Family History Of Tobacco Use

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter deals with analysis and interpretation of the data collected from 100 adults having the habit of tobacco use. The data was organized, tabulated and analyzed according to the objectives. The findings based on the descriptive and inferential statistical analysis, presented under the following sections.

4.1 ORGANISATION OF THE DATA

Section A: Description of the demographic variables of the tobacco users.

Section B: Assessment of prevalence of tobacco users.

Section C: Assessment of factors influencing tobacco use.

Section D: Assessment of pre and post test level of knowledge and attitude score regarding the ill effects of tobacco among tobacco users

Section E: Comparison of pre and post test level of knowledge and attitude score regarding the ill effects of tobacco among tobacco users.

Section F: Correlation between mean differed knowledge score with attitude score regarding the ill effects of tobacco among tobacco users.

Section G: Association of mean differed knowledge score and attitude score regarding the ill effects of tobacco among tobacco users with their selected demographic variables.

4.2 PRESENTATION OF THE DATA

4.2.1 SECTION A: DESCRIPTION OF DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES AGE, GENDER, EDUCATION, RELIGION, MARITALSTATUS, OCCUPATION, MONTHLY INCOME, FAMILY TYPE, FAMILY HISTORY OF TOBACCO USE, EXPENDITURE SPENT FOR TOBACCO PER DAYNAND QUANTITY OF TOBACCO USE PER DAY.

Table 4.2.1.1(a): Frequency and percentage distribution of demographic variables such as Age, gender, education, religion and marital status of tobacco users. N=100

Demographic variables

No.

%

Age in years

17-27

8

8

28-38

21

21

39-49

27

27

50 and above

44

44

Gender

Male

88

88

Female

12

12

Education

No formal education

34

34

Primary education

59

59

Higher secondary education

7

7

Diploma

0

0

Graduate and above

0

0

Religion

Hindu

97

97

Christian

3

3

Muslim

0

0

Others

0

0

Marital status

Married

77

77

Unmarried

11

11

Widow

12

12

Separated

0

0

Table 4.2.1.1(a) depicts frequency and percentage distribution of demographic variables like age, gender, education, religion and marital status of tobacco users.

With regard to age, 44(44%) were in the age group of 50 and above, 88(88%) were males, 59(59%) had primary education, 97(97%) of them were Hindus and 77(77%) were married.

Table 4.2.1.1(b) : Frequency and percentage distribution of demographic variables such as occupation, monthly income, family type, family history of tobacco use and expenditure spent for tobacco per day.

N = 100

Demographic variables

No.

%

Occupation

Skilled

37

37

Semi skilled

36

36

Professional

3

3

Homemaker

24

24

Type of family

Nuclear family

63

63

Joint family

37

37

Adults living alone

0

0

Cohabiting family

0

0

Monthly income in Rs.

<2000

9

9

2001-4000

14

14

4001-6000

29

29

> 6000

48

48

Family history of tobacco use

Yes

78

78

No

22

22

Expenditure spent for tobacco per day (in Rs.)

<10

7

7

11-20

36

36

21-30

23

23

>30

34

34

Table 4.2.1.1(b) depicts frequency and percentage distribution of demographic variables such as occupation, monthly income, family type, family history of tobacco use, expenditure spent for tobacco per day and quantity of tobacco per day.

With regard to occupation 37(37%) were skilled workers, 63(63%) were from nuclear family, 48(48%) were having a monthly income of more than Rs.6000, 78(78%) were having family history of tobacco use and 36(36%) of them spent Rs.11-20 for tobacco per day and 42(42%)

Figure 4.2.1.1: percentage distribution of demographic variables such as quantity of tobacco per day

Figure 4.2.1.1: percentage distribution of demographic variables such as quantity of tobacco per day

Figure 4.2.1.1 depicts the percentage distribution of quantity of tobacco use per day. With regard to quantity of tobacco use per day around 42(42%) were using tobacco more than 8 times a day.

Analysis of demographic variables revealed that tobacco use was more prevalent among the age group of 50 and above and among males. Married people, skilled workers and those who belonged to nuclear family were more using tobacco in one or two forms. People those who belonged to Hindu religion and having only primary education were standing first in the use of tobacco. Most of the people were having a family history of tobacco use. The researcher found it informative to provide individualized awareness programme which was more effective.

4.2.2 SECTION B: ASSESSMENT OF PREVALENCE OF TOBACCO USERS.

Table 4.2.2.1: Percentage distribution of prevalence of tobacco users.

Total population= 1444

Tobacco use

No

Gender

Types of tobacco

No

Gender

Percentage

Male

Female

M

F

Prevalence

223

32

191

Smoking

Chewing

Snuff

193

78

24

193

51

19

0

27

5

86.5%

34.9%

10.7%

Non prevalence

1221

Table 4.2.2.1 depicts the prevalence of tobacco use in the Veerapuram village. Total population of the village during the time of survey done was 1444, out of that around 223 members were using one or more types of tobacco products. Among them 193(86.5%) were smokers, 78(34.9%) of people were using chewing type of tobacco and 24(10.7%) were using snuff. All forms of tobacco using like smoking, chewing and snuff were more prevalent among males (100%, 65% and 79% respectively).

The findings revealed that smoking type of tobacco use is more prevalent in the rural area which was followed by chewing type of tobacco and all forms of tobacco use were more prevalent among males. The researcher found that most of the people using tobacco belong to male gender and they were using tobacco in the form of cigarette smoking.

4.2.3 SECTION C: ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS INFLUENCING TOBACCO USE AMONG TOBACCO USERS.

Table 4.2.3.1(a): Frequency and percentage distribution of factors influencing tobacco use such as personal factors.

N=100

FACTORS

YES

NO

No.

%

No.

%

PERSONAL FACTORS

I am not aware of the adverse effects of tobacco

I started using tobacco because of curiosity

I have the rights to smoke

I am using it to lift up myself

I started using tobacco to get rid of my tension

Tobacco is an unavoidable one in my life

63

58

5

31

28

44

63

58

5

31

28

44

37

42

95

69

72

56

37

42

95

69

72

56

Table 4.2.3.1(a) depicts the frequency and percentage distribution of factors influencing tobacco use. Majority 63(63%) were unaware about the adverse effects of tobacco use, 58(58%) started using tobacco because of curiosity, 69(69%) were not using tobacco to lift up themselves, 72(72%) were not started using tobacco to get rid of tension and 56(56%) was not considering tobacco as an unavoidable thing in their life.

The researcher found lack of awareness regarding the ill effects of tobacco was a major personal factor which influenced the tobacco use which was followed by curiosity. So the findings provide the baseline foundation for conducting the study.

Table 4.2.3.1(b): Frequency and percentage distribution of factors influencing tobacco use such as parental factors and socio economic and cultural factors.

N=100

FACTORS

YES

NO

No.

%

No.

%

PARENTAL/ FAMILIAL FACTORS

1. My parents are using it.

2. My family members are not asking about my tobacco use.

3.I am using tobacco as a revenge to my family or because of lack of care and support from my family

SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL FACTORS

My friends are encouraging me to smoke always.

I am getting enough money from job to spend for tobacco.

Watching advertisement in medias attracted me.

I am using tobacco to cope up with my job workload

Tobacco is very easily available that’s why I am using

In my culture, tobacco is considering as a acceptable social habits.

78

33

0

56

11

6

28

7

0

78

33

0

56

11

6

28

7

0

22

67

100

44

89

94

72

93

100

22

67

100

44

89

94

72

93

100

Table 4.2.3.1(b) shows the frequency and percentage distribution of factors influencing tobacco use. With respect to parental factor 78(78%) had a family history of tobacco use, 67(67%) experienced that their family members were asking about tobacco use and none of them were using tobacco as a revenge to their family.

With respect to socio-economic and cultural factors,56(56%) were encouraged by friends to use tobacco,89(89%) were not spending money for tobacco because they are getting enough money from job,94(94%) were not attracted by any tobacco advertisement,72(72%) were not using tobacco with a purpose to cope up with job workload,93(93%) were not using tobacco because it is easily available and none of them consider it as an accepted behavior in their culture.

Researcher found that family history of tobacco use was a very big personal factor which influenced the tobacco use. So it was found to be important that family members also should be involved in the tobacco control program. Peer pressure was found to be the major socio-economic factor which influenced the tobacco use.

4.2.4 SECTION D: ASSESSMENT OF PRE AND POST TEST LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE REGARDING THE ILL EFFECTS OF TOBACCO AMONG TOBACCO USERS.

Table 4.2.4.1(a) : Frequency and percentage distribution of pretest level of knowledge of the tobacco users regarding the ill effects of tobacco.

N= 100

Knowledge Aspects

Inadequate

(<50%)

Moderately Adequate

(50 – 75%)

Adequate

(>75%)

No.

%

No.

%

No.

%

General information on tobacco use

8

8.0

78

78.0

14

14

Ill effects of tobacco

58

58

36

36.0

6

6.0

Treatment and prevention

74

74.0

26

26.0

0

0

Table 4.2.4.1(a) reveals the frequency and percentage distribution of pretest level of knowledge of tobacco users regarding the ill effects of tobacco.

With regard to the general information on tobacco use, 78(78%) of tobacco users had moderately adequate knowledge, 58(58%) had inadequate knowledge on ill effects of tobacco and 74(74%) had inadequate knowledge on treatment and prevention.

The researcher found that majority of the people was unaware about the ill effects of tobacco which was supported by the factor influencing tobacco use. Researcher found it is important to give education regarding the ill effects of tobacco.

Table 4.2.4.1(b) : Frequency and percentage distribution of posttest level of knowledge of the tobacco users regarding the ill effects of tobacco.

N=100

Knowledge Aspects

Inadequate

(<50%)

Moderately Adequate

(50 – 75%)

Adequate

(>75%)

No.

%

No.

%

No.

%

General information on tobacco use

5

5.0

59

59.0

36

14

Ill effects of tobacco

28

28

29

29.0

43

43.0

Treatment and prevention

23

23.0

45

45.0

32

32

Table 4.2.4.1(b) shows the frequency and percentage distribution of post test level of knowledge of tobacco users regarding the ill effects of tobacco.

The post test level of knowledge of tobacco users regarding the ill effects of tobacco revealed that majority, 59(59%) had moderately adequate knowledge on general information, 43(43.0%) had adequate knowledge on ill effects of tobacco, 45(45.0%) had moderately adequate knowledge on treatment and prevention of tobacco use.

Figure 4.2.4.1: Percentage distribution of overall pre and post test level of knowledge of tobacco users regarding the ill effects of tobacco.

Figure 4.2.4.1 shows the percentage distribution of overall pre and post test level of knowledge of tobacco users regarding the ill effects of tobacco.

With regard to overall pre and post test level of knowledge of tobacco users, 66(66%) had inadequate knowledge in pre test whereas only 13% had inadequate knowledge in the post test, 34(34%) had moderately adequate knowledge in the pre test but only 30% had moderately adequate knowledge in the post test and none of them had adequate knowledge in the pre test but 57% had adequate knowledge in the post test

Researcher found that the individualized community awareness programme had a noticeable effect on knowledge of the tobacco users regarding the ill effects of tobacco.

Figure 4.2.4.2: Percentage distribution of pre and post test level of attitude score of tobacco users regarding the ill effects of tobacco.

Figure 4.2.4.2: Percentage distribution of pre and post test level of attitude score of tobacco users regarding the ill effects of tobacco.

Table 4.2.4.2 shows the percentage distribution of pre and post test level of attitude score of tobacco users regarding the ill effects of tobacco.

With regard to pre and post test level of attitude of tobacco users, majority 76(76%) had moderately favourable attitude in the pre test whereas 27% had moderately favourable attitude in the post test, 19(19%) and 3(3%) had unfavorable attitude in pre test and post test respectively and only 5(5%) had favourable attitude in the pre test but it was increased to 70(70%) in the post test.

Study result suggested that community awareness programme was also effective in changing the attitude of the tobacco users in a positive way. This will be a stepping stone for them to quit the tobacco use.

4.2.5 SECTION E: COMPARISON OF PRE AND POST TEST LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE SCORE REGARDING THE ILL EFFECTS OF TOBACCO.

Table 4.2.5.1: Comparison of pre and post test level of knowledge and attitude score regarding the ill effects of tobacco.

N=100

PRE TEST

POST TEST

MD

‘t’ value

Mean

S.D

Mean

S.D

Knowledge

11.07

2.96

19.19

3.34

8.12

56.489***

Attitude

29.07

5.52

39.81

5.91

10.74

40.645****** S - Significant

Table 4.2.5.1 shows the comparison of pre and post test level of knowledge and attitude score regarding the ill effects of tobacco.

When comparing the pre and post test level of knowledge regarding the ill effects of tobacco, the pre-test mean score was 11.07 with S.D 2.96. The post test mean score was 19.19 with S.D 3.34. The mean difference was 8.12 and the calculated‘t’ value was 56.489, which was statistically highly significant at

P < 0.001. This finding was suggestive of effectiveness of community awareness programme.

When comparing the pre and post test level of attitude regarding ill-effects of tobacco, the pre-test mean score was 29.07 with S.D 5.52. The post test mean score was 39.81 with S.D 5.91. The mean difference was 10.74 and the calculated ‘t’ value was 40.645, which was statistically highly significant at P < 0.001. This finding was suggestive of effectiveness of community awareness programme.

The study result provided an insight to importance of individualized awareness instead of mass education. Researcher found it more effective if there is enough man power and material to provide individualized awareness to large areas for helping the people to quit tobacco use.

4.2.6 SECTION F: CORRELATION OF MEAN DIFFERED KNOWLEDGE SCORE WITH ATTITUDE SCORE REGARDING THE ILL EFFECTS OF TOBACCO AMONG TOBACCO USERS.

Table 4.2.6.1: correlation between mean differed knowledge score and attitude score regarding the ill effects of tobacco.

N=100

Variables

Mean

S.D

‘r’ value

Knowledge

8.12

1.44

r = 0.126*

p= 0.031

Attitude

10.74

2.64

Table 4.2.6.1 shows the correlation between mean differed level of knowledge and attitude score regarding the ill effects of tobacco.

While analyzing the level of knowledge of tobacco users, the mean knowledge score was 8.12 with S.D of 1.44 and the mean attitude score was 10.74 with S.D of 2.64. The calculated ‘r’ value was 0.126 at p<0.031, which showed that there was moderate positive correlation indicating that as knowledge improves there was enhancement in favourable attitude also.

4.2.7 SECTION G: ASSOCIATION OF MEAN DIFFERED KNOWLEDGE SCORE AND ATTITUDE SCORE REGARDING THE ILL EFFECTS OF TOBACCO AMONG TOBACCO USERS WITH THEIR SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES.

Table 4.2.7.1(a) : Association of mean differed knowledge score regarding the ill effects of tobacco among tobacco users with their selected demographic variable.

N = 100

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

PRETEST

POSTTEST

MEAN DIFFERENCE

ANOVA

Age in years

No

%

No

%

No

%

17-27

13.12

1.73

21.50

1.69

8.37

1.41

F=0.273

NS

28-38

12.67

2.15

20.95

2.33

8.28

1.35

39-49

11.63

2.96

19.74

3.12

8.11

1.37

50 and above

9.59

2.79

17.59

3.38

8.00

1.55

Gender

t=1.115

NS

Male

11.43

2.73

19.62

2.99

8.19

1.37

Female

7.80

3.08

15.30

3.94

7.50

1.90

Education

F= O.633

NS

No formal education

8.91

2.79

16.85

3.52

7.94

1.39

Primary education

11.76

2.16

20.02

2.38

8.25

1.50

Higher secondary education

15.71

0.75

23.57

0.79

7.86

1.07

Diploma

-

-

-

-

-

-

Graduate and above

-

-

-

-

-

-

*p=<0.05,S- Significant, NS- Not Significant

Table 4.2.7.1(a) shows that there was no statistically significant association of the mean differed knowledge score with any of the selected demographic variables.

Table 4.2.7.1(b) : Association of mean differed attitude score regarding the ill effects of tobacco among tobacco users with their selected demographic variable.

N = 100

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

PRETEST

POSTTEST

MEAN DIFFERENCE

ANOVA

Age in years

No

%

No

%

No

%

17-27

29.62

3.99

41.37

3.50

11.75

1.28

F=1.980

NS

28-38

31.86

5.08

42.57

5.38

10.75

2.30

39-49

29.44

5.59

40.92

5.49

11.48

2.50

50 and above

27.41

5.46

37.52

6.02

10.11

2.93

Gender

t = 0.960

NS

Male

29.50

5.61

40.35

5.85

10.85

2.49

Female

25.20

2.20

34.90

3.90

9.70

3.71

Education

F= 2.956

NS

No formal education

26.32

5.58

36.35

6.42

10.03

2.83

Primary education

29.97

4.94

40.91

4.58

10.95

2.52

Higher secondary education

34.86

2.27

47.28

0.95

12.43

1.72

Diploma

-

-

-

-

-

-

Graduate and above

-

-

-

-

-

-

*p=<0.05,S- Significant, NS- Not Significant

Table 4.2.7.1(b) shows the association of mean improved level of attitude score of tobacco users with selected demographic variable. Analysis shows that there was no statistically significant association of the mean differed attitude score with any of the selected demographic variables.

.