Censor Restrictions In Indian Cinema

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 May 2017

The boundary within which artistic liberty swings has, historically, remained a debatable issue. Liberal democracies all over the world have recognised the need for reasonable restriction, though its boundaries are yet to be settled. In India cinema censorship appeared as an inevitable response to growing obscenity, restraint on the public morale being necessary for socio-cultural and political reasons. However, obscenity and lewdness having varying interpretations, censor decisions have remained a contentious issue. All efforts including judicial pronouncements, expert committee recommendations and periodic review of the censorship guidelines have fall short of settling the issue. The ongoing digital communication technology revolution has prompted a fresh debate on the relevance of cinema censorship in India. This paper attempts to review the legal and philosophical foundations of the concept to identify the reasonable limits of artistic expression in India, in the context of changing pubic moral and social patterns, and the ongoing digital communication technology revolutions.

Introduction

A gloss over the existing literature on cinema revels that 'censorship' debate continues ever since cinema's emergence as a major mass entertainment industry, of course, the issue of contention keeps on changing. The battle over it is often fought as petty-bickering and yet at other times in terms of angry public furor at the overt or covert sexual obscenities. Though the polemics of Indian film censorship generally revolved round sleaze, sensuality, sexuality, nudity and permissiveness (Bhowmik, 2003:3148), excessive depiction of obscenity and lewdness is primarily seen as the reason for censorship becoming inevitable in India- restraint on the public moral being necessary for socio-cultural, political, national security reasons. But, obscenity being perceptual and having different nuances of meanings for different segments of age and populations, the CBFC's decisions were often questioned, making it a debatable issue.

The era of censor restriction began in British India when the film Bhakta Vidura (1921) was banned because its protagonist bore a strong resemblance to Mahatma Gandhi. In 1978, the Central Board of Film Censor (renamed Central Board of Film Certification in 1982) referred to the political film KISSA KURSI KA(The Tale of a Chair), an innuendo about the politicians) to the Information & Broadcasting Ministry for further clearance. This was eventually destroyed only to be remade and released latter. In 1981, the film MERI AWAZ SUNO (Please Listen to My Voice), about a policeman who infiltrates an underworld gang to discover its nexus with politicians, was first granted an 'A' certificate, but subsequently suspended under the Cinematograph act, 1952 citing that the film depicted excessive violence.

In 1994, the film BANDIT QUEEN, based on the life history of Phoolon Devi-a dalit woman turned bandit was recommended for 17 cuts by the Central Board of Film Certification(CBFC). The film was released with just one visual and one audio cut after court intervention. In the film KAMA SUTRA- A TALE of LOVE (1996), which sought to demonstrate the marriage of spirituality and sexuality through the story of a princess and her servant, was denied a certificate citing it pornographic; it was certified after two scenes of nudity were erased. The film FIRE (1998), which explicitly screened the relationship of two women, who found the poignant expression of their love in their lesbian relationship, was cleared for public exhibition by the Censor Board but, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting referred it back to the Censor Board for review due to violent protest against the film in parts of India. In 2002,the CBFC demanded several deletions from the anti-war and anti-nuclear documentary film Jung-aur-aman (War and Peace) as a pre-condition for granting certificate, only to be certified without any deletion after the Bombay High Court directed the CBFC to do so (TOI,2003:April 26). As the censors claimed, the film suggested a bias against the Muslims minority when aid was distributed after the Gujrat earth quake 2001.

The list of such films touched by censorship issues in India gets longer even as the country emerges as the most prolific film producing country in the world (TOI,2002: July 28). At times the issue is excessive violence (Aakrosh, 2003), at others it is kissing on screen (Khwaish), even at others it is smoking on screen (God Mother, 1999, Pyar -To-Hona Hi Tha).

The era of protest against restriction on cinema is as old as the restriction itself. But the restriction continues and is expected to continue, of course, efforts have been made to ease the tensions out. The recent ICT revolutions, especially the wider availability of digital duplicating technologies and the wider scope for their circulation through the networked technologies have raised afresh questions on the relevance of the censor mechanism in India. But, despite the growing justifications against its continuation, the justifications for censorship is found in the argument that Indian society constitutes of people with a divergent social outlook and the response to cinema censorship must be defined by the divergent socio- political and cultural parameters of the country (Dayal, 1987).

But, every new case of censorship dispute renews demands for abolition of the Censor Board and the practice of film censorship in India. The Indian Supreme Court and High Courts' have adjudicated on the matter, expert committees have recommended solutions, the government has issued revised guidelines from time to time, but still the issue remains unsettled. Even public opinion on the issue is intricate and dichotomous. Despite the county having well formulated obscenity laws for over a century, the question still remains: is censorship necessary?

This paper attempts to explore the philosophical foundations of the right to artistic expression and its reasonable limits with special reference to film censorship in India in the context of the ongoing digital communication technology revolution, emerging patterns of Indian society and the changing profile of Indian audiences. The specific objectives of the study are:

To examine the legal and philosophical foundations of media freedom, to identify its limits and explore the grounds for censor restriction.

To explore the impacts of films and the scope for their positive use for social transformation and development.

To make an assessment of the role and functioning of the Censor Board with regard to public perception and expectation in the context of the emerging digital communication technology environment; and

To analyze public perception to find out the potential to make the Indian 'cinema censorship' practices more effective and acceptable.

Background of the Study

Historically, censorship as a term in English goes back to the office of the censor established in ancient Rome. The censor was one of two magistrates of early Rome who acted as the census authority, and inspectors of moral who regulated the morals of the citizens, (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary defines 'Censor', to be a person who is authorized to read publications or correspondence or to watch theatrical performances and suppress in whole or in part anything considered obscene or politically unacceptable.

As a practice, censorship is the control of what people may say or hear, write or read, or see or do, and suppression of material considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient to the government or the citizen groups. The materials which are included within the scope of censorship commonly includes nudity, sexual activity, language, presentation of criminal acts, violence messages considered to be immoral in the context of a society.

Traditionally censorship was associated with ideas about state oppression, intolerant governments or other powerful institutions controlling the minds of powerless citizens and society's dominated classes (Biltereyst, 2010). It was related to brutal strategies to limit freedom of speech, or to undermine artistic expression. It was even seen as part of a carefully orchestrated strategy of controlling or even silencing public debate in society. With the universal recognition of human rights and the right to communicate as a vital component, the exercise of film censorship in modern times is seen as violating the sanctity of the constitutionally granted freedom of speech and expression in liberal democracies (Kazmi,2001), and is mostly regarded as a relic of an unenlightened and much more oppressive age and hardly finds any favour among elite sections of a society.

Daniel Biltereyst of the Centre for Cinema and Media Studies claim that censorship is more complex and constitutes more than simply banning, cutting and imposing restrictions 'from above' by state institutions. This revelation is based on a broader definition of censorship and new theoretical underpinnings of the concept. New approaches argue that the state does not wield absolute power, and also that censorship institutions are not disconnected from society but are run by flesh-and-blood people with their own sensitivities, norms and values. This includes the existence of negotiations between the censors, the industry and film makers (Biltereyst, 2008).

This new approach to censorship shifted the focus from the old institutionalized, interventionist censorship to a more culturalist notion of film censorship (Biltereyst, 2010). From this perspective, censorship was gradually accepted as a keen and sharp indicator of what a particular hegemonic group in society can tolerate at a particular moment. The wider social and cultural ideologies determining hegemonic group's activities' present the framework for negotiation between industry, filmmakers, censors and their respective discourses, to achieve some form of consensus on the acceptability of certain images, scenes or films. This negotiation process makes it rather unlikely that film classification boards would take decisions going completely against societal sensitivities. The censor negotiations combine historical, sociological, aesthetic, and philosophical parameters and vacillate between the two extremes of the liberty of artistic expression and the moral responsibilities of audiovisual representations.

Reflecting the views of a section of the film industry Bhowmik claims that trends on censorship practice violates the sanctity of the constitutionally granted freedom of speech and expression Disagreeing with the popular notion of censorship as moral restraint, he argues that its true import lies in the propagation of political agendas, there being intricate interplay of policies of governance and strictures of censorship. It is claimed that bureaucratic manipulation, judicial laxity, vested interest and political or public pressure keep the institution of film censorship going in India (Bhowmik (2003:3149).

Cinema can play a positive role in society in terms of providing entertainment, enhancing information and knowledge, sensitizing people about urgent issues of society, in creating sociability and offering catharsis (Bhakhry, 1995:71). Similarly, cinema can also play an equally negative role in teaching wrong values, generating social and sexual violence and crime, providing escape from reality into a dream world instead of facing up to the problems of life, encouraging adoption of destructive role models and in encouraging cynicism about social institutions (Bhakhry, 1995:71. It is these impacts of cinema on society which makes censorship an important issue and justifies the efforts put into this study.

Genesis of Censor Restriction in Indian Cinema

The institution of censorship in Indian cinema took roots soon after the birth of the indigenous film industry. The Indian Cinematograph Act of 1918 was enacted by the British government in India with the avowed aim of "safety of the audiences, and the prevention of degrading of moral performances", though the real intentions, as was often alleged, were to pre-empt political issues perceived as threats to the British Raj in India (Bhowmik, 2003:3149).Regional Censor Boards were constituted at Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Rangoon, and Lahore in 1920, to put a check, as was claimed, on sensitive issues, objectionable subjects, and forbidden scenes in foreign films. The first instances of censorship took place soon after the setting up of these regional censor boards when the 1921 film Bhakta Vidura was banned alleging that its protagonist bore a strong resemblance to Mahatma Gandhi.

Following Indian independence, the Indian Cinematograph Act of 1918 was carried forward by the Indian leadership essentially as an attempt to cleanse or control the harmful western influence through the medium of film entertainment. The Indian leadership publicly stated that the sanctity of the well received principles of morality and behaviour would be invoked in matters relating to exhibition of films in the country(Bhowmik,2003: July 26). They emphasized the need for improvement in the moral and ethical standards in films.

In 1951, all regional censor boards were brought under the unified command of a Central Board of Film Censors. The Indian Cinematograph Act 1918 was replaced by the Indian Cinematograph Act 1952, which was amended in 1982 and new censorship guidelines were issued in 1983. The law provides for appointment of a 'Central Board of Film Certification' to certify films for public exhibition in India which functions with headquarters at Mumbai assisted by nine regional offices at Bangalore, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Chennai, Thiruvananthpuram, New Delhi, Cuttack and Guwahati. The law and the guidelines provide for appointment of the Board, their functioning and the issues to be considered while certifying a cinema for public exhibition in India. A Film certification Appellate Tribunal was established in 1984 at Delhi to hear appeals against the decisions of the CBFC.

In the years that followed Indian independence, film censorship continues to vacillate between the two extremes of the growing 'right to freedom of expression view' and 'public decency' defined by group perceptions and interests. The then minister of information and broadcasting R.R. Diwakar characterized the newly framed CBFC as a dignified effort to model an effective medium of healthy entertainment, national culture, and mass education (Hunnings, 1967:228). The main objectives of film censorship, as per the certification guidelines, have been to ensure that -

The medium of film remains responsible and responsive to the values and standards of society;

Artistic expression and creative freedom are not unduly curbed; and

Censorship is responsive to social changes.

As provided in the Indian Cinematograph Act 1952 including its subsequent amendments , films are certified relying on the judgment of examining and revising committees and are issued any of the following four types of certificates -'U', 'UL'. 'A', and 'S', as has been provided under the Indian Cinemagraph Act.1952.

'U' (unrestricted exhibition) certificate is issued to a cinema which, in the opinion of the CBFC, is suitable for unrestricted public exhibition.

'UA' (unrestricted public exhibition subject to parental guidance for children below the age of 12) certification is issued to a film in respect of which the board is of the opinion that it is necessary to caution that the question as to whether any child below the age of 12 may be allowed to see such film should be considered by the parents or guardians of such child.

'A' (public exhibition restricted to adults only) certificate is issued to a cinema if in the opinion of the board its public exhibition is to be restricted to adults only.

'S'(public exhibition restricted to specialized audiences) certification of a cinema means the cinema is suitable for public exhibition restricted to members of a profession, for example Doctors.

The CBFC is assisted in examination of films by members of Advisory Panels and Examining Committees, and issues certificates as suggested. The board examines films for certification in accordance with provisions contained in the Cinematograph Act, 1952, the Cinematography (Certification) Rules, 1983 and the guidelines issued in this regard by the government of India from time to time. While considering a cinema for certification as mentioned above, the CBFC may direct to delete or amend material that might be considered to be offensive by its audiences or may even refuse to allow a film to be screened commercially. The Film Certification Appellate Tribunal (FCAT) hears appeals against the decisions of the Censor Board in respect of certification of a film. The decisions of the tribunal are binding on the board and it disposes the matter in conformity with the order of the tribunal.

Under the provisions of the Cinematograph Act, 1952 the Central Government is also empowered to send back a film for review by the Censor Board or to cancel or modify a certificate issued to a film under certain circumstances. Petitions can be filed in High Courts seeking a ban on screening of a film.

IV. Artistic Freedom and its Limits

Article 19(1) (a) of the Indian Constitution Guarantees to every citizen of India the right to freedom of speech and expression; also assures the freedom of media, though it is not separately stated there, unlike some other constitutions like that of the USA. The freedom of media is part of a larger right of freedom of speech and expression guaranteed to every citizen. The right to freedom of speech and expression includes within it, the right to collect and receive information from anywhere and through any legitimate means, the right to disseminate information and express opinion (Sawant, 1997).

The freedom granted under 19(1) (a) is not absolute, and is subject to restrictions recognized by all liberal democracies as well as by international declarations and covenants. These restrictions are contained in Article 19(2) of the Indian Constitution, which states that freedom of speech and expression guaranteed by article 19(1)(a) shall not affect the operation of any existing law, or prevent the state from making any law, which imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the freedom in the interests of sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the state, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence. The restrictions have, of course to be reasonable meaning there by that; they must have a direct nexus with the ground on which they are imposed (Sawant, 1997). They should also not be in excess of the purpose sought to be achieved or supplant the freedom itself. Again, the media, when run as a business, is also subject to the restrictions, which may be imposed by the state on any business, under Article 19(6) of the constitution.

The principles of the censorship set out in section 5-B of the Cinematograph (Amendment) Act, 1959 states: "A film shall not be certified for public exhibition if, in the opinion of the authority competent to grant the certificate the film or any part of it against the interests of security of the state, public order, decency or morality, or involves defamation or contempt of court, or is likely to incite the commission of an offence." This sub section is in agreement with article 19(2) of the constitution. Sub-section (2) of section 5-B states, "Subject to the conditions contained in sub-section -1, the central government may issue such directions as it may think fit, setting out the principles which shall guide the authority competent to grant certificate under this act in sanctioning films for public exhibition".

In a celebrated Supreme Court judgment in 1970, in the case brought before it by K.A. Abbas, regarding his film "A Tale of Four Cities" declared that, " censorship falls under constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech and expression and that while pre censorship of films does not contravene those guarantees per se, is still a justifiable issue and cannot be decided by a government official" (Dayal, 1987).

The Supreme Court has indicated that , " Censorship in India (and pre-censorship is not different in quality) has full justification in the field of exhibition of cinema films" and "the censorship imposed on the making and exhibition of films is in the interest of the society. If the regulations venture into something, which goes beyond the legitimate opening to restrictions, they can be questioned on the ground that a legitimate power is being abused. We hold, therefore, that censorship of films, including prior restraint, is justified under our constitution" (Vasudev, 1978).

The enquiry committee on film censorship in 1968, known as the Khosla Committee, in its report submitted in 1969, said, in the case of films "Censorship can be deemed to be reasonable restrictions on the right of freedom of expression". Provided that "the nature and extent of this control or restriction is related to the maters mentioned in Article 19(2) of the Indian constitution. Censorship must be authorized by law, and must be confined within the limits permitted by law and the provisions of the constitution. To extend the scope of censorship to considerations of public taste and ban a mater which does not fall within the limits of the reasonable restrictions clause would not be legal"(Vasudev,1979).

As such, the legal boundaries of Artistic freedom and its limits are well settled. But, the issue beyond the legal framework, which comes into the fore in any discussion of the moral basis of cinema censorship, is its social impact.

Social Impacts of Films

Any discussion on films and society confronts a vital question 'dose cinemas have any impact on the society'. There are two schools of thought on this issue among film makers. One line of thinking believe that films can never affect or reform the social body or the events taking place within it, but the other believes that the medium does have a direct or indirect impact on social streams, even though it may not be immediately perceptible. The former cites the example that 'just after a couple of excellent anti-war films were exhibited, the second world war engulfed humanity' hence cinema cannot and should not offer any solutions for social problems raised by its writer and directors, by its content and style. The mere exposition of the problem is enough and there ends cinema's artistic obligation as well as compulsion. The later, however, stretches cinema's role further to promote a thought process and line of action where by the viewers are provoked into trying a change for the better. Films, which talked directly and movingly about the wrongs of society, go on to influence it and shape it along better lines.

The most important contribution of cinema to society is that by sheer usage it has grown to be a standard reference for most kinds of questions and situations, where elementary knowledge and practice are needed (Rangoonwalla, 1995:7). The mass mind picks up such points largely and stores them in some mental corner, to be reactivated while seeking or giving answers and guidance. Some of the life patterns and conclusions propagated by them could be having social repercussions below the outer of everyday life. Violence, crime and sex are made to look easy and frivolous, without much of retribution to follow.

The magic of cinema is virtually unfathomable. The very mention of cinema conjures up a rainbow of captivating images. A vital aspect of Indian cinema is its unifying character. The Indian films have been subtly albeit consistently promoting the ideas of national integration and communal harmony. A part of the socio-economic cultural transformation can be attributed to the cinema as films usually generate social mobility, fluidity and an overall sense of oneness among people of different backgrounds (Rangoonwalla, 1995:7).The society is ripe with cases of crimes and criminals being emulated from the screen and so also the attitude to suicide as a way of dejection, mostly in love. Fashion including smoking and drinking, in many cases, are inspired from cinema characters. The vast fan followings of stars like Rajesh Khanna, Amitabh Bachhan, Mithun Chatkrabothy are eloquent testimony to the social impacts of films.

A study by Dr. Sativa Bhakry shows that Cinema can play both positive as well as negative roles in society. It can have positive impacts in terms of providing entertainment, enhancing information and knowledge, sensitizing people about urgent issues of society, in creating sociability and offering catharsis. It offers release from tensions of daily life. Cinema can also play an equally negative role in teaching wrong values, generating social and sexual violence and crime, providing escape from reality into a dream world of fantasy instead of facing up to the problems of life, encouraging adoption of destructive role models and in encouraging cynicism about social institutions (Bhakhry, 1995:71-76).

VI. Philosophical Foundations of Cinema Censorship

Plato's polemics of art and artists urged strict censorship of the arts because of their influence on moulding people's characters (Rufus, 2010). Using his theory of forms, Plato claimed that artists and poets couldn't usually explain their works; as they are seized by irrational inspiration, a sort of "divine madness (Bruce, 1998)." Much of his writings reflect the belief that the vital opinions of the community could be shaped by law and that men could be penalized for saying things that offended public sensibilities, undermined common morality, or subverted the institutions of the community (Jowett, 2010).

Acclaimed film critic and a spiritual champion of the right to freedom of expression, Noel Burch (1973) approved the censorship mechanism when he claimed "......I doubt if anybody will advocate freedom from interference of the state machinery to be extended to the commercial exploitation of a powerful medium of expression and entertainment like cinema. One can imagine the results if an unbridled commercial cinema is allowed to cater to the lowest common denominator of popular taste, especially in a country which after two centuries of political domination , is still suffering from confusion and debasement of cultural values. Freedom of expression cannot, and should not be interpreted as a license for the cinemagnates to make money by pandering to and thereby propagating, shoddy and vulgar taste.

While emphasizing the role of cinema as a vehicle of modernism, India's first Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru has also advocated some amount of social control to ward off its bad effects (Vasudev, 1978:107). Nehru's response to a public petition urging him to curb the evil influences of films not only brought the citizenry within the domain of film censorship but also legitimised their exercise of power.

Tanuja Chandra claims that "the artists have every right to give expression to the work of art and viewers have an equal right to reject it, if they do not like it either in part or whole. Therefore, cinema like other potent media, such as press, drama and fiction should be left under the common law". The entertainment part of cinema, she argues is of much important than the emotional part. But, it seems, the Indian society has still miles to go before accepting this argument. Veteran actor turned Member of Parliament Satrughna Sinha claims that "in a country like India films reach the widest possible and most diversified audience. As a medium of mass communication it can exercise the most tremendous and potent influence on the public. The rampant use of blatant sex and gruesome violence (as commodities for sale by the producers) can terribly shake a nation; the ruinous elements can easily shatter the society before the common law can give protection". As such censorship cannot be unreasonable, if it is within limits (TOI, 2006).

Sinha disagrees with Tanuja Chandra's suggestion that "it should be left to the public to decide what to see and what not" and says "it cannot be left entirely to the public, this way even blue films could be fair game."(Thapar, 1998). Even he rejects former Censor Board chief Vijay Anand's suggestion 'to replace the system of cuts with ratings' and claims that "replacing the present system of cuts with ratings" will reduce our Technicolor cinema into blue films' (Sengupta, 2002). John Dayal Claims that "more and more people, especially the younger, look forward to watch the blatant display of sex and violence on the screen. If this virus is allowed to the artery of our national blood, the society will be infested with unruly elements with hardly any care for our social values and traditional tenets, which will eventually lead to chaos and anarchy in the society. Curbs are, therefore, necessary to protect the moral health of the nation and to ensure that cinema does not hurt the sensibilities or interests of the extraordinarily heterogeneous people that constitute the Indian nation" (Dayal, 1987:61).

Acclaimed film critic Nikhat Kazmi finds no harm in showing a couple kissing as a mark of love and affection, because rapes and murders are not caused only because of films; rather they are the prime instincts of belligerence and sex that are inherent in every human being. She claims that censorship is irrelevant in the present age when cyber space offers its unlimited frontiers at the click of a mouse (Kazmi, 2002). When satellite television brings it all unhindered into the bedroom itself, censorship has virtually nothing to do with the Indian Cinema. Responding to the demands of the digital era, many nations have, in fact, repealed their obscenity laws and have dropped legal barriers against pornography for adults. Supporting these arguments, Tanuja Chandra, an acclaimed film producer in India, terms the Indian censorship guidelines totally redundant. She says "the censor rule book, a relic of British colonialism, is completely outdated, it sticks out like a priest who tries to curb freedom of expression with a ruler in his hands"(Kazmi,2002). Citing the censor board decisions as irrational and inconsistent, some film makers claim that at times the censors object to sex, at times to violence and at times even to something as ridiculous as a woman smoking a cigarette (Jha, 1999).

Hinting at the vulnerability of the censors, veteran film actor, producer and director Dev Anand says that "the Censor Board's limited authority and accountability to the central government, in fact, leads to its play-safe attitude". He opined that "the censor board is a puppet in the hands of the central government… guidelines seems to change every time a government changes" (Jha, 1999). Opposing censorship in any form, he argue that every clipping in a film is condemnable and only rating is permissible as in the Hollywood film industry.

These conflicting arguments and the apparent vertical split in the film industry shows our state of confusion and failure in taking a categorical position on the issue. Perhaps, the country has not yet reached a stage where censorship in cinema is to be scrapped altogether. The safest choice, therefore, is to take appropriate steps to make our censor mechanism more effective rather than attempting to abolish it.

VII. Research Design and Methods

Analysing a complex issue like film censorship demands a multidisciplinary approach. Constitutional and legal provisions, judgements of Supreme Court and High Courts, observations of various committees and commissions on limits of the rights to freedom of speech and expression built the context for the analysis of the issue. Legal adjudications on film censorship decisions, decisions of the Censor Board, and the policy guidelines issued from time to time provide an appropriate background for understanding the legal status of film censorship in India. The existing theories on film-society linkages, the social impacts of films, in addition to the study of the legal back ground mentioned above revels the ideal limits of artistic expression and moral decency in India. But growing recognition of freedom of expression as a fundamental human right and the arguments against any kind of restriction on that right, coupled with the digital communication technology enabled scope for duplication and delivery of contents questions afresh the relevance of any kind of restriction on freedom of artistic expression, of course, the socio-cultural conditions of a nation is an equally important factor. So it is the public opinion, defined and redefined by the changing socio-cultural environment, can be a real indicator of the emerging censorship practices in the country. As such, the study primarily builds on the social survey method of research, a pre-structured questionnaire being the principal tool of data collection. The opinion survey constitutes the primary data, where as the secondary data culled from newspapers, journals, books and of course the Web provides significant input to the study.

The universe for the study primarily comprises the academic community, including students, teachers and other academic staff of the universities. To represent the academic community Berhampur University (Odisha), Aligarh Muslim University (Uttar Pradesh), and Gauhatii and Nagalandi universities in the North-Eastern Parts of India were selected. The sample respondents were selected applying the stratified random sampling method. The academic community of the selected universities were identifies as three distinct groups- students, teachers, and academic staff of which 100, 40, and 20 respectively were selected randomly to constitute the sample for the study. While selecting the respondents gender and age have been kept in mind to make sample a true representative of the Universe despite majority of respondents being post graduate students. All the 160 sample respondents so selected were administered a pre-structured questionnaire comprising 15 questions on various aspects of film censorship practices in India, especially prepared for the study. The researcher could collect a total of 128 completed questionnaires of which 80 representing the students, 32 representing the teachers and 16 of the other academic staff. The responses so collected are codified and presented in tables 1-6.

The codified and tabulated opinions are analysed using simple statistical techniques including the weighted average method. The alternative responses (say N) to a question are assigned priorities from 1 to N by the respondents. The responses from 1st to Nth priorities are assigned weightages N to 1 respectively and are multiplied by their respective frequencies n1,n2,n3......nN-1,nN (number of respondents giving the same priority to a response).The weightage of each priority of a response are added to calculate the total weightage of a response. As such, the total weightage a response is calculated to be:

TW=NXn1+(N-1)Xn2+(N-2)Xn3+. . . . . . . .+N-(N-2)XnN-1+N-(N-1)XnN

= NX(1st priority frequency)+(N-1)X(second priority frequency)+(N-2)X(3rd priority frequency)+ ...............+2(N-1)th priority frequency+1(Nth priority frequency)

The extracts of the personal interviews of a number of Bollywoodii personalities including actors, directors, producers on the issue of cinema censorship, published in sections of the media, have been incorporated to represent the views of the Indian film industry.

Decoding Public Perception on Censor Tangle

The respondents were asked to mention the kinds of impact films have on society by selecting the appropriate alternative. The responses so obtained are presented in table-1, which evinces that 14.84 % of the respondents feel that films have positive impact on the society where as 20.31 % of them feel that films have negative impact. But a whopping majority (53.90%) of them agree that films do have impact, positive, negative or both, on the society.07.03 % does not see any impact of films, where as 3.91 % have no idea about social impacts of films.

Among the negative impacts of films presented in table-3, promoting sex and violence tops the list. The audience closely believes that films provide an escape route from real problems to a dream world. The third major impacts mentioned are teaching wrong values, and encourage destructive role models.

A question was asked regarding what should be the primary goal of film making. The respondents were asked to mention the mentioned alternatives in order of priority and the responses so obtained are presented in table-4.

Data in table-4 transpire that film maker's first and foremost artistic obligation should be to try for positive social change through films, closely followed by the goal of promoting pro-social values. Notably, the artistic obligation of creatively presenting a social issue before the public without expecting or suggesting any social change from it, which is the line of thinking of the Avant Garde film makers finds third priority among the respondents. Equally significant is that the audience suggests profit generation to be the least preferred goal of film makers. Of course, fulfilling the other goals will automatically lead to profit maximization.

Data in table-5 evinces that, majority (87.50%) of the respondents favour cinema censorship in one form or other, while only a minority (12.50%) do not want any control over film making. However, a majority of respondents (81.25%) are not satisfied with the present system of censorship practices in India. Almost half (46.87%) of the respondents feel that cinema censorship leads to violation of citizen's right to freedom of expression.

Asked about whether the Censor Board's clearance of films like Fire, which became controversial even after being certified by the Board, was justified, the majority of the respondents (43.75%) strongly justified the decision of the Censor Board. They argued that as a mirror of society, cinema should have full liberty in depicting social reality so as to sensitize the public on socio-cultural realities like homosexuality, and violence against women. They claim that lesbianism portrayed in the film Fire is a reality in part of the Indian society and there is no harm in showing such reality on the screen. Some of the respondents - 28.13 % , however were of the view that clearance of such films were justified in so far as the socio-cultural issues were boldly presented against orthodoxy, but the issue should be considered in a holistic perspective. While following the rule book, the Indian socio-cultural values should not be ignored altogether. Thus 28.13% of the respondents did not support the Censor Board decision of certifying the film Fire, as they apprehend that such films created hatred and hurt the sentiments of sections of the society. To them, incorporating undesirable sex and violence cannot be justified under the pretext of freedom of speech and expression, as they exert negative impacts on the younger minds.

A majority i.e. 67.97 % of the respondents do not, support violence against the shooting or screening of cinema, where as 30.47 % of respondents partially support it. They think violence is not the proper way of expressing dissent; it should be done in a non-violent manner. They claim that in many cases, without such scenes reality cannot be shown. They allege that such violence is often by religious fanatics who are politically motivated and deserve no sympathy. To them, cinema creatively expresses social reality, and one need not watch it.

Goverment's role of moral police did not find favour among 30.47 % of the respondents whereas 28% of the respondents partially approve it. Significantly,34.37 % of the respondents fully agree with the view that censorship should be done away with and the issue be left to the public which finds partial support among 40.62 % of the respondents but 25 % do not agree with it at all. Half (50.00%) of the respondents do not agree with the proposal that there should be only rating instead of cuts in cinema against 31. 21 % of respondents strongly support the view.

Almost a fifth of the respondents are of the view that it is politicization of the social issues including cinema which makes films controversial (21.87 %). They claim that such films hit at the present system, often threatening the existing social order which is resisted by certain sections, especially the priestly class, whom the perceived change does not suit (17.99%) and they mislead impressionable people to create violence (9.37%). Second, the conservative people either do not believe the issue as a social reality (6.25%) or they do not want to see it on screen even if it is a social reality (9.37%). Third, the push and pull forces on board members forces them to clear a film (7.03%) and they get a sense of relief after certifying even a wrong film (12.5%).Fourth, mostly those films which ignore moral values perceived as unifying forces of the Indian socio-cultural system become controversial (6.25%).Fifth, the board members are mostly progressive people who favour emerging social issues to be debated (2.34%). They opine that people are matured enough to judge a film and make informed decisions (3.90%).

The respondents were asked to mention the system of censorship, out of the given four, most suitable for India. The number of preferences so expressed was converted into percentage of the total respondents i.e. 128 as in table -7.

A moderate 37.5 % of the respondents see the present system of statutory censorship as the most suitable system for Indian conditions, where as 16.41% percent respondents appealed for self-censorship. Nearly 40.63 % of the respondents want censorship by the public, as against 21.09 % of the respondents who suggest other forms of censorship.

The respondents were asked to mention, in order of priority, five causes for sex and violence becoming indispensable parts of India cinema. The responses corresponding to priorities from 1st to 5th are assigned weightages from 5to1 respectively and are multiplied by the corresponding number of votes and are then summed up to calculate the total weightage of a response. Ranks are assigned according to total weightage as presented in table-5. Data in table evinces that commercial success of films is found to be the primary reason for excessive sex and violence in Indian cinema, closely followed by the reason that both viewers and film makers are obsessed with sex. Viewers and film makers are obsessed with sex finds 3rd and 4th rank respectively.

The responses to a question on factors primarily responsible for growing incidents of violence against shooting and screening of films presented in table- 9 shows that immature cultural understanding i.e narrowly interpreting culture by being guided by one's limited experience) of the agitators is believed to be the primary reason, closely followed by politicisation of cinema and culture, interpreting a film under the influence of one's political ideology), and growing public concern for perceived cultural dilution as the major reasons for the growing violence.

Asked about the way forward to avoid censor controversy in Indian cinema, the respondents suggested that there should be some checks and balances on film making (6.25%) but the choices of a few people cannot force the government to toe their line (4.68%). The board should carefully watch films and make censorship decisions on a holistic perspective (23.44%) and should not allow films disrespecting moral values which symbolise the unique Indian culture (7.81%). Artistic freedom helps in circulation of diverse points of view and hence choice to the viewers (12.5%). Checks on sex and violence on screen may be in the interests of a healthy democratic system (6.25%), but moral policing by the government could be more harmful as it amounts to curbing freedom of expression (5.47%). The matured Indian audience does not need moral police by the government (7.03%). Politicized Censor Board often plays biased role (4.68%), so better the issue left to the public to take a decision on which films to see and which not to see (14.06%).

Asked to suggest three ethical values for the film makers to follow, the respondents suggested several values to be incorporated into film making, which summarises as follows: majority of respondents favoured the protection and promotion of social, moral and ethical values being agreed upon and upheld by generations of the Indian society, and to promote Indianness by promoting unity in diversity above all (30.47%). This was closely followed by suggestion for Indian films addressing social issues (27.34%), unquestioning cultural loyalty in film making (11.71%), promotion of social reform and development (14.84%). Some respondents suggested for emphasis on art and culture and restraint on showing undesirable sex and violence scenes (8.59%). Films should promote national -integration and a sense of character building (10.94%), promote democracy by addressing the problems and issues of the voiceless, down trodden and discourage exploitation of poor (7.81%).

To make the censorship system in India more effective the respondents suggested making the censorship policies clear and consistent and having sacrosanct guidelines with hardly any scope for misinterpretation (8.59 %). Some suggested for legal provisions to discourage any unholy nexus between film makers and criminals especially the underworld (7.81%), politicians (11.72%), powerful business interests and producers so as to ensure that the system favours the Indian socio-cultural system and the audiences (10.93%) rather than the power elites. Some suggested for involving social organisation and artists with good sense in censorship decisions and making the appellate authority more relevant (8.59%). Some also suggested to classify films to different categories -social, commercial, and sexual etc so as to help the audiences make decisions on which films to see and which ones not to see (10.15%).13.28% of the respondents suggested that censorship should be limited to sex and violence and no censor for social problems.

Concluding Remarks

The foremost role of cinema in society should be to provide entertainment, impart education and teach positive values. It can project nationally desirable ideas and aspirations and help in the healthy growth of a nation. It is equally important to check undesirable, unhealthy and dangerous ideas getting promoted. This role, R. Vasey argues is not necessarily in conflict with cinemas' goal of profit prioritization as an industry, rather they complement each other. The film industry often complied with the control of, and consensus on public values, because they had a lot to gain from safe, non-provocative films, he claims. Family films that did not damage the reputation of the medium, turned out to be more profitable in the long run compared to the short-lived commercial successes of controversial films (Vasey, 1997).

The state interventions to achieve this object sometimes end up with infringing on the right to free expression. In an emerging global environment enriched with discourses on human rights with focus on free expression, cinema censorship needs to be practiced with humility while seeking to protect the unique socio cultural values of India. But the acts of violent protests to oppose a film, often termed as social terrorism and cultural gangsterism (Kaul, 1998; Gangadhar, 1998) cannot be the way out. But films depicting undesirable sex and violence produced in the pursuit of audience ignoring all values and norms cannot justify the claims for unhindered liberty of artistic expression. The widespread availability of duplicating techniques and facilities for unhindered screening of pirated films, presents a fresh ground against censorship. But, despite all arguments against it, the study reveals a tacit support of the public for censorship in the cinema, which offers a more potent and justifiable explanation of people's doubts and apprehensions on the censorship controversies. Considering the socio-cultural realities in India, the censorship system cannot be abolished altogether but, at the same time censorship cannot be justified if it is inconsistent, illogical and encroaches upon the citizens' right to free expression. Our censorship policies need to be given a clear sense of direction so that both filmmakers and censors know where they stand, with little scope left for misinterpretation.