Four Weeks Nursing Medical Information Technology Program

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

This Certificate course in Nursing Medical Informatics program is developed to suit the nursing personnel who have no background of Information Technology. It is mainly used in healthcare environment. Nursing informatics can be defined as the integration of nursing, computer and Information Sciences to manage and distribute information, data and knowledge in the practice of nursing. This integration helps to better serve patients while assisting nurses and other health care providers in making effective, timely decisions regarding patient care.

The main objective of this program is to train students to become technologically competent nurses who assist those who are responsible for maintaining of health, the improvement of health status, the prevention of illness, and the alleviation of suffering.

Theoretical lectures will cover the computer and human interface components, the ethics involved in nursing Informatics, confidentiality and privacy. Students will learn which technologies to use under various situations and how to apply best technologies to manage and communicate various types of information and data. Students will also learn to apply data principles and to document information appropriately within various computer applications designed specifically for nursing and health care administration.

The practical and field work "hands-on-the job" will enlighten how to operate and implement the competency that will facilitate in daily carrying out the responsibilities. The practical experience and skills with theoretical knowledge will help the nursing staff meeting the day to day work and in achieving swift, safe, improved quality care.

OBJECTIVE OF THE COURSE

Upon successful completion of the course, the students with IT knowledge will be able to:

Provide professional care for patients’ recovery and physical and mental health.

To perform administrative duties, such as safe-custody of drugs and maintenance

of equipment and materials in satisfactory condition

Maintaining comprehensive patient records for the services rendered

Provide continuing education to professional nurses and nursing assistants.

Communicate with investigation departments to send and receive orders investigations

Coordinate with the allied departments for the services required for effective patient care

To assist in the medical education and research programs

Teach the use of technology used to new staff and students.

Work within the environment where the technology has become part of the healthcare delivery system

Utilize for routine jobs such as admissions, discharges, transfers, sending orders and receiving reports

Understand the care team orders and requests to carry out the responsibility.

Get acquainted with the physician order entry (CPOE) and able to be entered at the point of care (POC)

Understand the different standards used for providing alert to possible contradictions to eliminate errors.

Track the status of patient care through computerized programs.

To take electronically; blood pressure, temperature, and other vital signs

Utilize the technology for staff development and continuing education

Utilize informatics applications to assist with staffing, managing, budgeting and disseminating information

Acquainted with the Hand-held, PDA units, mobile communication technology and other wireless local networks used in the facility

SYLLABUS FOR FOUR WEEKS MEDICAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

(Syllabus with teaching hours and teaching faculty & department)

Introduction: Nursing is the field in which the health of a particular individual or group of people is taken care until they restore or regain their normal health condition. Nursing is well-recognized disciplined profession, and an area of practice. As a profession, nursing has a social mandate to be responsible and accountable to the public it serves. It is the duty of the nurses to take care of patients who suffer from illness, diseases or injury. Nurses act as bridge between the doctor and the patients.

S. No

TOPICS

Hrs

Hrs

Hrs

Taught by

Department

Nursing Medical Information Technology

32

1.

Introduction to Nursing

1/2

Nurse

Hospital

2.

Nursing Objectives

1/2

Nurse

Hospital

3.

Nursing Standards, Policies and Procedures

2

Nurse

Hospital

a. Nursing Standards

1/2

b. Nursing Policies

1/2

c. Nursing Procedures

1

4.

Nursing Functions

8

Nurse

Hospital

a. Nursing Professional Practice

1

b. Nursing Ward Management

1

c.Nursing Operation Theater Management:

1

d. Labor Room Management:

1

e.Post operative/ICU/Burns unit management

1

f. Public Health Nursing - functions

1

g. Documentation of: Records

1

i)Direct patient care related documents

1/2

ii)Indirect patient care related documents/registers and records

1/2

h. Staff Development and Educational

1

5.

Nursing Staff and Operational Organization

2

Nurse

Hospital

a. Staff Organization

1

i) Nursing Director

ii) Assistant Director

iii) Nursing Supervisor

iv) Night Supervisor

v) Nursing Sister

vi) Sr. Staff Nurse or Head Nurse

vii) Staff Nurse

b. Nursing Operational Fields

1/2

c. Nursing Profession

1/2

6.

Introduction of Basic Computers

8

IT

Networking

a) Introduction

1

b) Computers

c) Input

d) Output

e) Hardware

f) Software, Basics of Computers

g) Different types of computers

1

i) Desktop computers

ii) Laptop computers

iii) Hand held computers

iv) Tablet PC's

h) Data Management

1

i) Networking

i) Scale

ii) Connection Method

iii) Functional Relationships

iv) Network Topology

j) Engineering computer Hardware

1

k) Hardware Architecture

1

l) Database Software Design

1

m) Software Design

1

n) Management and Administration of entire Systems-related

1/2

o) Structure

1/2

7.

Healthcare Information Regulations, Laws and Standards

2

IT Standard specialist

Information Technology

a) ISO standards

b) JACHO standard

c) HIPAA standards

d) Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)

e) Health Record as a Legal Document

f) Security, Privacy and Confidentiality

8.

Healthcare Information Management System

5

Doctor

Hospital

a) Introduction to Healthcare Information

2

i) Hospital Information System

ii) Nursing Information System

b) Clinical Information System

3

i) Laboratory

ii) Radiology

iii) Pharmacy

iv)Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE)

v) Computerized Decision Support System (CDSS)

9.

Implementation of EHRR and Other System

4

Doctor

Hospital

a) Paper based Medical Records

1/2

b) Hybrid of Medical Records

1/2

c) EHR Implementation Process

1/2

d) Other System Implementation

1/2

e) PHR

1/2

f) Telemedicine &Tele-health

1/2

g) Mobile Technology

1/2

h) Introduction to ICD

1/2

10.

Preparations and Assessment

8

11.

Practical or Fieldwork

20

FOUR WEEKS NURSING MEDICAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMME

1. INTRODUCTION TO NURSING

Nursing is the field in which the health of a particular individual or group of people is taken care until they restore or regain their normal health condition. Nursing is well-recognized disciplined profession, and an area of practice. As a profession, nursing has a social mandate to be responsible and accountable to the public it serves. It is the duty of the nurses to take care of patients who suffer from illness, diseases or injury. Nurses act as bridge between the doctor and the patients.

Nursing is the integral part of the health care system, and as such encompasses the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and care physically ill, mentally ill, and disabled people of all ages, in all health care and other community settings. Within this broad spectrum of health care, the particular concern to nurses is individual, family and group "responses" to actual or potential health problems"

Nursing is " both an art and science involving the total patients, as promoting spiritual, mental and physical health; stressing health education and health preservation, ministering to the sick, caring for the patient environment and giving health service to the family, the community and the individual"

2. NURSING OBJECTIVES

The different Nursing Objectives are as follows

To provide professional care for patients’ recovery and physical and mental health.

To provide non-professional care for patients’ comfort and safety such as bed making.

To perform administrative duties such as safe-custody of drugs and maintenance of equipment and materials in satisfactory condition.

To maintain comprehensive patient records for the services rendered.

To provide continuing education for professional nurses and nursing assistants.

To undertake understanding, or assist with, research for improved nursing care.

To provide, where necessary, clinical experience for student nurses.

To provide professional care for patients’ recovery and physical and mental health.

Providing professional care refers to nurses performing their duties timely. Like for certain types of injuries or diseases or infections it is very essential for the nurses to give the patients the medicines prescribed by the doctors at specific time. At times there may be a need to provide the patients with their prescribed medication in a given order, or their might arise complication for example it is essential that an anti-acid medicine is given on an empty stomach and a painkiller or an antibiotic is to be given only after taking food.

To provide non-professional care for patients’ comfort and safety such as bed making.

It is important for the nurses to maintain professionalism but is it also important for them to be personal towards the patient at times especially when the patient requires special care and attention. This personal care would enhance the recovery of the patient in many cases, especially for the patients who suffer with agony and mental illness.

To perform administrative duties such as safe-custody of drugs and maintenance of equipment and materials in satisfactory condition.

It is the responsibility of the nurses to pay special attention to the day to day equipment that is being used to treat the patient. Care should be taken that the sterility, hygiene, neatness and the working condition of each and every equipment is ensured. This special attention is required so that the patient does not develop further infections or complications.

To maintain comprehensive patient records for the services rendered.

The nurses tend to keep a track of time, accuracy and completeness of the patient record. Authentication is also necessary in order to know who has done the work.

To provide continuing education for professional nurses and nursing assistants.

Every profession requires constant leaning practice. Learning and education is mainly essential to keep a track of the changing revolution and technology. New learning concepts and technology can be implemented, which may or may not be known to all the nurses on a day to day basis.

To undertake understanding, or assist with, research for improved nursing care.

It is very important to keep a track or all the information and patient records to help in research work. This research work would help in finding out new drugs and discoveries.

To provide, where necessary, clinical experience for student nurses.

In some cases where a nurse is completely new to profession it is necessary to provide such nurses to take care of patients in clinics so that her hands on work would help her perform her duties more confidently when she approaches the wards in hospitals where utmost care is to be taken.

3. NURSING STANDARDS, POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

The different nursing standards, policies and procedures can be explained as

Nursing Standards

Nursing Standard is a practice that enjoys general recognition and conformity among professionals or an authoritative statement by which the quality of practice, service or education can be judged. Standard is an established rule or basis of comparison in measuring or judging capacity, quantity and quality, value of other products in the same category.

Nursing Policies

Nursing policy can be defined as a the set of rules and regulations that are prepared by the policy making authorities and duly approved by the professional higher authorities that are required to be followed by an institution, business, or even by the government in order to acquire the required result or outcome.

To restore patients to the highest level of health individually possible.

To get patient’s families to participate where appropriate, in tasks such as patient’s feeding, washing, and dressing.

To group patients in large wards by degree of illness with groups needing most care located nearest the Nurses’ Station.

To change locations in ward periodically for long stay patients’ psychological benefit.

Nursing Procedures

Nursing procedures can be defined as step by step procedures to be carried out on a particular action that is to be taken at that point of time or the main activity itself.

Receiving admitted patients

Administration of medication.

Assisting physicians.

Performing simple diagnostic procedures.

Collecting and sending specimens to laboratory.

Recording and maintaining medical records

Recording of vital signs

Performing gastric lavage and giving enema

Pre-operative preparations

Delivering bed-side nursing

Coordinating patient care with other team members

Maintaining clean and safe environment

Bed making and providing privacy to patients

Receiving admitted patients

Certain procedures need to be followed while admitting the different types of patients into wards. Like for example in case of those patients who need to undergo operations, certain diet plans need to be ensured like liquid diet etc. the hygienic conditions of the beds and the bed sheets need to be maintained.

Administration of medication.

Based on the type of illness, injury or post operative care the chart or a medical record consisting of the different types of medicines that are to be administered to the patients and their time of intake are to be noted by the nurses.

Assisting physicians.

Whenever the doctor/s or the physician/s come/s on rounds it is important for the nurse to assist them, to know understand in detail the condition of the patient and also the different types of medicines that are to be given to the patient for further treatment.

Performing simple diagnostic procedures.

The nurses would assist the doctor and perform simple tests under the supervision of the doctor.

Collecting and sending specimens to laboratory.

By performing simple diagnostic procedures the nurses should also ensure that the blood samples or urine samples are sent for further investigation in proper time, else the time delay may in most cases give rise to wrong results.

Recording and maintaining medical records

Services rendered must be recorded and placed properly according to their own placement.

Recording of vital signs

The vital signs of the patients should be noted from time to time in order to keep a track of the condition of the patient. These main symptoms which show whether the patient is recovering or developing more complications. The vital signs mainly include blood pressure, body temperature etc.

Performing gastric lavage and giving enema

The above treatments are mainly required by those patients who need to undergo operation or deliveries. They mainly include the preoperative care procedures.

Preoperative preparations

Preoperative preparations refer to the preoperative check list or procedures that need to be ensured by the nurses before taking the patients into the operation theater.

Delivering bed-side nursing

Certain patients who have are suffering from bed ridden illness or have underwent surgery may require some extra care. Such patients may even need bed-side assistance. In those cases it is the duty of the nurses to be by their side and perform the duties required.

Coordinating patient care with other team members

The nurse's duty is to coordinate with different departments for providing better patient care.

Maintaining clean and safe environment

Though the nurse may not be directly responsible for cleaning or maintaining hygiene, it is her duty to ensure that the house keeping do their duty regularly.

Bed making and providing privacy to patients

Nurses ensure that the bed sheets of the beds the patients use are regularly changed in order to avoid complications such as bedsores to the patients. It is the nurse’s duty to ensure that the patient’s privacy and their health care information are confidentially secured.

4. NURSING FUNCTIONS

The different Nursing functions can be explained as follows

a. Nursing Ward Management

Nurses perform innumerable number of functions in healthcare, not limited to the following.

Admission, transfer and discharge management

Supervising, directing and controlling staff

Diet ordering

Maintaining poisonous and narcotic drug controls and registers

Communicating

Maintaining records pertaining to patient care, investigation reports,

Inventory, medico-legal cases etc.,

Nursing education

Safe custody of patients’ valuables

Visitors control

Follow-up scheduling

Discharge and bill settlement

Admission, transfer and discharge management

Every ward would have certain important formalities that are to be taken care of by nurses during the time of admission. If a particular patient requires a change of ward like for example if his diagnosis reveals that he or she is suffering from a viral disease which might spread to the other patients in the ward then in such cases a change of ward may be required.

Another such similar condition may tend to arise when the patient is suffering from a mental agony or mental illness then it is important to provide the patient with a soothing atmosphere as per his requirement or as advised by the doctor.

Similarly the discharge of a particular patient also requires specific formalities that are to be completed, which need to be specially taken care by the nurses. Care should be taken by the nurse in charge that a detailed discharge sheet is prepared.

Supervising, directing and controlling staff

The head nurse supervises and trains the other nurses in performing their duties in a ward. The presence of more number of nurses in a particular ward should help in benefiting the patients present there instead of becoming a noisy place. Hence it would be the duty of the head nurse to take care of maintaining and controlling the staff in an orderly manner.

Diet ordering.

Every patient in a given ward would be prescribed with a different diet as per the physicians orders. It is the duty of the nurse to take special care of the nutrition required by the patient. One more essential reason for this is that, even the medication that is being given to the patient is given as per the food timings, like some medication needs to be given before food intake while certain after taking food.

Maintaining poisonous and narcotic drug controls and registers

In every ward there would be an availability of large number of drugs. It is important to maintain a record of what drug is used when and for what and the dosage of every drug is to be noted as per the requirement. Some dangerous drugs need to be kept aside and used carefully.

Communicating

Every nurse in that particular ward needs to communicate with the patient or with the family member of the patient to know the constant development or progress of the patient. The nurse acts a bridge between the doctor and the patient hence it is very essential for the nurse to keep a track of the patients conditions.

Maintaining records pertaining to patient care, investigation reports,

inventory, medico-legal cases etc.,

In medico legal cases it becomes very essential to maintain records which would carry out as proofs. In such circumstances the records maintained by nurses would play a very important role.

Nursing education

For those nurses who are new or have less awareness it is important for the head nurse to train the other nurses about their duties and responsibilities.

Safe custody of patients’ valuables

Every patient may or may not be accompanied by his friends or relatives to take care of his or her due to their own reasons. In such cases the nurses need to take the responsibility of taking care of the patients valuables and belongings and hand over them to the patient at the time of their discharge.

Visitors control

All hospitals would have fixed visiting hours. In case of some patients the visitors may be too many and may not follow the trimming then the ward nurse has to control the visitors and also see to that the other patients in the wards are not getting distracted.

Follow-up scheduling

Scheduling in this context refers to the scheduling of the next doctors visit, noting of time of the medicine given to the patient and the time at which the next medication is to be given.

Discharge and bill settlement

Some patients may be able to complete the discharge formalities or the bill settlements to the hospital or the doctors. It is the duty of the ward nurse to see to that all the bills are settled before the patient is discharged from the ward.

b. Nursing Operation Theater Management:

The important duties of the nurses in Operation Theater Management are

Aseptic environment maintenance

Autoclaving

Receiving patients from wards

Coordinating trolley traffic

Assisting surgeon and anesthetist

Indenting and procuring surgical instruments and surgical sundries

Maintaining records and reports

Safe maintenance of theater equipment and apparatus

Aseptic environment maintenance

Maintaining of aseptic environment mainly refers to nurses to be able to take care of duties such as ensuring the cleaning up of the operation theater after every surgery. Though the nurses may not participate directly in the cleaning up procedures, it is their duty to cross checks the neatness of the environment inside the operation theater.

Autoclaving

Autoclaving is an important sterilization technique that is used to clean the equipment used in the operation theaters. The equipment consists of scissors, knife, needles and other essential apparatus required for performing the surgery. During autoclaving this equipment is mainly subjected to very high temperature, and is treated with steam for a certain period of time mainly in order to kill the unwanted virus and microorganisms.

Receiving patients from wards

The patients who need to undergo a surgery, would be asked to be admitted in the hospital wards on the prior day as per the the doctors advice. It is the duty of the nurse to receive the patients from these wards, see to that the required formalities are completed before taking them for the surgery.

Coordinating trolley traffic

Assisting surgeon and anesthetist

Most doctors and anesthetists may need the help of the nurse while performing their duties, especially in those which involve operations. The doctors duty is to conduct the surgery, it is the responsibility of the nurse to hand over the equipment in an orderly manner one after an other without any confusion of waste of time. In many such cases it is essential for the nurses to prepare themselves with the sequence of equipment required in order to avoid confusion.

Other nursing operation theater management procedures also include

Indenting and procuring surgical instruments and surgical sundries

Maintaining records and reports

Safe maintenance of theater equipment and apparatus

c. Labor Room Management

The labor room management involves

Preparation of expectant mother for aseptic safe delivery.

Conducting normal deliveries

Assisting doctors in obstetrical emergencies

Assisting difficult and abnormal deliveries.

Taking care of newborn and premature babies

Indenting and procuring drugs, linen etc.

Maintaining records and reports pertaining to labor room

d. Post operative/ICU/Burns unit management

Certain important procedures tat need to be essentially taken care of during the time of post operative care/ ICU/ Burns unit management are

Indenting and procuring drugs, equipment and oxygen cylinders.

Operating ECG, EEG, Cardiac resuscitation

Assisting physicians in operating other high-tech equipment and apparatus

Observing and documenting the progress of the patient monitor

e. Duties of out-patient nurse

The different duties of an outpatient nurse can mainly be classified into three important categories

a) Initial Care

b) Primary duties

c) Additional duties

Inertial care

In initial care the outpatient nurse takes care of duties such as observing the patients symptoms and progress on a regular basis and report them as well as the patients concerns to the doctor.

Primary care

The primary duties consist of monitoring vital signs like blood pressure, temperature, and pulse.

In some cases its the duty of the out patient nurse to even assist the doctor with tools used for surgery.

Additional duties

The additional duties are the ones which deal with the patients who leave the hospital on the same day.

In most cases the out patients tend to leave the hospital on the same day it self. In such cases it is the duty of the outpatient nurse to check the patients condition like his blood pressure and other such vital signs and ensure weather the patient has recovered and and in a condition to leave the hospital. It is also essential for the nurse to let the patients relatives or care takers know about the medication that needs to be given to the patient once they are discharged from the hospital.

Emergency

The emergency nurse mainly deals with the immediate action of assessment and treatment to the patients suffering with trauma.

Since most of the patients coming to the emergency ward come suffering with some trauma and pain it is the duty of the emergency nurse to prioritize the patient requiring treatment, based on his physical and mental conditions

e. Public Health Nursing – functions

The important functions of Public Health Management can be listed as follows

To promote Maternal and Child Health (MCH) program

To promote health and nutrition education activities

To coordinate the activities of health visitors in MCH,

Family Planning and Health and Nutrition Education.

To coordinate and conduct Immunization program.

To help in school health program in the district.

To ensure regular supply of equipment, records, registers drugs,

vaccines and other sundries for MCH program.

To ensure the maintenance of prescribed records and submission of periodical progress of MCH/Family Planning/Nutrition program

To help the Statistical Officer in compiling periodical progress reports of program

To review the progress of public health program.

To supervise and give technical guidance and support to ANMs and Health Visitors.

To investigate complaints against public health workers.

To provide continuing education for public health workers.

To work with other functionaries of Social Welfare, Rural Development and voluntary organizations

f. Documentation of Records

There are mainly two types of Documentation records

i) Direct patient care related documents

ii) Indirect patient care related documents/registers and records

i) Direct patient care related documents

Temperature, Pulse, Respiration form

Nursing Progress Record form

Operation / Special procedures consent form

Fluid Balance sheet

Medication sheet

Laboratory mount sheet

Pre-operative check list

Intake Output record

Nursing information sheet

Nursing Care Plan

24 hours Bed Turning

24 hours ward returns

Diet orders

Report form – Absconded patient

Incident Report Form

ii) Indirect patient care related documents/registers and records

Day and night report book

Treatment book / injection book

Instructions book – the head nurse carries with her when she accompanies the medical officer during ward rounds

Dangerous drugs register

Dispatch book

Inventory book

Breakages account book

Standing orders for patients

Telephone message book (specially maintained for receiving laboratory results of serious patients when required urgently)

Demand / indent book

Maintenance / repairs request book

g. Staff Development and Educational

The staff development and education procedures can be listed as follows

Introduction to new staff and students

In-service education and training

Continuing education

Assisting in research programs

Utilization of nursing services

Professional issues

Negligence

Do it absolutely right and safe

Right patient

Right Documentation

Right Medication

Right Dose

Right Route

Right Authentication

Right Date and Time

5. NURSING STAFF AND OPERATIONAL ORGANIZATION

The following are Nursing Professionals of different categories with varied educational background and their responsibilities.

Job, responsibilities, qualification and training and experience of nursing staff:

Job

Responsibilities

Education, Training and experience

Director of Nursing

Directs and supervises all nursing staff and activities

Determines and implements nursing policies and procedures

Plans and directs nurses’ introduction and in-service training

Evaluates quality of care

PhD / M. Sc in Nursing with 5 years nursing administration

Assistant Director of Nursing

Assists Director of nursing and assumes most of the duties and authority during absence

Analyses and evaluates nursing care quality and corrective measures

PhD. / M. Sc. Degree in Nursing with 3years nursing administration

Nursing Supervisor

Oversees administration and nursing care for a group of Wards or a Special Care Unit and coordinates them with other departments

B.Sc. degree in Nursing with 5 years experience as a Head Nurse.

Night Supervisor

Represents the Administrator at nights.

Visits nursing areas, some patients and other departments.

Admits and transfers patients when postponement to day time would be inadvisable

Senior staff- nurse with previous experience as a Head Nurse.

Ward Sister

Supervises and manages ward independently in teaching hospitals. Teaches nursing students in GNM &B. Sc. level

B.Sc. degree in nursing with 3 years experience

Senior staff-nurse

Functions as ward in charge, supervises junior staff nurses, auxiliary nurses/midwives and nursing aides

General Nursing and Midwifery trained with 5 years experience as staff nurse in a reputed hospital

Staff nurses

Provide nursing services in wards, OPD, A&E, Operation theaters, Labor room CSSD, Radiology etc., under the supervision of Senior staff nurse/ ward sister/ nursing supervisor

General nursing and Midwifery trained

Auxiliary nurses &Midwives

Assist staff nurses in wards, OPD, A&E, CSSD, Labor room, Radiology etc., under the supervision of senior staff nurse/ ward sister.

Auxiliary nursing and Midwifery (ANM) trained

Ward Aides / Medical Orderlies

Assist nurses, provides patient transportation / messenger services

Secondary School Certificate with formal training in a reputed hospital

Ward clerks

Inventory control, collection of patient records, laboratory results, responding admitting office queries, laundry, CSSD affairs etc.

Secondary school Certificate with good handwriting.

b. Nursing Operational Fields

The nursing operational field mainly include

Accident and Emergency

Outpatient Clinics

Wards including Special care Units

Delivery Suites

CSSD

Operating Rooms

Radiology

Public Health

Nursing Education

Nursing Professional Practice:

Nursing profession mainly takes care of dealing with patients who are sick, injured of diseased. It is the responsibility of the nurses to carry out the doctor’s instructions and take good care of the patients. It is essential for these nurses to keep the patients records confidential. Another responsibility is to provide the patients with a neat and clean environment such that they do not catch any other infections. Nurses also tend to take care of certain duties which include maintaining a record of the patient’s health history. Nursing is a profession in transition. The trends and issues that underline this phenomenon hold important implications for the management of hospitals and other healthcare institutions and agencies. Nursing service is a critical component in fulfilling hospital, long-term care, and other health service organization objectives for patient care. The nursing profession exists in response to a need of a society and holds ideals related to man’s health throughout his lifespan.

Nursing profession also includes the following

Assessment, planning, intervention and evaluation of human responses to health and illness.

Provision of nursing care to individuals to restore optimum health.

Procurement, coordination and management of essential patient resources.

Provision of health counseling and education.

Establishment of standards of practice for nursing care.

Development of policies, procedures and protocols.

Supervision of those assist in the practice of nursing.

Administration of medications and treatment as prescribed by qualified medical professionals.

6. INTRODUCTION TO BASIC COMPUTERS

INTRODUCTION

The following is some of the basic information for candidates who do not have any knowledge about computers.

Computers

Computers are machines which perform tasks or different calculations according to the set of instructions or data given to it. The set of such instruction designed for a computer is called a program.

Input

the set of instructions or program that is instructed to the computer in known as input.

Output

After the computer executes the set of instruction given to it, the end result that is obtained is known as output

Hardware

Hardware with respect to the computer include every part of the computer that can be seen and even touched. The different parts which include the hardware of a computer are, keyboard, mouse, printer, monitor, microprocessor. CPU or the Central Processing Unit or the microprocessor of a computer in the most important part of it. CPU can also be known as the brain of the computer. The main role of CPU is to translate the commands and calculations into computer language it is basically a small rectangular chip that is present inside the system

Software

Software can be defined as the set of instructions that are designed to be given to the computer or the hardware of the computer to perform a given task. The Operating System is one of such software that is used to perform various tasks using a computer.