of the controversial paper on legalised abortion and its affect on the rate of crime by Levitt and Donohue (2001) has resulted in widespread condemnation from a variety of sources, for example, Joseph Scheidler, executive direction of the Pro-Life Action league, described the paper as "so fraught with stupidity that I hardly know where to start refuting it" Crime fell sharply in the United States ...

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Classical Theory Pertains To Crime Prevention

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

4 (1,421 )

The classical school of criminology is a group of thinkers of crime and punishment in the 18th century. The most prominent members, such as Cesare Beccaria, shared the idea that criminal behavior could be understood and controlled. The classical theory insisted that individuals are rational beings who pursue their own interests, trying to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain. The following manuscript will cover three key ...

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Social, economic and political factors of crime

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

13 (4,987 )

For many, there is the belief that the existence of punishment is linked to the problem of 'crime', and that the extent of 'crime' is the key factor in determining the level of punishment. But some of the most important sociologists (and penologists) such as Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Michel Foucault argue that crime is relatively trivial, and that the form and degree of punishment in ...

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Challenging The Validity Of Fingerprint Evidence

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

9 (3,363 )

The reliability of fingerprint evidence as a means of identification for purpose of court continues to be generally accepted by academia and the criminal justice system. However, despite a long tradition of forensic identification to individualize prints there have been some recent challenges as to the scientific basis for fingerprint evidence. These challenges stem from valid concerns about the potential for human errors in fingerprint matching. A ...

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The criminal history of Richard Ramirez

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

6 (2,242 )

California was terrorized in the mid-1980s by a serial killer proclaimed the "Night Stalker" by the media. The over a dozen victims of this killer didn't understand nor question the underlying criminological underpinnings of these acts and his bizarre courtroom outbursts were fodder for a sensationalizing media that is attracted to gruesome details. The prosecutor Deputy District Attorney Phillip Halpin provided a lay assessment of his mental ...

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