Why Tcp Ipv4 Was Invented

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

Introduction and History of TCP/IP page 3

Why TCP/IPv4 was inventer? Page 4

TCP/IPv6 Page 5

Comparison to IPv4 Page 5

Why TCP/IPv6 had to be created Page 6

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF TCP/IP

TCP/IP was initially designed to meet the data communication needs of the

U.S. Department of Defense (DOD). The first packet switching network was created in the later 1960’s when the advanced research projects agency known as ARPA now called DARPA of USA department of defense began partnership with the US universities to design standard protocols together. The participants came up with ARPANET. In 1969 the first experimental four-nodes version of ARPANET was introduced and put into act. Using a special network control protocol (NCP) and three different sites the four nodes were connected together via 56 kbit/s circuits and the experiment was successful. And this lead to an invention of trial operational network, the "ARPA internet". In 1974 vintonG,Cerf and Robert E. Kahn proposed with a design for a new set of core protocols for ARPANET. The official name for this set of protocols was TCP/IP internet protocol suit.

This TCP/IP is a set of network standards that specify the details of how computers

communicate, as well as a set of conventions for interconnecting networks and

routing traffic. HARPANET was heavily in use by the year of 1985, then NFSNET was initiated by the National Science Foundation (NSF) as it first stage. ARPANET was officially decommissioned in 1989.

The NSFNET was composed of multiple regional networks and peer networks such as the NASA science network, Some of the main reasons for this implementation to occur was to provide TCP/IP with a very high speed backbone Network service, implementing a route arbiter project, to provide equitable treatment of the various network service providers with regard to routing administration.

As a result of the NSF solicitations, today’s internet structure has moved from core network (NSFNET) to a more distributed architecture operated by commercial providers such as MCI, BBN, Sprint and other connected via major exchange points. IBM, ATT and DEC were the first major corporations to adopt TCP/IP, despite having competing internal protocols. In IBM, from 1984, Barry Appelman's group did TCP/IP development. (Appleman later moved to AOL to be the head of all its development efforts.) They navigated the corporate politics to get a stream of TCP/IP products for various IBM systems, including MVS, VM, and OS/2.And at the same time, several smaller companies began offering TCP/IP stacks for DOS and MS Windows, such as the company FTP Software, and the Wollongong Group The first VM/CMS TCP/IP stack came from the University of Wisconsin.

Back then, most of these TCP/IP stacks were written single-handedly by a few talented programmers. Some of them are John Romkey of FTP Software was the author of the MIT PC/IP package. John Romkey's PC/IP implementation was the first IBM PC TCP/IP stack. Jay Elinsky and Oleg Vishnepolsky of IBM Research wrote TCP/IP stacks for VM/CMS and OS/2, respectively.

Talking about the later in the internet protocol suite, encapsulation was assigned to provide abstraction of protocols and services. Encapsulation is usually aligned with the division of the protocol suite into layers of general functionality. Then certain layers were introduced, and these "layers" of the protocol suite near the top are logically closer to the user application, while those near the bottom are logically closer to the physical transmission of the data. Viewing layers as providing or consuming a service is a method of abstraction to isolate upper layer protocols from the nitty-gritty detail of transmitting bits over, for example, Ethernet and collision detection, while the lower layers avoid having to know the details of each and every application and its protocol. When time passed by the OSI model was introduced to define and explain the stages of the protocol. It consisted of 4 layers named as application later, Transport layer, Internet layer and the Link layer. Even when the layers are examined, the assorted architectural documents there is no single architectural model such as ISO 7498, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model have fewer and less rigidly defined layers than the OSI model, and thus provide an easier fit for real-world protocols.. The lack of emphasis on layering is a strong difference between the IETF and OSI approaches.

WHY TCP/IPV4 WAS INVENTED

After TCP/IP, four other increasingly better version of TCP/IP were developed. They are v1,v2 a split into TCP v3 and IP v3 in 1978. And then was invented the stable TCP v4 and IPv4 the standard protocol still in the use on the internet today.

TCP/IPv4 has a limited amount of IP addresses which is about 4 billion. As it turns out, 4 billion isn't enough. Because of the way that IP addresses are assigned and used, they say that we may "run out" of IP addresses in several years. IPv4 uses 32-bit(four-byte) addresses and IPv4 address exhaustion occurred on February 3, 2011. And this process has significantly delayed by address changes such as classful network design, Classless Inter-Domain Routing, and network address translation (NAT).

For human convenienceIPv4 addresses are written in dot decimal more than writing in any other notation expressing a 32-bit integer value .An IP address is normally divided into two parts called the network identifier and the host identifier. This enabled the creation of a maximum 256 networks and quickly found to be inadequate. Higher order octet of the address was redefined to create a class of networks and this helped to overcome the limit. Then the was divided into 5 classes knows as class A,B,C,D and E.. A, B, and C classes had different bit lengths for the new network identification. The rest of an address was used as previously to identify a host within a network, which meant that each network class had a different capacity to address hosts. Starting around 1985, methods were devised to subdivide IP networks. One flexible method was the variable-length subnet mask (VLSM)

Around 1993, this system of classes was officially replaced with Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), and the class-based scheme was dubbed classful, by contrast. CIDR was designed to permit repartitioning of any address space so that smaller or larger blocks of addresses could be allocated to users.

Out of the 4 billion IP addresses, three ranges of addresses were reserved for private networks. These were not routable outside the networks, and private machines couldn’t directly connect with public networks as well.

In a virtual private network, by public routers all the packets with a private destination addresses were ignored. Two private network couldn’t communicate via internet, unless they used an IP tunnel or a virtual private network. When one private network wants to send a packet to another private network, the first private network encapsulates the packet in a protocol layer so that the packet can travel through the public network. Then the packet travels through the public network. When the packet reaches the other private network, its protocol layer is removed, and the packet travels to its destination.

TCP/IPv6

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is the latest revision of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that routes traffic across the Internet. It is intended to replace IPv4. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion.(running out of IP addresses). Every device on the internet has an IP address assigned to it. This is used for identification and location addressing in order to communicate with other internet devices. The deployment of IPv6 is accelerating, and a symbolic marketing event, World IPv6 Launch, was organized by major Internet service providers and users on 6 June 2012, for which they deployed IPv6 addresses to some of their users, especially in countries that had been lagging in IPv6 adoption.

On 3rd February 2011, in a ceremony in Miami, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) assigned the last batch of five address blocks to the Regional Internet Registries, officially depleting the global pool of completely fresh blocks of addresses. Each address block represents approximately 16.7 million possible addresses, for a total of over 80 million potential addresses combined.

Comparison to IPv4

On the Internet, data is transmitted in the form of network packets. IPv6 specifies a new packet format, designed to minimize packet header processing by routers. Because the headers of IPv4 packets and IPv6 packets are significantly different, the two protocols are not interoperable. However, in most respects, IPv6 is a conservative extensional of IPv4. Most transport and application-layer protocols need little or no change to operate over IPv6; exceptions are application protocols that embed internet-layer addresses, such as FTP and NTPv3, where the new address format may cause conflicts with existing protocol syntax.

The Internet Protocol is the foundation of the TCP/IP protocol suite and the Internet, and thus somewhat comparable to the foundation of a house in terms of its structural importance. Given this, changing IP is somewhat analogous to making a substantial modification to the foundation of your house. Since IP is used to connect together many devices, it is in fact, like changing not just your house, but every house in the world!.As was the case with IPv4, the two primary concerns in deciding how to divide the IPv6 address space were address assignment and routing. The designers of IPv6 wanted to structure the address space to make allocation of addresses to ISPs, organizations and individuals as easy as possible.

At first, this perhaps ironically, this led the creators of IPv6 back full circle to the use of specific bit sequences to identify different types of addresses, just like the old "classful" addressing scheme. The address type was indicated by a set of bits at the start of the address, called the format prefix (FP). The format prefix was conceptually identical to the 1 to 4 bits used in IPv4 "classful" addressing to denote address classes, but was variable in length, ranging from three to ten bits.

WHY TCP/IPv6 had to be created?

The main advantage of IPv6 over IPv4 is its larger address space.IPv6 is destined to be the future of the Internet Protocol, and due to IP's critical importance, it will form the basis for the future of TCP/IP and the Internet as well. In fact, it's been under development since the middle of the last decade, and a real IPv6 internetwork has been used for testing for a number of years as well. Despite this, many people don't know much about IPv6, other than it's a newer version of IP. Some have never even heard of it at all! We're going to rectify that, of course but before we delve into the important changes made in version 6 to how IP addressing, packaging, fragmentation and other functions.The resulting design of IPv6 does a good job of providing useful advantages while maintaining most of the core of the original Internet Protocol. Some major differences were made between IPv4 and IPv6, showing some of the ways that the IPv6 team met the design goals for the new protocol.IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long instead of 32 bits. This expands the address space from around 4 billion addresses to, well, an astronomic number. And another reason reason why the IPv6 address size was expanded so much was to allow it to be hierarchically divided to provide a large number of each of many classes of addresses.A special global unicast address format was created to allow addresses to be easily allocated across the entire Internet. It allows for multiple levels of network and subnetwork hierarchies both at the ISP and organizational level. It also permits generating IP addresses based on underlying hardware interface device IDs such as Ethernet MAC addresses.

IPv6 also Support for multicasting is improved, and support is added for a new type of addressing: anycast addressing. This new kind of addressing basically says "deliver this message to the easiest to reach member of this group", and potentially enables new types of messaging functionality.A provision is included to allow easier autoconfiguration of hosts and renumbering of the IP addresses in networks and subnetworks as needed. A technique also exists for renumbering router addresses. A new datagram format is introduced with IPv6 which is that the IP datagram format has been redefined and given new capabilities. The main header of each IP datagram has been streamlined, and support added for easily extending the header for datagramsrequiring more control information.

IPv6datagrams also include QoS features, allowing better support for multimedia and other applications requiring quality of service.Various QoS options have existed in other protocols, such as ATM (asynchronous transfer

mode). QoS has gotten a bad name in the IP community, but then it’s impossible to deliver

anything but a best-efforts QoS on pure IP. This comes about because QoS requires metering of

the data rate, which is not part of IP. One alternative in IP is to establish priorities, or "Class of

Service" options; another is to create connections below the IP layer and map specified IP

streams onto these connections. That’s what MPLS does, for instance.

Also another feature of TCP/IPv6 is that it has got recursive layers,This leads to the first principle of our proposed new network architecture: Layers are recursive.

The same protocol can be used repeatedly in a protocol stack, encapsulating each layer in another

instance of itself. There is thus no need for purpose-built protocols for each layer. There is also

not a fixed number of layers in the stack. The number of layers between the application and the

physical medium is variable; at any given point, there are simply as many as needed, no more, no

less. But any given implementation only needs to deal with itself, the layer above it, and the

layer below it. The actual depth of the stack is essentially invisible.

Layers are not the same thing as protocols; more than one protocol can make up a layer. Because

the same group of protocols is used repeatedly, the implementation is simpler than the TCP/IP

stack. There’s no need for separate protocols for "layer 2", "layer 3", etc. Because the layers

recurse, and can scale to form a large internet, the protocol suite that supports the concept from

Patterns in Network Architecture (PNA) is called the Recursive Internetwork Architecture.

Referencing

Smith, Lucie; Lipner, Ian (3 February 2011). "Free Pool of IPv4 Address Space Depleted"Number Resource Organization.Retrieved 3 February 2011.

Rashid, Fahmida Y.is an analyst for networking and security at PCMag.com (3 February 2011). "IPv4 Address Depletion Adds Momentum to IPv6 Transition". eWeek.com. Retrieved 3 February 2011.

Steve Deering& Bob Hinden, Co-Chairs of the IETF's IP Next Generation Working Group"Statement on IPv6 Address Privacy " retrieved 6 November 1999.

David FrostStrategic Product Manager at GoEngineer (20 April 2011)."Ipv6 traffic volumes going backwards".iTWire. Retrieved 19 February 2012.

Rashid, Fahmidais an analyst for networking and security at PCMag.com"IPv4 Address Exhaustion Not Instant Cause for Concern with IPv6 in Wings"eWeek. Retrieved 23 June 2012.