Introduction to Field Effect Transistor

09 Mar 2018

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To sir Mateen Yaqoob Group Members Maira Naseer Aqsa Mahmood The University of Lahore Sargodha, Pakistan Introduction to Field Effect Transistor Transistor: The word transistor is the short form of transforming resistor. Transistor is the special kind of resistor. Resistor whose value changes, based on the input signal, and the resistor changes is transformative. DEFINITION OF FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR: The field effect transistor is ...

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Making Physics More Realistic with Fiction

09 Mar 2018

9 (3,242 )

Gabriel Alcantara One of the many questions that students who takes any major or minor subject, particularly physics, either in elementary or in college that actually makes sense is “When am I going to use what I have just learned in the real life?” But in reality, physics is found everywhere, from our cars and cell phones, the way we walk and interact with ...

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Calculations of the Spin Structure of Trimer Cr3

09 Mar 2018

11 (4,315 )

Calculation of Magnetic Properties by Generalized Spin Hamiltonian and Generation of Global Entanglement: Cr Trimer in molecule and on surface Oleg V. Stepanyuk2, Oleg V. Farberovich1 1 Raymond and Bekerly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel 2 Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany Here we present the results of the first-principles calculations of the spin structure of ...

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Simple Harmonic Motion Experiment

01 Feb 2018

4 (1,494 )

Kisal Jayakody   Technical Report In this experiment, a motion sensor is used to measure the position of an oscillating mass as a function of time. The frequency of oscillations will be obtained by measuring the velocity and acceleration of the oscillations, and fitting the data to a sine function. The dependence of oscillation period on the mass applied and on the spring constant ...

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Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle Explained

01 Feb 2018

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In the year of 1927, the time when modern physics has become prosperous, plenty of influential physics breakthroughs and discoveries struck the globe, especially quantum physics. One of the most significant quantum physicists is a German, named Werner Heisenberg, who stated the Uncertainty Principle in “On the Physical Content of Quantum Theoretical Kinematics and Mechanics”, which has indispensable impact on the physics sphere. By going through ...

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Effect of Body Mass and Cord Length on Bungee Jump Motion

01 Feb 2018

6 (2,359 )

The physics behind Bungee jumping To what extent a body’s mass and length of the cord affect the Bungee jumping motion? Dhouha Khammassi   Abstract: This essay investigates a body’s motion during a bungee jump in order to answer the question: “To what extent a body’s mass and length of the cord affect the Bungee jumping motion?” the investigation takes place with comparing three ...

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Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetite Ferrofluid

01 Feb 2018

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Abstract A Fe3O4 water-based ferrofluid was prepared by chemical co-precipitation technique, the magnetic particles were characterized using x-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer)VSM)techniques.the results show that the shape of the nanoparticles is approximately spherical and they are superparamagnetic at room temperature. 1. Introduction Ferrofluids are stable colloidal suspensions that consist of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in base liquid such as water or oil [1]. A ...

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Eigen Value Equation: Dirac Particles and Dirac Oscillators

01 Feb 2018

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The thermodynamic entities with the GUP for Dirac particles and Dirac oscillators Xin-feng Diao, Chao-yun Long, Guang-yu sun, Yuan-sheng wang, Hongling liu Abstract In this paper we studied the Eigen value equation for Dirac particles and Dirac Oscillators, considering the spin and Generalized Uncertainty Principle. Then we calculated the thermodynamic entities for them with the Generalized Uncertainty Principle corrected. We find that an electron of mass m and spin ...

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Why Do the Same Notes Sound Different in Instruments?

01 Feb 2018

6 (2,364 )

Why do instruments sound different despite playing t/he same notes? When we listen to music, we are exposed to various different instruments. Choice of instrumentation is one of the main factors that contribute to the overall feeling of a song. Even though major and minor chords and scales can be played across most instruments, the instrument that is chosen to play the note plays a large ...

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Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) Instrumentation

01 Feb 2018

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THERMOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS (TMA) Aisyah Radhiah Binti Ahmad INSTRUMENTATION OF TMA 1.1 The Instrumentation Figure 1: The simple schematic diagram of TMA [1]. The sample tube that is located in the center of the furnace is used to control the temperature and atmosphere. The sample temperature is measured with a thermocouple that is located near the sample. The area around the sample can usually ...

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Radioisotopes: Properties and Uses

01 Feb 2018

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Introduction to radioisotopes All matter is made up from elements as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The smallest part of each element which is identical to one another is called an atom. Atoms can be further divided into three substructures which is proton, electron and neutron. The atoms of different elements differ in these three substructures. The number of protons in each atom of a ...

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Efficiency Rise in PCDTBT:PC70BM Organic Solar Cell

01 Feb 2018

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Efficiency Rise in PCDTBT:PC70BM Organic Solar Cell Using Interface Additive Rashmi Swami, Rajesh Awasthi, Sanjay Tiwari   Abstract Solar cell can be designed with photoactive layer of organic and inorganic materials. Organic materials, particularly polymers, are a promising alternative to traditional semiconductors as the active material for solar cell because of their low cost, low temperature & energy processing, low material requirement, can be ...

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Negative Absolute Temperature Thermodynamics

01 Feb 2018

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T.H. Tennahewa   Thermodynamics and Statistical mechanics at Negative Absolute Temperature We define the temperature, T; by in here S stands for Entropy which describes the measure of disorder in the system and U for Internal energy. In here x stands for the partial differentiation that should hold constant in the thermodynamic equation relating TdS and dU. this relation comes from the first ...

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Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)

01 Feb 2018

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Atomic force microscope (AFM) was invented by Gerd Binnig, Calvin F. Quate and Christopher Herber in 1986 [83]. AFM relies on interactive force to generate an image. Interactive force occurs between a tip and sample surface using the probe which is a micro-fabricated elastic cantilever with a sharp tip on the end. Cantilevers are generally made from silicon (Si) or silicon nitride (Si3N4) materials [85]. The ...

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L-Shaped Array for Multi-frequency Interferometry Telescope

01 Feb 2018

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Abstract An array of eight antennas with different configuration, more precisely an L-shaped array has been built for the Multi-frequency Interferometry Telescope for Radio Astronomy (MITRA) project. It consists of quite newly designed Dual Polarised Log Periodic Dipole Antennas (DPLPDA). The first stage of the project was to test the existing array of DPLPDA antennas in a parallelconfiguration in the North South direction and to bring ...

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Analysis of Safeguarding Measures

01 Feb 2018

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF STUDY Machines are very dangerous to workers and are commonplace in many industries. The safety, health and welfare of workers are of utmost importance, especially where machine and moving parts of machines are involved. The employers have a legal duty to take reasonable care of the safety of the workers at while they are at work. One important way ...

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Integration of Wifi and Inertial Navigation Systems

01 Feb 2018

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Advanced Integration of Wifi and Inertial Navigation Systems For Indoor Mobile Positioning Mohamad Zakwan Bin Zulkifle Abstract Advanced Integration of Wifi and Inertial Navigation Systems For Indoor Mobile Positioning have been widely use with the development of the technology nowadays. This paper represents about the study of how the advanced integration of wifi and inertial navigation system for mobile indoor positioning works. Also, this ...

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Aqueous Magnetic Fluids Instabilities in a Hele-Shaw Cell

01 Feb 2018

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M. RÄ‚CUCIU “Lucian Blaga” University, Faculty of Science, Dr.Ratiu Street, No.5-7, Sibiu, 550024, Romania In this study, it was investigated the interface patterns of two immiscible, viscous fluids into the geometry of a horizontal Hele-Shaw cell, considering that one of the fluids is an aqueous magnetic fluid. In general, the total energy of a magnetic fluid system consists of three components: gravitational, surface, and magnetic. For a magnetic ...

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Elasticity Experiment: Application of Hooke's Law

01 Feb 2018

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Nguyen Manh Tri Investigation of elasticity Introduction General statement Any string that able to stretch and come back its original length can be considered as a spring. Each spring has constant of elasticity (stiffness) that depends on its material. A simple spring generally is made from metal. Background Elastic forces of the springs appear at the ends of the springs ...

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Changing Output Voltage of DC – DC Converters

01 Feb 2018

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Ben Harper The Purpose of this investigation is to look at the effects of changing various components in a 3 volt to 9 volt DC – DC converter will have on the output voltage. The results collected will be compared to theoretical values in order to find out whether or not they match and if not why. Background DC – DC converters are very important components ...

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Effect of Battery Voltage on Output

01 Feb 2018

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Andy Nguyen Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Theory Review 1.2 Hypothesis 1.3 Materials & Risk Assessment 3.0 Results and Analysis 4.0 Discussion 5.0 Conclusion 6.0 Appendix 1.0 Introduction The homopolar motor device or also known as unipolar motors are commonly used in everyday society. For example, it can be related to an electric circuit in cars or in high torque wind turbines. But in ...

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Structural and Optical Properties of Pulsed Laser

01 Feb 2018

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Structural and Optical Properties of Pulsed Laser Deposited ZnO/TiO2 and TiO2/ZnO Thin Films R. K. Jain, Praveen K. Jain   Abstract. ZnO/TiO2 and TiO2/ZnO thin films have been deposited on single crystal Si (100) substrate using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique in order to improve structural and optical properties of ZnO and TiO2 thin films. It was observed that the deposition of TiO2 film ...

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First-principles Calculations of Rare Earth Diffusivities

01 Feb 2018

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First-principles calculations of rare earth (Y, La and Ce) diffusivities in bcc Fe ABSTRACT: The impurity diffusivities of rare earth elements, Y, La and Ce, in bcc Fe have been investigated by the first-principles calculations within nine-frequency model and semi-empirical corrections for magnetization. The microscopic parameters in the pre-factor and activation energy have been calculated. For the three elements, the solute-vacancy interactions are all attractive, and ...

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Development of an Air Pack

01 Feb 2018

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An air sack is an inflatable pad intended to secure vehicles inhabitants from genuine harm on account of an impact. The air sack is a piece of an inflatable limitation framework, otherwise called an air pad restriction framework (ACRS) or an air pack supplemental limitation framework (SRS), on the grounds that the air sack is intended to supplement the assurance offered via seat cinchs. Seat cinchs ...

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Studying X-ray Binary Systems

01 Feb 2018

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1.0 Mission overview (0.5 pages max.) In response to the recent XMM Mission, relating to a mission of studying X-ray binary systems, The XMM-Newton mission helped scientists in solving a numerous cosmic mysteries, starting from the enigmatic black holes to the details about the origins of the Universe. Observation time on XMM-Newton is provided to the scientific community, which is applying for observatory periods. The proposed ...

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Experiment of Hooke's Law

01 Feb 2018

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Investigating Hooke’s Law Aim This experiment is aimed to investigate the relationship between the mass that is being slotted at the end of spring and the time taken for the spring to make a 20 complete oscillations. Hypothesis As the mass of the end of the spring increases, the time period for the spring to complete 20 oscillation will also increase. This is because in newton’s ...

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Richard Feynman: There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom

01 Feb 2018

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Describe his perspectives, its major points and its implications. The physicist Richard Feynman given a lecture at American Physical Society on December 29, 1959 named "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom". This article was very different from the other commonly written topics on physics at that time. These days this lecture is commonly mentioned due to its extraordinary imaginative power. In this article Feynman predicted ...

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Scientific Concept of Magnetism

01 Feb 2018

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There are two essential requirements for generating a magnetic field which are magnetic material and current. The magnetic field is a region in which the magnetic effect due to electric current or of a magnet is precipitated. When small magnet is brought in the vicinity then torque will be experienced on the test magnet up to this magnet becomes oriented in a particular direction. The magnitude ...

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Applications of Engineering Materials in Aerospace

01 Feb 2018

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In this project I will discuss in details the applications of engineering materials in Engineering and its many application in the Aerospace and Formula 1. Materials are key in engineering because the correct materials are needed to meet the needed of the environment that they are meant for use in. In aerospace the materials that are generally used are thing such as: titanium, aluminium, carbon fibre. ...

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Low Β- Irradiation Doses on Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

01 Feb 2018

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RESULTS OF LOW β- IRRADIATION DOSES ON SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE FERMETATION PROCESS LetiÅ£ia OPREAN1, Dan CHICEA2, EnikÅ‘ GASPAR, Ecaterina LENGYEL Abstract Four different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast samples were irradiated using a 90Sr nuclear source. The results of this ongoing study reveal that the small irradiation doses used in the work reported here produce measurable changes in the fermentation parameters and in the lipid and phospholipid ...

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Physics of the Heart

01 Feb 2018

4 (1,555 )

Electrocardiography Electrocardiography is the recording of the electrical of the heart by a non-invasive procedure. This is possible because the body is an electrical conductor, the ECG machine acts as a voltmeter and voltage time characteristics are measured by attaching electrodes to the patient`s skin. Electrical impulses created by the conducting tissue of the heart are picked up. The Sino Atrial Node (a small area of ...

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Presentation on the Expansion of the Universe

01 Feb 2018

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Good morning/afternoon, today I will be talking to you about the expanding universe. The topics that I will be covering today would be: thesis statement, Background to the Universe Expansion, what causes it to expand? what evidence are there to support it, did it start from the Big Bang? And what happens to the galaxies as it expands? These topics will be supported through the key ...

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Spacetime Structure Implications from Quantum Mechanics

01 Feb 2018

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Spacetime Structure Implications from Quantum Mechanics and Relativity Abstract Some idea proposed in the recent Penrose's Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC) is discussed in this paper. In CCC it is argued that the concept of time looses its meaning in a Universe filled solely with zero rest-mass particles (i.e. photons and gravitons). This particular idea is discussed, because at least conceptually it can have some implication on ...

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Scientific Analysis of Car Crash

01 Feb 2018

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Cars: Speed and Safety By Mitchell Leung Contents (Jump to) Introduction Equations of Motion Figure 2- selected intersection; Klumpp Road and Logan Road Intersection Study Figure 3- Intersection with Measurements Figure 4- Before Crash Figure 5- First Impact Figure 6- After Impact Figure 7- Specifications of Car Analysis of the Car Accident Analysis of ...

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Thermal Solutions to Reduce Electricity Costs

01 Feb 2018

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Executive summary This report investigates and analyses the thermal solutions to reduce the electricity cost for senior school at St Aidan’s Anglican Girls’ School. Approaches of analysis include calculating energy loss, thermal current and comparing current costs and revised costs, as well as the long-term (each term and annual) prediction for power consumption. The annual electricity cost is predicted to be $23064.56. All calculations can be ...

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Theories on How the Moon was Formed

01 Feb 2018

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Earth’s sole natural satellite was first scientifically observed through Galileo Galilei’s telescope since 1610. The celestial body Galileo was observing makes a complete orbit around Earth in 27 earth days at a distance of 384 thousand km1. The Moon rotates and spins at the same rate which causes it to keep the same side or face towards Earth during the course of its orbit1. The satellite ...

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Development of Automatic Sunlight Tracking System

01 Feb 2018

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Creations Automatic System of Tracking for Independent Concentrators of Sunlight J.Z.Akhadov1,*, A.A.Abdurahmanov1, M.S.Payzullaxanov1, A.A.Kuchkаrov1, M.A.Mamatqosimov1, I.M.Saydumarov2, F.A.Giyasova2, T.S.Saidvaliev1   Abstract The new type of the solar gauge working by means of photo diodes SV-256 is developed. Thus accuracy of management of solar concentrators reception processes heated pair for development electricity and heat, and also hydrogen in a focal zone of concentrating systems completely provides. ...

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Surface State in Bi1.5Sb0.5Te1.7Se1.3 Nanoflakes

01 Feb 2018

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Result of a study on the surface state in Bi1.5Sb0.5Te1.7Se1.3 nanoflakes 4.1 Introduction The recent discovery of topological insulators (TIs) has provided new route for producing low-dimensional relativistic electronic states. The exotic surface states of TIs have attracted the attention of scientists because of their fascinating physical properties and applicability in spintronics and quantum computations [24-28]. The unique surface states were confirmed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy ...

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Stainless Steel Rods: Young’s Modulus and Shear Modulus

01 Feb 2018

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Valentin Haemmerli Experimentally determine Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio of stainless steel rods using magnetostrictive resonance Abstract Young’s modulus (E) and the shear modulus (μ) of thin stainless steel rods, as well as Poisson’s ratio (σ), were experimentally found by determining the longitudinal and torsional resonant frequencies for different known lengths of rods using magnetostrictive resonance. Young’s modulus was found to be ...

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Electrical Detection Of Liquid Lithium Leaks from Pipe Joint

01 Feb 2018

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Vilasini Menon Contents (Jump to) 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Theory Of Operation 3.0 Hardware and Electrical Circuit 4.0 Result from Test Circuit 5.0 Summary 1.0 Introduction Liquid lithium is a candidate plasma facing component (PFC) material for a fusion reactor, and lithium PFCs have been shown to improve plasma confinement and reduce impurities in tokamaks such as ...

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Fill Factor Analysis of Organic Solar Cell

01 Feb 2018

6 (2,366 )

Rashmi Swami, Rajesh Awasthi, Sanjay Tiwari Abstract Solar cell is a device used to convert light into electricity. It can be made by organic and inorganic materials. Its most important parameters are open circuit voltage, short circuit current, fill factor and conversion efficiency. This paper is based on the analysis of factors that affect the fill factor of organic solar cell using MATLAB. Fill factor is ...

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History of the Atom Discovery

01 Feb 2018

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Mohammad Shahraan Khan Phys Helen O’Keefe The secrets of atom Democritus was the first one to suggest that objects are made from something called atoms. Although Democritus was an ancient Greek philosopher, the word ‘atoms’ is from the Greek word atoma which means individual. Democritus was around from 460 – 370 BC and he further deduced that atoms are solid spheres and that ...

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Interaction of Light with Sound in a Crystalline Structure

01 Feb 2018

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Lewis Allison Abstract The effects of altering the angle of incidence & acoustic intensity were investigated using a lead molybdate crystal with a Piezo-electric transducer attached. A HeNe laser was used as a light source for the investigation. The angle of diffraction at which the first order beam was found to be 0.027 Rad ± 0.009 Rad & the acoustic intensity in the crystal ...

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Experiment on Pencil Resister Effect on Circuit Output

01 Feb 2018

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Contents (Jump to) Research Background Figure 1: Metallic Bonding Figure 2: Molecular structure of diamond and graphite Figure 3: Graphite grading scale Figure 4: Resistance proportional to length Figure 5: Resistance proportional to cross sectional area Aim Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 Hypothesis Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 Justification of hypothesis Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 Materials Method Experiment 1 (length) Experiment 2 ...

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Effect of Solar Magnetic Field (SMF) on Solar Radio Flux

01 Feb 2018

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This chapter describes the variation of sunspot number and solar radio flux during the recent solar minimum period of 2009 in addition to variation of solar magnetic field. The dependency of these solar parameters with each other has also been studied in this chapter. The behaviour of these solar parameters reveals the change in photospheric and chromospheric solar activity during the minimum ...

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Core Shell Iron Oxide-Zinc Sulfide (ZnS/α-Fe2O3) Synthesis

01 Feb 2018

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Synthesis And Photocatalytic Behavior of ZnS/α-Fe2O3 core shell Prepared by Two-Step Chemical method Patij Shah, K. S. Siddhapara, D. V. Shah, Key words: Photo reactive, Two step method, core shell. Abstract. Core shell iron oxide-Zinc sulfide (ZnS/α-Fe2O3) was fabricated by two-step method: in the first one step uniform α-Fe2O3 particles were synthesized through a hydrolysis process of ferric chloride at 80°C. In the second step, the ...

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Analysis of Ferrous Ferrite (Fe3O4)

01 Feb 2018

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1.1 INTRODUCTION: The naturally occurring ferrite is the ferrous ferrite (Fe3O4) as “Load stone”. In early days it was called as ferromagnetic material. L.Neel, tells us that these materials are “ferromagnetic” material due to uncompensated anti parallel spin arrangement. Due to interesting intrinsic properties magnetic materials are classified into Ferromagnetic materials, Ferrites. In last decades , in the field of the ferrites expensive development was done ...

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Nonlinear Optical Phenomena in the Infrared Range

01 Feb 2018

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Various aspects of nonlinear optical phenomena in the infrared range Yu Qin Nonlinear optics is a branch of optics, which describes the behavior of light in nonlinear media, where the dielectric polarization P responses nonlinearly to the electric field of the light E. This is a very broad concept. In this thesis, we focus our study on three aspects of nonlinear optical phenomena in ...

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Density Functional Theory (DFT): Literature Review

01 Feb 2018

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Theoretical Background and Literature Review 2.1 Density Functional Theory This section covers basics about Density Functional Theory (DFT), which is the theoretical method behind our investigations. For those who are interested in a much more deep knowledge about the DFT we refer to textbooks such as [29] and [30]. 2.1.1 History of Density Functional Theory To get precise and accurate results from both theoretical and computational ...

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Experiment to Study Conservation of Energy

01 Feb 2018

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Conservation of Energy Osamah Nuwisser   Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to study the conservation of energy. We considered all type of energies present in our system (KE and PE) to compute total energy at any instant during the experiment. We accomplish two tasks: first we verified the conservation of total energy during single step of the movement of the glider over ...

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SUPA Accelerators - Overview and Applications

01 Feb 2018

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Aimee Hopper November 28, 2013 1 Briefly describe the differences between the following ac- celerators and give their advantages and disadvantages (54 Marks) Accelerates Protons/Ions with a Kinetic Energy of 20-35 MeV. The work done on the particle is proportional to the voltage of the terminal. (W =qVterminal). The voltage of the terminal is dependent on the height of the device (V _ kQL ) ...

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The Search for Exoplanets

01 Feb 2018

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Daniel Davies Throughout the history of humanity, numerous scientists have been intrigued by the search for inhabitable exoplanets. To date, such ventures are still in the developmental stages and the discovery of life beyond earth and the solar system , regardless of how primitive it may be, may soon be regarded as a fundamental breakthrough in astronomy (Jones & Mukai, 2007). The fundamental properties ...

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Wire Metamaterials-Based Microring Resonator

01 Feb 2018

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Wire Metamaterials-Based Microring Resonator in Subwavelength Structure Ahmed A. Ali, Mohanned J. and A. H. Al-Janabi   Abstract In this work we present the possibility of building a subwavelength microring resonator by manipulating the unite cell in the wire metamaterials. The proposed structure consist of mesh of copper wires. Firstly linear waveguide, bended waveguide as well as beam splitter were investigated at microwave range (737 MHZ), ...

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Quality Assurance of Superficial Radiotherapy X-Ray Machine

30 Jan 2018

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Study the Quality Assurance of Superficial Radiotherapy X-ray Machine using some Techniques Abstract The aim of the present paper is to investigate some factors affecting on quality assurance of superficial radiotherapy x-ray such as reproducibility of dose out put, linearity, reference, entrance and some skin cancer doses were measured for hand, face and nose. Examinations of these factors are studied using Farmer dose master connected with 0.6 ...

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The Strong Nuclear Force | Essay

30 Jan 2018

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Youssef El Laithy One of the most extraordinary simplifications in physics is the fact that only four distinct forces are responsible for all the known spectacles that go on in the universe. These four basic forces are the electromagnetic force, the gravitational force, the weak nuclear force and the strong nuclear force. Since the weak and the strong force act over an extremely short ...

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Coincidence Counting With NAI Scintillation Detectors

30 Jan 2018

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ABSTRACT Coincidence counting is a technique employed in nuclear medicine for PET imaging. This technique utilizes a positron emitting radionuclide that is injected into patients to track biochemical and physiological processes. The positron annihilates with an electron and emit two 0.511MeV gamma rays which are detected simultaneously by two scintillation detectors. In the experiment, two gamma ray sources, 60Co and 22Na were used with a NaI ...

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Factors for MRI Image Quality

30 Jan 2018

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MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) PHYSICS AND INSTRUMENTATION Title: MRI Image Quality ANIS YUSLIYANA BT YUSOF   TABLE OF CONTENTS   1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (SNR) Figure 1 3.0 CONTRAST TO NOISE RATIO (CNR) 4.0 RESOLUTION AND SCAN TIME 5.0 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MRI PARAMETERS AND IMAGE QUALITY ...

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Creation of a Real Lightsaber

30 Jan 2018

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Travis Wade Creating real-life sci-fi technology How might technology from popular sci-fi culture “Star Wars” be created in the near future? Technology comes from the thoughts of scientists and inventors, and imagination of science fiction writers. Throughout the sci-fi universes, whether in books or movies, they all have futuristic or even impossible sounding equipment. These large fandoms have set the bar for the future ...

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Effect of Nuclear Radiation on the Environment

30 Jan 2018

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Mohamad Hammoud   Introduction By the early 17th century, certain electrical devices and power generators were being invented by certain scientists, who did not yet know that they were scratching the surface to a much more dangerous form of energy, to be discovered by scientist Einstein a few centuries later. This form of energy to be produced through a substance named Uranium was to ...

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Nano-diamond Powder Layer Effect on Fast Neutrons Reflection

30 Jan 2018

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A. Taghian, D. Rahi, H. Sadeghi Abstract: This paper has investigated the effect of nano-diamond powder on reflection of fast neutrons. It compares the effect of graphite and nano-dimond layers on reflection of fast neutrons. Nano-diamond as a new article that there's carbon in families of many of the behaviors and properties of carbon and other members of the family, the impact of the ...

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Physics of Road Safety

30 Jan 2018

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In our modern world of today we slowly innovate more and more. However as we innovate we forget to advance and improve on our current inventions. One of these inventions is the automobile. One of the current problems facing the automobile is its safety on the road. With more people using automobiles, we should focus on solving these problems before looking towards the future of transportation. ...

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The Space Race and Apollo 11

30 Jan 2018

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The Most Successful Space Mission of all Times -Apollo 11 JAMES CHAN Introduction to the Cold War and Space Race Prior to the 1960s, there has always been a dream to travel to the outer space. Research has been done continuously around the world to investigate methods for space travel. At that time, there was a dramatic competition between countries and each nation wanted ...

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Observational Evidence for Dark Energy

30 Jan 2018

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In this part we concisely discuss the observational evidence of dark energy. The universe seems to be growing at an increasing rate. Dark energy is one of the ultimate cosmological mysteries in modern physics. Even Albert Einstein thinks of a repulsive force, called the cosmological constant, which would counter gravity and keep the universe stable. He unrestrained the idea when astronomer Edwin Hubble experimentally discovered in ...

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Causes and Effects of Gravity

30 Jan 2018

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Ahmed Emad Hassab Elnabi Gravitational Force “’You may hate gravity, but gravity doesn't care.’ Clayton Christensen”. This Harvard teacher was directing this quotation to students like me because it is a force that cannot be viewed. Gravity is a field force exerted by an object to attract another object towards its center. In a simplified manner, it is an intangible, non-contact force that cannot ...

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Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide Thin Films Using Two Dopant

30 Jan 2018

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G T Yusuf, MA Raimi, O.E Alaje and AK Kazeem Abstract The undoped ZnO, Al doped ZnO and Mg doped ZnO films were deposited by a sol-gel spin coating method onto the glass substrates. 0.3M solution of zinc acetate dehydrates diluted in methanol and deionized water (3:1) was prepared. Equal quantity of Aluminum chloride and tin chloride were added to each solution to serve as ...

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Slowing Down the Speed of Light

30 Jan 2018

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STOPPING LIGHT IN ITS TRACKS Noorul Husna Binti Safian Sauri   Abstract Introduction The fact that speed of light which is very fast can be slowed down and stopped when there is change in refractive index. Stopped light achieved when the optical pulses are trapped in some material such as in the experiment which have been done by G. Heinze et al.[1]. In that experiment, ...

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Argon Cluster and Graphene Collision Simulation Experiment

30 Jan 2018

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Formation of Nanopore in a Suspended Graphene Sheet with Argon Cluster Bombardment: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation study Abstract: Formation of a nanopore in a suspended graphene sheet using an argon gas beam was simulated using molecular dynamics (MD) method. The Lennard-Jones (LJ) two-body potential and Tersoff–Brenner empirical potential energy function are applied in the MD simulations for different interactions between particles. The simulation results demonstrated that ...

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Effect of Height on Velocity | Experiment

30 Jan 2018

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Extended Experimental Investigation MOTION ON AN INCLINE DUONG, Phong (Nathan) Contents 1.0 Introduction: 1.1 Research Question and Aim 1.2 Theory Review 1.2.1 Gravity 1.2.2 Forces 1.2.3 Ramp physics 1.2.4 Newtons law 1.3 Hypothesis 2.0 Methods 2.1 Safety 2.2 Equipment 2.3 Procedures 3.0 Results and Analysis 3.1 Results 3.1.1 The ...

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Beer-Lambert’s Law Experiment

30 Jan 2018

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Design Project on Beer- Lambert’s Law. Saswati Rakshit Aim: To learn and understand the basics and mathematical calculations of the following problem and write programs accordingly. Problem 1: Suppose an outdoor multispectral image is captured by a camera with a path length of 1-3 microns. A part of the intensity is attenuated by the absorption of small particles in the atmosphere for that spectral range ...

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Finding 'G' Using Simple Pendulum Experiment

30 Jan 2018

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Abstract This report shows how to find an approximate of ‘g’ using the simple pendulum experiment. There are many variables we could see into, some of them are displacement, angle, damping, mass of the bob and more. However the most interesting variable is, the length of the swinging pendulum. The relationship between the length and the time for one swing (the period) has been ...

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Co-Ni-Al and Co-Ni-Al-Fe Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloy

30 Jan 2018

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Microstructures and Magnetic Anisotropy Properties of Co-Ni-Al and Co-Ni-Al-Fe ferromagnetic shape memory alloy Abstract This study investigated the microstructure, magnetic anisotropy and the trend of magnetic field induced strain in Co-Ni-Al and Co-Ni-Al-Fe ferromagnetic shape memory alloys. At room temperature, a trunk-type γ phase precipitates in the matrix phase and the grain boundaries in each specimen. The parent phase in each specimen is identified as L10-type ...

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Role of Magnetic Field in Parkinson's Disease

30 Jan 2018

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Role of Magnetic Field in Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease Jehan Zaib Ali Khan, M.Phil. Abstract: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological disease. It is due to less production of Dopamine in brain. There is no permanent treatment of this disease. But with the passage of time some useful techniques and medicines are developed for diagnosis and treatment, to overcome its signs. MRI ...

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy

30 Jan 2018

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Beyza GÖLGE     In todays, demand for electric energy has increased with growing world’s population. Modern society has depended on fossil fuels for energy. However, because of the fact that fossil resources are limited and cannot last a long time, human beings have been in quest for finding new alternative energy sources. Since 1939, they have performed lots of experiments and researches in ...

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Up-Gradient Particle Flux driven by Flow-to-Fluctuation

30 Jan 2018

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Up-Gradient Particle Flux driven by Nonlinear Flow-to-Fluctuation Energy Transfer in a cylindrical plasma device Lang Cui Chapter 1 Introduction and Background 1.1 Fusion 1.1.1 Fusion reaction Nuclear fusion is one of the most promising options for generating large amounts of carbon-free energy in the future. Fusion is the process that heats the Sun and all other stars, where atomic nuclei collide together and release ...

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Strategies to Detect Neutrinos

30 Jan 2018

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Thomas Kayll What are Neutrinos and how do we detect them A neutrino (ν) is a subatomic particle from the lepton family with a lepton number of +1, a charge of 0 and a spin of ½. There are three flavours of neutrino the Muon Neutrino, Tau Neutrino and the Electron Neutrino1. Neutrinos rarely interact with matter because they are so small and have ...

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Application of Wave Technology in Military Aspect

30 Jan 2018

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“Hide and Seek” in the World of Wave Student name: Choi Ho Lam Thank you for giving this valuable chance for me to investigate on this topic. As this topic involves military technology, it gives a deeper understanding of wave principle and usage in daily life. However, in normal settings, such kind of topic is not included, as it can be quite controversial. Fortunately, in this ...

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Factors Affecting Changes in Urban Temperature

30 Jan 2018

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1.1 Urban Climatology Urban climatology is a branch of climatology that examines interactions between the urban area and the weather conditions around it, their impacts on each other, and the different spatial and temporal scales at which these interactions occur. There are many differences between the urban and rural climates; these differences generally include the quality of the air as well as the wind and rainfall patterns. However, the ...

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Improving Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC)

30 Jan 2018

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Suppression of recombination channels of Dye-sensitized solar cells made of SnO2 using core shell structure of SiO2 extracted from rice husk N. F. Ajward, D.L.N. Jayathilaka, J.C.N. Rajendra and V.P.S.Perera Introduction Dye sensitized solar cells (DSC) are one of the most promising types of solar cells for next generation of solar cell technology that has power conversion efficiency as high as 12% (Nazeeruddin et ...

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Dynamics of Two Dimensional Projectile Motion

30 Jan 2018

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Experiment: Study of Projectile Motion SUMMARY Moving an object in a bilaterally symmetrical, parabolic path is called Projectile motion. The path followed by the object is called its trajectory (Boundless, 2014). Some of examples are as follows:- Firstly, projectile is dropping object from rest position; secondly, an object thrown vertically upward is also called projectile in the end, an object which is thrown at an angle ...

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Bilayer Organic Solar Cell in MATLAB

30 Jan 2018

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Chapter 3 Modelling and Simulation 3.1 Introduction This thesis is based on simulation of design characteristic of bilayer organic solar cell in MATLAB so it is very essential to be familiar with modelling and simulation. This chapter explains about modelling and simulation, characteristics of simulation, mathematical modelling (analytical and numerical both) and its properties, electrical modelling, work done in the field of modelling and simulation of ...

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Principles of the Photoacoustic Effect

30 Jan 2018

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photothermal and photoacoustic Photothermam science encompasses a wide range of techniques and phenomena based upon the conversion of absorbed optical energy into heat. Optical energy is absorbed and eventually converted into thermal energy by an enormous number of material –solids, liquids, and gases. In fact, the optical energy is absorbed, the excited states in atoms or molecules lose their excition energy by a series ...

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CMS Detector at the LHC: Calorimetry (EM, Had, Forward)

30 Jan 2018

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CMS structure: Solenoid: Most particles are stopped by the detector except for few, such as muons, neutrino. Main difference between ATLAS and CMS is that CMS has solenoid on the outer layer, so it bends the trajectory of the muons again in an opposite direction (opposite pointing magnetic field). Depending on how much the trajectory is bent, we can deduce the momentum of the particle. ...

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Reality of Unification Theory

30 Jan 2018

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Introduction Unification means: finding the similarities, finding the limiting physical constants, finding the key numbers, coupling the key physical constants, coupling the key physical concepts, coupling the key physical properties, minimizing the number of dimensions, minimizing the number of inputs. This is a very lengthy process. In all these cases observations, interpretations, experiments and imagination play a key role. The main difficulty is with ...

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Ion Drive Propulsion: An Overview

30 Jan 2018

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TANG,YOUHENG Ion Drive propulsion, also called ion engine, which is a technology that involves gas ionization and can be used instead of standard chemicals. Give an electrical charge or ionize the gas xenon, which is like neon or helium, but heavier, the ionized gas can be electrically accelerated a speed of about 30km/s by the electric field force. When xenon ions are emitted at such high ...

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Physics & Instrumentation

30 Jan 2018

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TITLE : MRI IMAGE ARTIFACTS MOHAMAD AL-HAFIZ BIN IBRAHIM Name of Student: Mohamad Al-Hafiz bin Ibrahim TABLE OF CONTENTS (Jump to) LIST OF FIGURES 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 MRI ARTIFACTS 2.1 RF leakage 2.2 Aliasing 2.3 Patient motion 2.4 Gibbs & Truncation 2.5 Chemical Shift 2.6 Magnetic Susceptibility 2.7 Flow Motion 3.0 CONCLUSION 4.0 REFERENCES ...

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How Do Aeroplanes Fly?

30 Jan 2018

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Leo Wang Introduction: Aeroplanes have become an increasingly popular method of transportation for human beings to travel all over the world. In this case, some people may consider why the aeroplanes drive faster or how these huge machines fly successfully in the air. This research is mainly to figure out this amazing ability for a specific shape to race through the air. Forces: Basically, ...

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Concepts of Time Travel: Wormholes, Gravity and Blackholes

30 Jan 2018

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Any sort of time travel to the past through wormholes or any viable strategy is presumably incomprehensible, generally mysteries might happen. So unfortunately, it seems that time travel to the past will never happen; a bafflement for dinosaur seekers and an easing for antiquarians. How to travel in future? Through wormholes: We should enjoy a little science fiction for a minute. Time travel motion pictures regularly ...

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Effects of Air Flow and Heating on Temperature: Experiment

30 Jan 2018

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  FREDERICK PHANG KANG CHUN   OBJECTIVE: To study the Air Flow effect on Temperature changes. To study the Heating Effect on Temperature changes. To study the Effect of Air Flow and Heating on Temperature changes. INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effects of air flow or heating on temperature. ...

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Organic Solar Cells - History, Principles and Efficiency

30 Jan 2018

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Solar Cells Solar cells are cells or devices use for converting sunlight into electric cur­rent (electricity) or voltage. They are also called photovoltaic cells (PV) or devices and the process of generating electricity from sunlight is called pho­toelectric effect. Solar Energy conversion through photovoltaic effect can be achieved with many materials at different lifetimes. Over the years many research and development have been conducted in the ...

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Exchanging Range of Fundamental Interactions

30 Jan 2018

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2-fctor change in the exchanging range of fundamental interactions S. S. Mortazavi, A. Farmany Department of Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran Abstract Minimal length uncertainty is used to study the fundamental interactions range. Both the quantum mechanical and the quantum gravitational effects are employed to calculate the range of exchanging interactions. It is shown that at the Planck scale, the range of interactions ...

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Effect of Temperature on the Resistivity of a Semiconductor

30 Jan 2018

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Introduction A thermistor is a resistance thermometer, or a resistor whose resistance is dependent on temperature. The term is a combination of "thermal" and "resistor". It is made of metallic oxides, pressed into a bead, disk, or cylindrical shape and then compressed with an impermeable material such as epoxy or glass. This means that they are made out of semiconductor material, which shows changes in resistance ...

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Theory of the Prism Spectrometer - Experiment

30 Jan 2018

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Introduction When a beam of light is transmitted from air to glass, the ray is bent according to Snell's law sin0air= nsin0glass Where the angles are measured from the surface normal (the line perpendicular to the surface) and n is the index of refraction of the glass. The index of refraction is a dimension-less number and is a measure of how strongly the medium bends light. ...

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Types of Gasoline Engines

30 Jan 2018

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ABSTRACT Apetrol engine (a.k.a. gasoline engine in North America) is an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol and similar volatile fuels. It was invented in 1876 in Germany by German inventor Nicolaus August Otto. Till date most vehicles run on petrol much more than any other fuel i.e. the consumption of petrol is highest among the fuels. We know that the fossil fuels are getting scarce and ...

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Difference between ETAR and CCC in Calculation of Dose

30 Jan 2018

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Abstract Aims: According to the limitations of TPS's dose calculation algorithms, it is important to verify their calculations and to find the amount of differences of their results with actual delivered dose in the patient body for all of radiation situations to find the best and accurate algorithm to choose for use in routine radiation treatment planning. Materials and Methods: After validation of simulated Linac's head ...

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Electrical Properties & Quantum Transport in Nanowire Device

30 Jan 2018

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David S. Murdoch Nanowires are quasi one-dimensional rod-like nanostructures with diameters in the order of nanometres (10^-9m) and have seemingly unlimited length and a great degree of versatility. Nanowires form as monocrystals in a well defined crystal geometric direction. Nanowire geometry allows for easy contacting of the wires from two sides. Attention is devoted to geometry of nanowires because this is the feature that ...

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Kinesin Moves by an Asymmetric Hand-Over-Hand Mechanism

30 Jan 2018

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Introduction This review discusses the motion of kinesin, a double headed motor protein. A study was conducted to determine which of two motion patterns is the one which describes the movement of this protein: the inchworm model, or the hand-over-hand model. What is Kinesin? Kinesin is a protein in a class of motor proteins which are powered by the hydrolysis of ATP – the molecule responsible ...

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Creep Behaviour of Materials

30 Jan 2018

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Chen Yi Ling  Objectives The objectives of the experiment are: To measure the creep deformation in lead and polypropylene at room temperature To determine the effect of stress on the creep deformation of lead and polypropylene To appreciate the difference in creep behaviour between these two classes of materials To be aware of creep as a design consideration ...

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Radioactive Decay Coin Experiment

30 Jan 2018

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Understanding radioactive decay by experimenting with coins.   Abstract The aim of this report is to show how to simulate the radioactive decay process using coins as a safer method of learning, the report is divided into six parts: Introduction: radioactivity, radioactive decay, half-life and the main purpose of the experiments are explained here. Hypothesis of both labs are detailed here. Method: the method to ...

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Development of Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI

30 Jan 2018

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Ioannis Tolios “Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI” Introduction One of the most significant non-invasive imaging modalities applied both in research and clinical diagnostics cis Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Its widespread use is partially based on its characteristic to visualize tissues with high resolutions in 3D and its ability to provide anatomical, functional and metabolic tissue information in vivo (Strijkers, Mulder, van Tilborg, & Nicolay, 2007). In ...

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Experiment to Prove Hooke's Law

30 Jan 2018

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Hooke’s Law Aim: -To prove Hooke’s law i.e. the extension of the force is directly proportional to the force applied. - To find the spring constant of the spring. Apparatus: Clamp Stand Helical Spring Mass Hanger Pointer Meter Ruler Measuring Balance Method: -Hang a helical spring from a clamp stand. -Attach a mass directly to the bottom of the helical spring and record the ...

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