Agricultural Activities In Dungun Terengganu Sociology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides the background of the study in particular will focus on social capital in relation to agricultural activities in Dungun Terengganu.

1.0 Introduction

Agriculture play important role in economics of a country especially in developing country. This is because this field become large financial resource of national income (Ayob, 1994). Various policies were enacted to ensure intact permanent agriculture field as one of the national income main source. Among them were National Agriculture Policy, Policy Of Agricultural Development (Ayob, 1994) and Program "1 Azam" (. Government Transformation Programme: The Roadmap. 2010). All this policy drafted to ensure country earned food source that is sufficient (food security) in long time and can eradicate national poverty. This is because most poverty area was in agricultural area. Hence, the areas of agriculture are very important to the country in ensuring food continuity and economic development of the country.

Nevertheless, agriculture in Malaysia still was in weak level as this field not so adored by youth. Hence, government needs come out with alternative that is good and need promote the productivity so that it can enhance agricultural activity productivity. According to Liverpool-Tasie, Nail, & Ajibola,(2011), the improvement of agricultural productivity is very important to the government policy goal and development agency.

In line with nation's modernization, areas of agriculture also experienced the revolution. Nomination method no longer limited to those having land, even people who has no land also can garden. It refers to innovation where change occurs within practices (Westendorp, & Biggs). Hydroponic and Fertigation System is innovation for agriculture system in Malaysia. It used to provide opportunity to farmers to increase their income revenue as this field often associated with poverty (Ayob, 1994).

There are various elements to ensure areas of agriculture success. There are trust, interaction, networking, knowledge sharing and cooperation. However, element that is most important of success in agricultural field is social capital. Social capital is public resources. It needs to be managed and being shared nicely through cooperation by group or people in long period to ensure sustainable social development (Yamaoka, 2007). However, if people fail for recognise the benefit of social capital, it will cause failure on something. Hence, social capital is very important to ensure innovation agricultural project can walk successfully.

This study looks into how the social capital fit in the context of agricultural activities.

1.1 Background of study

Modernity of a country not only base on the technology but it involves with innovation in agricultural field. In recent years, there are various types of new agriculture in the worldwide. These show that area of agriculture also experienced comparable revolution with others field. According to Heemskerk, & Wennink, (2004); D.Parthasarathy, & V.K.Chopde and Westendorp, & Biggs, they focus to agriculture innovation as it needed for stabilizing production and areas of agriculture productivity by can enhance community development.

There is various innovation that have been done in every country to stabilize sector agriculture such as implementation of small water reservoirs in Ghana by Kinderen, (2006), crop without using any poison in Indonesia by Westendorp, & Biggs, agricultural technologies for dryland, arid and semiarid

Areas by D.Parthasarathy, & V.K.Chopde in India and Soil Management Option in Southern Africa by Njuki, Mapila, Zingore, & Delve, (2008). All this agriculture innovation affects that positive impact on social capital. However, Malaysia also has the agriculture innovation and it had known as fertigation project.

Fertigation is soilless culture production system. Fertigation crop system can avoid crop from root disease infection soil-borne. Among type of crop that suitable to be used for crop fertigation is like red chilli, cucumber, melon, zucchini, brinjal, okra, capsicum and strawberry. Usually, the farmers will build greenhouse known as "Struktur Perlindung Tanaman" (STP) to protect crop from infection in leaves and fruit and ensure fertilizer concentration at level that correct. Apart from that, crop medium that commonly used in this system is coconut coir dust known as coconut powder or coco peat. It applies as able to absorb and stores fertilizers solution beside used by root as place to believe. Moreover, it cheap and easy to find in the market. This system also uses arranging device time to ensure every crop get fertilizers solution in time was prescribed. Frequency and period every drop depend on type of crop and crop age. (Sources: Teknologi Penanaman Secara Fertigation (MARDI)).

Organization from areas of agriculture now had opened the eye of farmers by introducing new crop system namely fertigation crop. It has become latest trend in agricultural field of Malaysia where all organization support using the fertigation crop. This crop promising returns back investment capital within short time if those use this method properly. There are various successes of the farmers by using this system fertigation (sources: By Cultivation Technology Fertigation (MARDI)).

In this research, the researcher focuses on how social capital can contribute to the success of fertigation project in Dungun Terengganu. The researcher want see the connection between social capital and the agriculture. According to Liverpool-Tasie, Kuku, & Ajibola, (2011), social network will affect nomination method (farming practices) by adaptation technological information or network. This indirectly will affect agricultural productivity as the farmers have acquired information that is useful to develop their crop system.

Apart from that, social capital can improve the agricultural technology. This is because social capital has ability for developed and it also can use various types of social network to create understanding between farming household and farming community (D.Parthasarathy, & V.K.Chopde).

Social capital in agriculture has given benefit on farmers and also nonfarmers. Social capital will increase awareness and appreciation to the stakeholder interests where it will increase trust and confident on action of community member. When social capital has existed, nonfarmers will support and respect on local agriculture while farmers will respect nonfarmers's concerns and need. Hence, the establishment of social capital will contribute mutual respect among each other and they will share sense of community which will support individual interest and locality (Wilkinson (1991) cited in Sharp, & Smith).

According to Aleksiev, & Penov, (2006), social capital will make people change to be better because everyone have the opportunity to change position and can modify the network where they work.

Putman (1993) cited in BRUEGEL, (2006) tell difference between societies with social capital and societies with no social capital. He found that the high level of distrust shows the low level of social capital. People with low level of social capital have a tendency not to follow the rule. Hence, any punishment sentenced will take long time as offences committed heavy.

Apart from that, the researcher also focuses on two types of social capital such as bonding and bridging. According to Putnam cited in Yamaoka (2007), bonding social capital are also known as exclusive type where this group have members that is more-or-less and had equation between one same other in term of nature and internally oriented while bridging on the other hand known as inclusive type which include few groups in cross- sectoral and it externally oriented manner.

This aim of this study is to explore on how social capital can contribute to the success of fertigation project of Malaysia especially case of Dungun Terengganu. Malaysia has not yet has research on improvement of fertigation on social capital.

1.2 Problem Statement

Social capital is the main issue of this research. Social capital is one of the most crucial agricultural activities that are proven to offer advantages to not only for organization but also for individual in meeting certain objectives. The role of social capital for instance is indeed critical especially dealing with networking between the people. With regard to social capital, learning, communication and trust are among the significant attributes that can help to measure the successful fertigation project in Dungun Terengganu.

Fertigation project in Malaysia are growing the usage. However, there are some of the issues that are link in this project. The issue which occurred are trust, cooperation, interaction, networking and knowledge sharing. Nevertheless, all this problem can be overcame with social capital.

Trust is another thing which is highly associated with social capital. Trust will be influenced by a lot of factors which need to be explored by the researcher.

Besides trust, according to officer in Dungun Agriculture Office, they cannot measure the level cooperation between farmers and organization. It is because not all farmers involve in all activities carried out by organization.

Other than that, interaction also play very important role to expedite the social capital. Hence, the effective communication needs to use to make sure they understand the information and terms used in fertigation project. Note that effective interaction can influence social capital should they choose the right tools.

Networking play role that is important in ensuring continuity social capital in this study. The researcher will study factor which influenced networking in this project of fertigation.

Apart from that, the researcher also focuses to knowledge sharing to know as far as it influences social capital.

There are a lot of studies pertaining on the social capital. However, the researcher only focus on social capital and agriculture where there will be many research carried out showing that social capital can help agricultural project. For Heemskerk, & Wennink, (2004); D.Parthasarathy, & V.K.Chopde and Westendorp, & their Biggs focus on social capital and agriculture innovation while Yamaoka, (2007); Sharp, & Smith; Kinderen, (2006); Liu, & Besser,(2003) on the other hand focus on social capital and agricultural and rural development. Apart from that, Hong, & Sporleder on the other hand focus on social capital and agricultural cooperative and Liverpool-Tasie, Kuku, & Ajibola, (2011) on the other hand focus on social capital and agriculture productivity. However, projects carried out above not venture in the nature on fertigation project.

1.3 Research Question

With regard to the problems highlighted in problems statement, the following research questions were posed for this study:

How bonding contribute to successful of fertigation project

How bridging contribute to successful of fertigation project

1.4 Research Objective

In general, the main research objective is to examine the social capital for fertigation project in Dungun Terengganu. Besides that, this research also explore on the factors that influence social capital which include trust, cooperation, interaction, networking and knowledge sharing

Thus, the study is carrying out to achieve the following objective:

To examine the relationship of social capital towards successful fertigation project

1.5 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is the organization that related to agriculture sector in Dungun Terengganu. There are the Department of Agriculture and Farmers' Organization Authority of Malaysia and the farmers involved in Fertigation Project in Dungun. The selection is based on trust, cooperation, interaction, networking and knowledge sharing that are assumed to contribute towards social capital.

There are several limitations of this study. There are:

1.5.1 Place

This research is made in Dungun district where it focuses on farmers in Dungun district. It only focus to one place only and it may be cannot represent actual situation.

1.5.2 Scope

The scope of this study is the fertigation project. This project was conducted in two organizations that have been selected by the researcher. The researcher only concern about this project on the area of Dungun, Terengganu only. If the same study implemented in another scope, the result may be different.

1.5.3 Variables

In this study, the researcher only focus on trust, cooperation, interaction, networking and knowledge sharing as the variables.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The importance of this study will see whether the trust, cooperation, interaction, networking and knowledge sharing to the stakeholder will gain the social capital in agricultural product development in Dungun Terengganu.

Social capital is critical to realize the development community in the social agriculture. This is because by having a good networking, it will create the positive impact to the society and also will increase capacity building in the area. In addition, it also will foster innovative community where they can understand the new knowledge and be involved with a new mission and decision.

The other significant of the study is to gather new knowledge on this area. It will give academicians and organizations new knowledge on social capital, how it can be done between the farmers and organization in an agriculture context. Besides that, it can serve as a platform for future research. The data obtained can be used for other researchers to study the social capital globally.

Besides that, the researcher also will come out with the theoretical contribution which can use by the others scholar particularly on social capital in agricultural activities.

Last significance of this study is to provide recommendations to improve the present situation. With that, the organizations can prevent, reduce and overcome some cases by taking appropriate prevention and action to solve the problems. It is to ensure that any problems that occur have the solution and make sure that the organization did not make the same mistake in the future.

1.7 Definition of Terms

1.7.1 Fertigation

Fertigation is soilless culture production system (Teknologi Penanaman Secara Fertigation (MARDI)).

1.7.2Social Capital

For Cohen (2007), social capital is network of informal trust relationships that provide an essential social infrastructure for knowledge sharing and knowledge creation sparked by new combination of existing knowledge.

Besides that, according to Woolcook & Narayan, 2000 (cited in Kilpatrick & Falk, 2003) social capital is norms and networks that enable people to act correctly (pp. 501).

According to World Bank Cited in Liverpool-Tasie, Kuku, & Ajibola, (2011), "social capital refers to the institutions, relations and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a society's interactions… Social Capital is not just the sum of the institutions which underpin a society-it is the glue that holds them together."

1.7.3 Bonding social Capital

Bonding social capital describes the links between individuals or groups with similar goals within the network (Hong, G., & Sporleder)

1.7.4 Bridging Social Capital

Bridging social capital describes the capacity of individuals or groups to make links with others outside their organization, particularly across social networks (Hong, G., & Sporleder)

Measurement of social capital

Social capital has a variety of dimensions. While in many developing countries, it is often captured via some measure of membership in community based organizations, as well as engagement in the community (Okunmadewa et al. 2007; Balogun and Yusuf 2011a; Yusuf 2008), there are a number of other aspects of social capital that have been identified as important for a comprehensive understanding of the concept. Some aspects of social capital that have been identified in the literature as very important (Roslan et al. 2010a, 2010b; Balogun and Yusuf 2011) include:

1) Groups and networks, measured by

a) Membership in formal or informal organization or association.

b) Ability to get support from those, other than family members and relatives, in case of hardship.

c) Remittances.

d) Ability to learn from one's network or group, particularly the impact on technology adoption.

e) Access to various markets (labor, input, or output) via the group.

2) Trust and solidarity, measured by

a) Perceptions about whether most people in the community can be trusted.

b) Perceptions about social support/help provided by group members for each other in times of hardship.

3) Collective action and cooperation, measured by

a) More than half of the community contributing time or money towards common development goals.

b) A high likelihood that people, in the community, cooperate to solve common problems.

4) Information and communication, measured by

a) Frequency of reading or listening to news sources such as radio, newspapers, and television.

5) Social cohesion and inclusion, measured by

a) Strong feeling of togetherness within the community.

b) Feeling safe from crime and violence when alone at home.

6) Empowerment and political action, measured by

a) Having control in making decisions that affect everyday activities

b) Political participation such as voting and being voted for in local elections

(Liverpool-Tasie, Kuku & Ajibola (2011))

To measure socialcapital, two indicators are utilized. The first item is a social network measure reflecting the extent to which residents interact with farmerss. The second socialcapital item represents trust, and is an attitudinal measure of resident trust or confidence in local farmerss. The network question asked respondents to indicate how often he or she saw or met a farmers during the course of a year, with response categories including never, a few times a year, once or a few times a month, and once a week or more (Sharp & Smith)

This paper uses an innovations systems framework to analyse the ways social capital in the overall agricultural and natural resources innovation system in Nepal has increased far beyond what was originally expected in the project proposal (Westendorp & Biggs)

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

In the previous chapter, the researcher provides the basic information of social capital. Under this chapter, it will explore more on the elements of social capital which relevance to the research.

This chapter describes the theoretical foundation for social capital in agricultural sector in Dungun Terengganu. In the section, the researcher gives an overview of the how social capital can contribute to the success of fertigation project in Dungun Terengganu. This section will culminate issue related to theoretical considerations to empirical study. The researcher will also present a conceptual framework. An outline of this chapter is given in the figure as below:

Figure 2.0: Outline of Chapter 2

2.1 Problems in Agriculture

Every project carried out doubtless has problem and the challenge. In this study, the researcher focus on problems which occurred in sector agriculture so that the researcher knows what problem that is real occurs within field of agriculture.

Heemskerk, & Wennink, (2004) discuss on group size. There is conflict on group size that should use in this areas of agriculture whether small size or big size. According To Pretty (2003), every agriculture project need membership within 20 and 50 persons but if membership less than 20, farmer can still functioning well. In this study, they discuss on advantages of small size group and big size group. Small size group will influence social capital with much better as fewer members beside it have been administered easily and particularly dynamic. However, large size will gain the huge experience as it involving many memberships. Hence, the group size become issue to many project agriculture in ensuring social capital happen.

Apart from that, difference parties doubled up problem in areas of agriculture (Enserink (2004) cited in Kinderen (2006)). According to this study, farmer with parties that have different tendency to resolve their own problem without discuss with responsible party. This is because they have their own perspective and they rather solve problems according to their own way. It also supported by Wilber (1981) cited in Kinderen (2006) where when this situation happened, farmer no longer want to solve problems but they prefer to live in imbalance and inequalities.

In addition, low skilled and low educational background doubled up problems for areas of agriculture (Ogunanya 2009; Ekunwe, Orewa and Emokaro 2008 cited in Liverpool-Tasie, Kuku & Ajibola 2011; Ayob (1994). These problems happen due to poverty which hit most farmers. This is because most impoverished area located in agricultural area. When farmer has no educational, it will give impact on agricultural productivity as they cannot accept new skill and has no knowledge to develop areas of agriculture.

Apart of that, low income in the agriculture as the farmers have low educational and low skilled. Hence, they had to make other jobs to accommodate their income (Fasoranti 2006; Okafor 2004; Adewuyi and Okunmadewa 2001; Yusuf et al. 2009; Peke 2008; Adewuyi 2006; Adejoh 2009 cited in Liverpool-Tasie, Kuku & Ajibola 2011).

Problems in this agriculture have encouraged innovation in agriculture to help farmers and in Malaysia, fertigation project is agricultural innovation and it also establishes to help farmers in country.

2.2 Social Capital

Social capital is defining an asset. It will give the benefit such as productive on process more efficient, effective, innovative, and developed. Social capital did not exist in one person, however it inhering relationship between one and other individual and with socioeconomic institutions where the individual operate (Coleman 1988 cited in Liverpool-Tasie, Kuku & Ajibola, 2011).

The study of social capital have been intrigued various scholar. Social capital is a set process by which individuals will be built and developed the relationship with other people to provide goods or services (Keyes, 2006). At this time, people will identify their strengths in their working relationship and had been feeling the benefits resulting from effective team. Social capital cannot be seen by the naked eye, but it certainly exists in the real world and its existence can be felt by the interaction. According to Woolcock (1999) cited in Boström (2002), social capital can be found at club, association and societies and communities where people can meet and work together.

According to Huotari & livonen, social capital associated with the actor in a relationship. If the actor in a relationship trusts each other, it does not only increase the social capital but also can create the knowledge for innovation. This also supported Ji et al (2010) that social capital has relationship with trust and had the connection in empirical study.

Before going with more much further, we need to know how social capital can happen. According to Morrice (2207), everyone has owned different amount of social capital. Only they uncertain whether it many or a little. However, when something has occurred and it involves people interest, they will be united and will develop bond among them. When they already united, this bond will become double- edge. All problems faced would be resolved jointly. It will be giving advantages to group because network has become stronger.

Interaction and learning is between one of the element in social capital (Maskell (2000) cited in Chou (2006)). It can exist in society with the existence of process of interaction and learning. This is because people interact with colleague compared to own family and also friends. Hence, social capital will emerge at workplaces and it will help cooperation in job.

Social capital will note happen if individuals only used a little ability or note use it direct for society interest (Díaz Andrade & Urquhart, 2009). According to them, social capital provides structure to understand configuration and intensity of interaction between individuals in network. Apart from that, social capital can make innovation. According to Westendorp & Biggs, it not only changing productivity agriculture and reduce cost but it also enhance institutional linkage and social capital development.

Besides that, storytelling will reinforces further social capital between people because it would be firmed further norm and trust people on organization (Hope Cheong, 2006).

Networks have four characteristic such as pluriformity, interdependency, closedness and dynamic (de Bruijn and heuvelhof, 2000 cited in Kinderen, 2006). According to them, pluriformity is variety in the network. This is because everyone have characteristic, knowledge, power, financial resources and own objective. When people do something policy that new, pluriformity need to establish because there will have conflict in the network. This is because people have various characteristic and they will act based on their characteristic. In this study, there is part of society in Africa agreeing with implementation of small reservations and some of them do not want to take part. Closedness of the network is a characteristics that is easily been recognised in the societies. In African villages, often rivalry between different ethnic groups exists and kinship is a crucial factor of being part of the group or not. 'The closedness of an organisation (read: village/community) is the result of its frame of reference which is formed by core values deeply rooted in the organisation and which determine its action to a large degree. Organisations are usually sensitive to interventions that fit their own frame of reference' (de Bruijn and Heuvelhof, 2000: 27). So being able to determine that frame of reference will, partly, determine the successfulness of the intervention. Apart from that, interdependency exists within group or society between actors. It depends on the amount of connection in group. When it have strong bonding, network will become interdependency. However, it difficult for predict. Hence, actors need to be careful so that no one takes advantage towards them. Last network is dynamic. Dynamic of network have the large power. It can affect the people in the network. This is because network that is dynamic will inconvenience inteference from outside. Apart from that, Maertens (2010) cited in Liverpool-Tasie, Kuku & Ajibola (2011) said that dynamic network will affect people to engage in new activity as their network strong.

Figure 2.2: Modelling a Theory of Social Capital (Lin, 1999) (pp.41)

Based on from this model, it has three blocks variable namely a blocks represent pre- conditional and precursors of social capital - factor in social structure and every position individual in social structure which can constrains or facilitate social capital. Second block representing social capital element and last block representing return probability for social capital. In first block to second, it explained on formation of inequality of social capital namely what structural element which will affect the opportunities for construct and maintain social capital. In second block on the other hand, it explained on two element of social capital namely access to social capital and use of social capital. Both elements explain process of social capital mobilization. Third Block also explained on three ingredients has inter- connected namely better accessible embedded resources, better embedded resources that could be utilised by individual. In process second block (social capital) until third block (outcome), it represents the process which social capital produce returns. It explains on what we get outcome from social capital.

2.3 Important of Social Capital

According to Grooteart, 2004 cited in Kinderen, 2006, social capital can expect certain aspect in society such as crime, health, poverty and unemployment. It can leverage on the efficiency of production, happiness, life satisfaction and wellbeing of the community (Helliwell and Putnam, 2004 cited in Kinderen, 2006). Apart from that, social capital now also is looked as important asset that is equivalent with natural, physical capital, finance, human, and political capital (Dll Meinzen-Dick, 2004 cited in Kinderen, 2006).

Social capital afford consolidate democracy in society and it can enhance efficiency towards work (Safr and Sediackova, 2006 cited in POSPÄšCH & SPĚŠNÁ (2011). When networking in strong society, all activity carried out will happen nicely because the existence of bonding in community.

Apart from that, social capital also influenced the sustainable livelihood (Pretty, 2003). This is because it got involved with social bond where actor which have high social bond will success in activity carried out and it will also influence living stability.

At the same time, social capital also gave impact on knowledge sharing. Knowledge sharing is one element in social capital. According To Putnam (1993) cited in D.Parthasarathy, & V.K.Chopde, uniqueness social capital rests with willingness of people to share. All activity carried out will succeed because people know what they need to do by can increase knowledge.

Social capital has a few key features. First feature was social capital can accumulate stock where it will give various benefits. According to Westendorp & Biggs, social capital comprises more than a social organisation or social capital values. Social can improve output with improve productivity activity.

Apart from that, social capital could reduce cost if work together. People will be having confidence to invest in collective activities (Pretty, 2003). Pretty and Ward 2001; Pretty, 2002 cited in Pretty, 2003 stress four aspects that can be ensured in social capital. Among them was the relationship of trust, reciprocity and exchanges, common rules, norms and sanction and connectedness, network and group.

2.4 Impact of Social Capital to Agriculture

According to Bourdieu (1983) cited in Wolz, Fritzsch, & Reinsberg (2004), people can change social capital to other types of capital like physical capital when obtain social capital through purposeful action. However, it takes a long time to see the result of investment on social capital.

Social capital also able generates profit in economic (POSPÄšCH & SPĚŠNÁ, 2011). This is because actors have various networks of personal ties. When actor has many networks, it can help them market their productivity agriculture.

Apart from that, social capital also produced innovation on agriculture. According to Westendorp & Biggs, the natural resources innovation system in Nepal increased and it exceeded over their expectation.

In the development of agriculture sector and urban and rural area, social capital perceived as readiness and capacity to work together. In this study, it covers case such as watersheds, irrigation management, and integrated pest management strategies. This concept has become solution of problems faced by modern society, socioeconomic and political development. (D.Parthasarathy, & V.K.Chopde).

Apart from that, society from developing countries claim development in agriculture sector can save person from poverty and starvation and rural socio-economic development will focus narrow difference in the standard of living between rural and urban areas (Yamaoka, 2007).

According to Westendorp & Biggs, some interest of social capital has identified like risk management and social insurance, resources management being shared, through group action, reduce cost of carrying out business and increase capacity achieve economies scale, capacity increase innovation and tolerate activities of the project and access that is better to information and service together larger influence on policies and legislation.

Agriculture cooperation refers to "Cooperative Principles" have the advantage when members unite and follow cooperate values (Hong & Sporleder). Therefore, social capital can be created through 5th principle namely education, training and information. Cooperation provides education on nature and cooperation benefits to members. It can build social capital and maintain collective action.

Work in groups is have been accepted by the others rather than working individually (Dll Sanginga., 2001 cited in Heemskerk & Wennink, 2004). According to Knox dll, (2004) cited in Heemskerk & Wennink (2004), working as a group have shown effective increase in sovereignty farmers in innovation system. It aims to generate, spread, share, use knowledge and information.

2.5 Types of Social Capital

Social capital is networks within, between and beyond the communities Ia known as bonding and bridging (Woolcock, 2001 cited in Pretty, 2003; Huotari & livonen, 2004; Morrice, 2007; Hong, G., & Sporleder). According to Morrice (2007), social capital likes glue which will hold people together. It will make sure people unite between one other in group (bonding) or out of group (bridging).

2.5.1 Bonding Social Capital

According to Huotari & livonen (2004), bonding social capital is generated inside knowledge organization, to trust people in the organization and can to create new knowledge (pp20) meanwhile Morrice(2007) define bonding social capital as people who have the same common in demographic characteristic (friend, close family). Johnson, Honnold, & Threlfall, (2011) classify bonding social capital as social support. It will bond people together by providing mutual access to social economy and cultural resources.

Heemskerk & Wennink (2004) also agreed that bonding social capital is network in group. It supports opinion researcher the rest by providing question related to interest group. Apart from that cooperation, trust, collective action, cohesion, compliance, diversity, heterogeneity / homogeneity is performance indicators for bonding social capital (Heemskerk & Wennink (2004); Njuki, Mapila, Zingore & Delve, 2008)

Social cohesion will exist whenever there are similarities in ethnicity background or social standard between individuals (Njuki, Mapila, Zingore & Delve, 2008). This happened when they work together. This influenced the establishment of structure or group as they have in common in their background. Bonding social capital perceived as major factor of cooperation between people in society. They can make together activity and levels of trust between them are high. Hence, it in span will give impact that is positive in activity that in managing.

2.5.2 Bridging Social Capital

Bridging social capital is a social network based on the trust relationship between an organization and with outsiders for knowledge creation Huotari & livonen (2004) (pp20) meanwhile bridging social capital was bond for people out circle, group and social class. However for Johnson, Honnold, & Threlfall, (2011), bridging social capital is social leverage where it helps people 'gate ahead' by providing more diverse array for social contacts out from circle.

According to Claridge, 2007, Beugelsdiyk and Smulders, 2003 cited in Njuki, Mapila, Zingore & Delve, 2008, bridging social capital exist when people removed between one same other and had difference in community.

There are various challenges in bridging social capital. According to Heemskerk & Wennink (2004), the challenges are in terms of empowerment, technology and interaction.

Bridging social capital could lead to limitation of interpersonal interaction (Morrice, 2007). It is bond outside circle, group and social classes where people do not have high confident level when interacting with group that they do not know.

Besides that, according to Alridge, Halpern & Fitzpatrick, 2003 (cited in Hope Cheong, 2006), formal bridging social capital influence informal interaction. It requires long time to form cooperation as it involves different teams (Njuki, Mapila, Zingore & Delve, 2008).

Apart from that, contacts, initiatives to contact, collaboration, exchange visits, field days, and visits is performance indicator for bridging social capital (Heemskerk & Wennink, 2004).

2.5.3 Structural Social Capital

Structural social capital is also the different concept of social capital. Its define the network where people or organizations keep in mind their relationship (Hong & Sporleder). Meanwhile, Westendorp, A., & Biggs define it as facilitates information sharing and collective action and decision-making through the form of rule and social network.

The structural social capital involving relationship between network actors (Inkpen & Tsang, 2005) whereas for Eng Huang Chua et al. (2012), it is connections among actors in social network and how the network of content is arranged (pp. 580). Members of the network have common cooperation which what they do and they have the equation with other members. This is because they have same structure and it influence way, thinking and behaviour of the members. In this structural social capital, hierarchy, density and connectivity influence flexibility and facilitate social capital happen between members. However for Eng Huang Chua et al., structural dimension provides channel for interaction, allow behaviours, belief or value transmitted to others.

2.5.4 Cognitive Social Capital

Cognitive social capital refers to partnership meaning and understanding between members (Nahapiest & Ghosal, 1998) cited in Inkpen & Tsang (2005). However, members would depend on other people for validation their belief (Binz-Scharf, 2003; Inkpen & Tsang, 2005). Every negotiation helps to make sure all goals that want to be achieved accepted by all members. According to Eng Huang Chua et al. (2012), on the other hand, cognitive social capital provides common language and perspective to communicate and interpret norm belief and value.

Meanwhile, norm, values, attitudes and belief create the cognitive social capital (Hong & Sporleder; Liverpool-Tasie, Nail & Ajibola, 2011). It involves various ethnic, group and association while according to Westendorp & Biggs, it state on norms, values, trusts, attitudes and beliefs and it more subjective and got involved with intangible concept.

2.6 Elements of Social Capital

2.6.1 Trust

Trust and authenticity are a major problem in social capital because it cannot be manufactured or mandate to ensure its existence. People forced to believe in each other will not be sure they will trust each other. This is called social capital is born, not made (Cohen, 2007). The failure of social capital is due to factors values of knowledge communities. People cannot produce trust and authenticity because they do not have enough knowledge. People will blur and do not know if they should believe or not on knowledge. But Hewlett-Packard, W.L. Gore and Associates and Costo (cited in Cohen, 2007), believe that to ensure that social capital born, the organization and society need to establish the principle of equity, cooperation and trust.

Trust also can be built base on how they treat each other and how they communicate (Huotari & livonen, 2004). In addition, mutual trust and continual commitment will enhance the performance of the parties involved (Hinrichs, Gillespie & Feenstra, 2004).

According to Cohen (2007), to ensure that social capital occurs, the organization and society need to preserve social capital they have and encourage the strengthen trust relationship between them. They need to take care of the available social capital they have and ensure that every people have a sense of trust between each other by working as a team. When people work as a team, they know the immunities and weaknesses of the group. In addition, time spent at work together also help in ensuring that trust exists between them.

In addition, behaviour also plays an important role in ensuring that social capital exists (Cohen, 2007). Since ages, the new comers (organization/society) will ensure that they will match the behaviour and expectations of the project they join. The senior people will teach them if they do not understand something, and this work will show the positive relationship between people. It will create trust among colleagues, and this will encourages the social capital in the organization and society.

To ensure that social capital exists, people should ensure that they do the action of the work (Cohen, 2007). It was difficult to get the trust of others, but if it is proved by the ability and the right action, the trust of people is easy to obtain. Within the organization and society, the organization must prove the ability in action not just talks. This is because they themselves has seen the credibility of organization and will create the trust.

Trust in social capital is very important. These agree by Aleksiev & Penov (2006) where the higher level of trust and existence of informal self- enforcement will make people can work together by could reduce cost.

Trust will guarantee cooperation. According to Pretty (2003) it could reduce cost among them. Belief exists from the result action of the people. This can save money and time. Apart from that, it also created trust when people believe between one another.

There are two kinds trust namely trust with people who people know trust with strangers (Pretty, 2003; Aleksiev & Penov, 2006). Trust with person known have strong influenced by cooperation with actor and organization. It is also known as formal trust in the institution. In the study of Aleksiev & Penov (2006), they confirm trust is low in if those formal in nature. Apart from that, trust with strangers on the other hand involving different teams. Trustworthy level in different groups evaluated according to attitude society on group social. In the study of Aleksiev & Penov (2006), they study on group gypsies. Most of positive interview show the attitude towards local gypsies however at the same time they refusing to cooperate with them. This is because their dispute on primary level education, inexperience on professional and refusal work group gypsies. Trustworthy level between neighbours in village also lowers, but it different according to individual personal trait. Key factor which influenced local population attitude in this respect was age, education, professional experience, and capacity communicate.

2.6.2 Interaction

Interaction plays an important role in ensuring that a person learning to do something. According to Muijs, West, & Ainscow (2010), people can do more than what can be done by someone by having the interaction. Ji et al. (2010), also supported social capital could be built through interaction and relationship between members in society.

According to Aleksiev & Penov (2006), interaction between societies can enhance collaboration opportunity and solve problems related to natural resources utilisation. Interaction can be achieved if actors can interact between one same other because happen information exchange and it help actors to build trust and reputation.

In a study of Kilpatrick & Falk, (2003), it focuses on the two-stage: the interactions between individuals and societal-level social capital. At first, it focused on the network, norms and interactions involving the element that includes communities and individuals. In this stage, it will combine the skills of knowledge (human capital) with the knowledge and skills of others. In addition, informal interaction is also used to develop the network. It will increase is confident of the people. In the second stage, when the interaction and communication among individuals have become established, it will have a positive impact on community and societal. Currently, the interactional infrastructure has become stronger because they involve relational network (external and internal)

Every member will share the goals and culture which have the same goal, task and outcome to achieve. To make it real, Binz-Scharf (2003) use informal social communication, informal social comparison and norms.

2.6.3 Learning

Most agriculture got involved with research and development as innovation in agricultural field. Hence, learning is very important to ensure social capital success by can enhance agricultural productivity. According to Pretty (2003), self-learning is very important in ensuring sustainable agriculture because the farmer got involved with their own experiment crop. Hence, they know what should make and what shall not be made.

Apart of that, it also can create the innovation. This is because the farmer use self-taught learning and they adapt with what they learn. It known as learning by doing (Westendorp & Biggs). The farmers will learn something that new with self-taught. They do not do the same mistake in the future as they learning by doing.

Learning and social capital is related to ensure that knowledge sharing occurs. According to Kilpatrick & Falk (2003), rural communities will build and use the social capital to ensure their interests would be protected. This learning has the potential to transfer to the community. In their study, they focused on learning activities that involve leadership, network, value and trust to ensure the effectiveness of social capital.

The combination of learning and social capital will makes effective productivity. This is agreeing by Liverpool-Tasie, Kuku & Ajibola (2011) when a lot of farmers learn through observation. When the farmers know what they need to do, it will influence them to share the knowledge that they have and it will make the stronger cooperation in the community.

In addition, according to Muijs, West, & Ainscow,(2010) and Martucci, Goodykoontz, Selmer & Morris, (2010) , the collaboration between the learning with the social capital will publishes a great social learning process such as can work together to solve problems, share ideas, find solutions and build innovations.

According to Hinrichs, Gillespie & Feenstra (2004), learning and social capital will makes a person more innovative. People will learn about something new and they will apply new knowledge to modify a something new to make it even better than before. In this study, combination of both will develops new product and will expand further towards the more advanced.

The relationship and friendship that exists during process of learning can served as the foundation for future professional networks. When already have relationships that are strong and close, it easier to hold social capital among them (Burgess, 2009).

Social capital is very important in ensuring people get information and idea from outsider. This is because knowledge may be eliminated find out anywhere regardless of place and time. The formation of social capital and learning also cannot separable because it will be bringing to self- efficiency and self-confident to people. With the existence of networking that is strong, process of learning will become easier and process of sharing the knowledge will be faster. In process this of learning, bridging and bonding social capital that would take place. According to Morrice (2007), increasingly tough bridging and bonding social capital, increasingly great informal learning which will brings good to them. This is because every people have own knowledge. With the existence of social capital, they able to share knowledge that they own with by other people using bridging or bonding of social capital.

Heemskerk & Wennink (2004) also supported learning as one of the social capital elements. In their study, Farmer Field School (FFS) was particular group where they do jointly learning and agriculture innovation was main focus. Approach FFS was learning coalition based on experience and participation techniques (Bruin et al., 2001; Owens and Simpson, 2002 cited in Heemskerk & Wennink (2004).

Innovative farmers from Farmer Research Group (FRG) developed some experiences in working with research organisation. All result accepted from research will in tell in workshops and seminars. Workshop and seminar not only provides expert knowledge in fact it also told experimental results at the farm (Heemskerk & Wennink, 2004).

2.6.4 Networking

To build network, actor should take time to get contact, make them valuable and at the end, maintain it (Kinderen, 2006). Time, effort and money will give great weight in the creation of social capital.

According to POSPÄšCH & SPĚŠNÁ (2011), there are positive link between personal relations with people and also success entrepreneurial and it also have strong statistical significant relationship between success and importance of knowledge in trade.

2.6.5 Knowledge sharing

Social capital can improve productivity with various channels. According to Sorensen (2000), extension project successfully brought social capital to the higher level. Active participation from farmers in this project makes better project result. Furthermore association / organization involved show commitment that is accurate in ensuring successful project. Farmers can learn new technology and agriculture methods. Therefore, association / organization can share information among them and it involves successful prosecution knowledge e-intensive training and new technology.

Apart from that, information exchange is important in adaptation social individuals. It can enhance learning process, knowledge diffusion and human activity decisions Aleksiev & Penov (2006). This is supported by Heemskerk & Wennink (2004) where farmer group provide opportunity to share idea and exchange information and it facilitate dissemination of technology.

2.6.6 Cooperation

Social capital is able to create cooperation in sector agriculture (Hong & Sporleder). . Nevertheless, incentives should exist to ensure agricultural cooperation by can enhance their economy. It can inform through integration between dealer and the members. Apart from that, social capital can increase information flow in agricultural cooperation and help decision-making and cooperation among member.

Relational dimension of social capital focus on role of direct ties between actors and the relational , as opposed to structural, outcome of interaction (Inkpen, & Tsang, 2005) (pp.153) and it refer to closeness between members of a group (Eng Huang Chua et al.,2012) (pp. 580). It stresses to trust because it is critical factor which influenced knowledge sharing and it in agreed with the where it will reinforce further trust which can promotes to be more committed on group norm and value.

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHOD

3.0 Introduction

This chapter is about the illustration of the methodology that was applied in conducting the research. Under this research methodology, it consists of research design, sampling unit, sample size, data collection and data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

A research technique to be used in this study is qualitative methods through observation and face to face interaction (A.Bailey, 2007). The main purpose of this study using the method of searching for data because this method is most appropriate since it is difficult to obtain data. He states by using this method, the researcher will be part of the community and they feel what community is feeling.

In addition, qualitative method is the best way to get a lot of data sources. According to Mason (2002), this method will give a lot of data resources for the researcher because it will obtain sources from repositories of knowledge, experience, feeling and others.

The advantages of qualitative methods are concern with how social interprets, understood, experience the situation, produced or constituted. Furthermore, the data sources are also more flexible and sensitive to social context and the explanation and arguments involve complexity of understanding with, detail and context (Mason, 2002) (pp3).

3.2 Sampling Unit

The sample unit or the sample is referring to the population of this research. Sampling is a process where a small number of the population was selected and studied to enable us to make generalizations about the population (Bakar, 1991) (pp66). The researcher will conducted this research using focus group method which involves people that joined the fertigation system in Dungun Terengganu. The main purpose of the sample used is to know the volume of the population to be investigated. In this study, the researcher will use purposeful sampling. According to A. Bailey (2007), purposeful sampling is using a few respondents which it is the most suitable type since the researcher wants to know in deep which it is relevant to research objective. This is consistent with this study since it is using qualitative methods as a research design.

3.3 Sample Size

For this study, the sample area and the group will be used. Sample selected from Dungun area, by interviewing 10 people that involved with the fertigation project in the District of Dungun. The researcher will choose 7 farmers which are the knowledge receiver meanwhile 3 people from the organisations who are knowledge provider which are totally involved in this project. The researcher only uses a few respondents because this research will do in deep interviewing.

3.4 Data Collection

The collection from 10 respondents will be done through observation and interview method. Set of questions for interview is divided into two parts, Part A and Part B. Questions in Section A is the closed questions about demographic characteristics of respondent. While the questions in Part B is the open questions that asked of each respondent and they are free to express their views, opinions and suggestions on the questions posed.

In order to collect the data, the researcher uses the observation and the interview methods. Observation is one form of data collection in research. It is used to monitor and capture the environmental surrounding and the real activities that will affect the finding of the studies. The collection of observation will be done by visual and audio recording as well as the logbook.

Interview is one way to collect the data. To make more precise observation, the researcher will collect data through the verbal interview using focus group method. According to A. Bailey (2007), interview is the talk that occurs every day in a setting and the researcher may involve in this interview (pp95). In this study, the researcher using the semi structured interview. Semi structured interviews is field researcher who enjoy some level of flexibility regarding how an interview is administered but who wish to maintain some structure over its parameters (A. Bailey, 2007) (pp100). The interview will be done base on schedule with timeline to avoid unnecessary information and activities. Apart from that, interview carried out in repose, no hurry and in state that is uninterrupted so that answer achieved more transparent (Davies, 1993). In this interview, the researcher will also focus on the success stories. According to Elwyn, Williams, Roberts, Newcombe, & Vincent, (2008), success story was the result from tangible benefit where it need to be shared with other people to ensure people more understanding and deepen about the role of something. When all success stories gathered, it will identify the success of the major activity made. Apart from that, there is some goods behind success stories among them 1) it will achieve the improvement ( because will not repeat failure that last) 2) have the relationship that effective with agency the rest and 3) can manage the problems with more effective as information gave sufficient. Success stories are used to find stories about the view of things (de Boer, & Coady, 2007). Each person has their own story which can be used by people who want to follow in their footsteps. However, they must understand the concept of effective communication that is understood and presented story can disseminate to others. If the people do not understand what people said, it will lead to this mistake and will lead to knowledge sharing cannot be done smoothly.

According to Hamid, Omar& Sarifudin, in qualitative study, process collecting data walk simultaneously with process analyse data to avoid important information loss because data dumping

3.5 Data Analysis

This study uses fully recorded information and premier data obtained from all respondents. Researchers using qualitative analysis methods using NVIVO computer software to get the results and get the conclusions from the information obtained. Nvivo used to overcome data dumping problem in the proses of analysis and interpretation. This process also involve with several stages including transcription, conditioning, coding, theme, credibility demonstration and validity of the data and report (Hamid, Omar & Sarifudin). According to them, in transcription level, data will be transcript from tape recording. At this stage, it give opportunity to the researcher investigate every data obtained. Besides that, codification is essential to be done. It used to reduce the data that does not require and help make conclusion. Comparison also can be done to see difference between previous and current data.