What Are The Classification For Measurement Errors

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

First I would like to say thank you to the god for giving me an opportunity to studying this subject in such a young age of period. I also would like to thank you to my lecture MR.BEIK for teaching us this subject because his way of thinking has given us an inspiration to be a good critical thinker even when we are working. I also would like to say thank you to my parents for letting me study in this college. I certain would not forget my friend because they also help me a lot to complete this assignment. Without them I certainly would not able to complete my assignment. Thank you guys for helping me out.

SUMMARY:

Sensors technology brings a large impact to our modern society. Sensors are around us which used in our daily life. This invention of the sensors technology can be small or can be very big. Through this research, I have understand the way of using this technology.

Next, it also helps me to understand how many types to sensor works and their usages. This research can be used as references and guidance for people who want to know the details about sensor technology.

Table Of Content

No

Content

Page number

1

Acknowledgement

1

2

Summary

2

3

Content

3

4

List of question:

4

5

Mind Mapping

5

6

Procedure

6

7

Finding (Evidences)

7

8

Technical Research Report

8 - 17

9

References

18

10

Conclusion

19

List of question?

What is sensors?

What are the classification for measurement errors?

What types of sensors are available in era modern world?

What are the advantages and disadvantages for using sensor?

Three example of technology that used sensors?

Operational structure of a sensor technology?

Where can this sensor can be use?

What are the new Impact for the new IED (Industrial Emissions Directive) technology for sensors?

What are the Environmental aspects for using sensor?

First sensor device that have been created?

Who invented Airbags?

Sound Sensors

Motion SensorMind map

Whether Sensors

Smoke Alarm Detector

Optical Sensors

The Conveyor belt

Three application that used in sensors

What are the classification for measurement errors?

QUESTION FOR SENSORS

Electrical Current

Liquid Level Detector

What are the Environmental aspects for using sensor?

What is sensors?

Where can this sensor can be use?

Operational structure of a sensor technology?

What are the advantages and disadvantages for using sensor?

Who invented Airbags?

First sensor device that been created?

What are the new Impact for the new IED (Industrial Emissions Directive) technology for sensors?

What type of sensor application are available in modern world?

Procedure:

This is the procedure on how to write my report:

Develop a mind map.

Search for relevant document from different sources.

Develop and Classify the documents.

Read the document and get the point of view.

Select the relevant content based on the question provide

Organize the question in a proper document.

Summarize and explain about the source given.

Finding (Evidence):

Given note by the lecture.

Book from library (source):

Bateson, Robert. Introduction To Control System Technology. Columbus: Merrill Publishing Company, 1980.

Seippel, Robert G. Transducers, Sensor, and Detectors. Reston. , Virginia: Reston Publishing Company, 1983.

Internet (source):

http://www.freestudy.co.uk/plc/outcome1.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor

Aim: To understand on what is sensor and their application.

Introduction:

In era modern world, Sensors is the latest solution for measuring currents and voltages needed for protection and monitoring in medium voltage power systems. Sensors are also have strong trends that has been present during the period of electrical equipment manufacturing such as reduction, size performance and a grooving for standardization.

What is sensors:

A sensor is a device that detects and responds through the input from any physical environment. The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any other environmental phenomena. The output is actually generating a signal that has been converted to human-readable display and transmitted it to electronically over a network for reading or further processing.

Example of sensors

Mercury-based glass thermometer. The input is temperature. The liquid contained expands and contracts in response, causing the level to be higher or lower on the marked gauge, which is human-readable. 

What are the classification for measurement errors?

Majority sensor work is to obey rules. In sensor there are three rules which the first rule is to measure the sensitive property. The second rule is to measure the insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered in its application and the last is sensors does not influence the measured property. The main idea to design a sensors is to be linear or linear to some simple mathematical function of the measurement, typically logarithmic. The output signal of such a sensor is linearly proportional to the value or simple function of the measured property. The sensitivity is defined as the ratio between output signal and the measured property. For example, if the sensor is measuring temperature and the voltage act as the output, the sensitivity is a constant with the unit [V/K], thus, the sensor is linear due to the ratio and also constant at all points of measurement.

What types of sensors are available in era modern world?

Sound vibration ( Acoustic)

Automotive ( Transportation)

Electrical current ( Television, radio)

Navigations ( ships, aircraft, submarine)

Acceleration sensor (speed trap sensors)

Optical sensor ( Ambient light sensors)

Density level ( gas sensor, photoelectrical sensor)

Thermal heat temperature ( thermometer)

Motion sensor ( automated lighting control, burglar alarm)

Weather sensor ( wind spin, solar radiation, monitor barometric pressure)

What are the advantages and disadvantages for using sensor?

Advantages:

• Short delivery times

Because of the linearity over a wide range of current and/or voltage, a minimum of order-specific actions are required and consequently the logistic process is short.

• Compactness.

As sensing the elements are noticeably small, they easily can be combined into one device. A combination sensor or integrated sensors can replace into other equipment such as switches, automatics doors, or lift by resulting in more compact switchgear.

• Versatile protection and control solutions.

The sensors are linear up to the highest currents and voltages with a good dynamic performance. As a result, the sensor is enable to act at high protection performance.

• Overvoltage and disturbance withstand.

Voltage sensors do not need to be disconnected for voltage testing at power frequency on the switchgear. They cannot cause Ferro-resonance.it also does not affect the sensitive from Ferro-resonance and DC-voltages.

• Transmitted signal.

The nominal value of the transmitted signal is low so that it could be harmless to the secondary equipment and also to the people, even when the highest currents and voltages occur on the primary side. A broken circuit or short-circuit in the signal cable will cause no hazards or damage.

Disadvantages:

They can be two to three orders of magnitude more expensive than capacitive sensor based devices. They are heavy, complex, sensitive to flow rates, and need regular maintenance. The trade-off between the two technologies which the users of capacitive sensors sacrifice some performance for price, simplicity and ease of use

Sensors have strengths and weaknesses. When it comes to contamination, it has to be deal by sorting them out where is nearly impossible without direct testing. This is the nature of capacitive humidity sensors. Unfortunately, every humidity measurement technology is also subject to degradation due to contamination. .

Easy it can break down.

Three example of technology that used sensors:

As for me, I have chosen three example of sensor which act in for many years such as, the conveyor belt, smoke alarm detector, and liquid level detector.

The Conveyor belt:

What is conveyor belt and their input and output ?

A conveyor belt is used to transport goods from a loading machine to a packaging area. When an item is loaded onto the conveyor belt, a contact switch might be used to indicated that the item is on the belt and start the conveyor motor. The motor then has to keep running until the item reaches the far end of the conveyor and falls off into the packaging area. When it does this, a switch might be activated which has the effect of switching off the conveyor motor. The motor is then remain off until the next item is loaded onto the belt. Thus the input to a PLC controlling the conveyor are from two switch and the output is to a motor.

Images of the Conveyor Belt:

C:\Users\Ace27\Downloads\download (1).jpgC:\Users\Ace27\Downloads\download (2).jpgC:\Users\Ace27\Downloads\download.jpgC:\Users\Ace27\Downloads\download (3).jpg

Source: http://www.google.com.my/search?hl=en&q=conveyor%20belt&psj=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&biw=1366&bih=670&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=TKNzUO_uBcuYhQe78ICwAw

Smoke Alarm Detector:

What is smoke alarm detector and their input and output?

Smoke alarms detector are the single most important form of home security. Thousands of lives are saved each year because of working smoke alarms in the home. However, if a home has a non-working smoke alarm then that home and its residents are at risk. Smoke alarms are actually relatively in generous considering how expensive they are to produce. The majority of smoke alarms have one of two types of detectors built in. The photoelectric detector employs light technology and sensors. Inside a smoke alarm with a photoelectric detector, there are beams of light that radiate at a ninety-degree angle from a built-in sensor. In the event of smoke, the smoke particles interrupt the light beams causing them to reflect off of minute particles and trigger the sensor. This is when the alarm is sounds. The other most common type of smoke alarms have ionization detectors that work off of an electrical current created by electrons and ions moving between two internal plates. When smoke enters the interior, the current is disrupted and an alarm sounds. Smoke alarms with ionization detectors are the most common type found in homes.

Images of Smoke – alarm detector:

C:\Users\Ace27\Downloads\images (1).jpgC:\Users\Ace27\Downloads\images (2).jpgC:\Users\Ace27\Downloads\images (3).jpgC:\Users\Ace27\Downloads\download (4).jpgC:\Users\Ace27\Downloads\download (5).jpg

Source: http://www.google.com.my/search?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=670&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=smoke+alarm+detector&btnG=

Liquid Level Detector:

What is the liquid level detector and their input and output?

Pressure sensor may be used to monitor the depth of an liquid tank. Liquid level detector only required to give the signal when the level of the container reaches at a particular level. A float switch that is used for this purpose consists of a floating magnet which moves in a housing with a reed switch. As it float rises or falls, it turns to reed switch on or off, the reed switch being connected in a circuit which then switches on or off a voltage.

Images of liquid level detector:

C:\Users\Ace27\Downloads\images (4).jpgC:\Users\Ace27\Downloads\images (6).jpgC:\Users\Ace27\Downloads\images (8).jpgC:\Users\Ace27\Downloads\images (7).jpg

Operational structure of a sensor technology:

Update Output

Execute Stage

Input Stage

Control Mode

The sensor goes back to the early stage or stay on the current position

Sensor Detected

The sensor processes

This is how the process of a sensor technology works.

Where can this sensor can be use?

Conveyor belt detector use:

In industrial or factory

In airport where they load their customer bags into the plane.

In restaurant so that the chef can server their customer.

Smoke alarm detector:

In hotels, apartment, houses

In restaurant

In shopping malls

In airport and in a plan

In hospital

In sailing ships

Liquid level detector:

House water tanks

Toilet bowl water tank

Underground water tank

Fuel tank sensor

Rainwater tank

Poly tank

Hot water tank

Steel tank

What are the new Impact for the new IED (Industrial Emissions Directive) technology for sensors?

The new impact of IED technology based on switchgear sensors performance. Besides the impact on switchgear dimensions and design, sensor technology are now supporting modern protection and also control that required for IEDs perform at its best qualifications for building so that it will be more intelligent by using switchgear. The main reason why they improved this ability in modern use of IEDs is to perform well in complex calculations when it giving an accurate input data. From this point of view, the key properties is their ability to exact reproduce primary currents and voltages, including harmonics and high-frequency disturbances which is up to an highest value. For example short-circuit currents. Switchgear sensor features are enhanced by modern relays and sensors which also give a proper data such as:

Better selectivity

Improved fault location

Better disturbance analyses

Power quality measurements

Remote monitoring and control

Easy maintenance

Optimized maintenance programmers

Simplified IED testing

What are the Environmental aspects for using sensor:

Certain strong trends have been present during the period of electric city. Example like, reduction of equipment size, improvement of its performance and grooving for standardization. Other than these demands, additional one has been concerning about the sustainable development and ecological care that has been rising during the last decade finally ABB has meet to design and for manufacture. Even a single product can provide its contribution.

Point of view for sensors that act in an environmental aspect:

Less Raw Materials Use. Sensors with small dimensions, they are combined and integrated sensors leading to compact and uncomplicated cubicles as well as giving a very good savings in highly-valuable raw materials.

Less Cast Resin In Copper Element. In Life Cycle Assessment, Using copper does not automatically give a high environmental impact due to copper can. In an understanding ways copper are easily can be recycled. However, casting copper into a cast resin is a negative ways because the recycling of a copper is more difficult and impossible. The amount of copper in the single coil of a current sensor is only a fraction of that used in a corresponding multi-core current transformer.

Using Small Power Consumption. The efficiency of using sensor is high comparing with instrument transformer. However, there will be no loss in the secondary cabling. These is because it is savings and also adding up with a long lifespan of the equipment and its utility level. That why power savings could be a significant.

First sensor device that have been created:

The first sensor ever was created is Car Airbags. Airbags are created for an automotive vehicle safety like seatbelts. They are fill with gas-inflated cushions built into the steering wheel, dashboard, door, roof, or seat of your car that use a crash sensor to trigger a rapid expansion to protect you from an accident.

Who invented Airbags:

Allen Breed is the first person that discover the only crash sensing technology available at the birth of the airbag industry. Moreover Breed invented a "sensor and safety system" in 1968, the world's first electromechanical automotive airbag system.

German Walter Linderer’s and American John Hedrik invented early than Allen Breed in 1951. Walter Linderer's airbag was based on a compressed air system, either released by bumper contact or by the driver but it fails because the compressed airbag could not blow the bags up fast enough.

John Hedrik received an AWARD in 1953 for "safety cushion assembly for automotive vehicles."