Understanding Of Local And Wide Area Computer

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

A group of computer that are connected to each other in terms of sharing or communicating, with in a small geographical area (office or building) is known as local area network.

What is WAN?

When a large number of small network like LAN (local area network) is connected with in a large geographical area (cities, countries etc.) is termed as wide area network.

What is Homogenousnetwork?

The set of the computer that are networked and have the same hardware configuration is known as homogenous network.

What is Heterogeneous network?

The set of computers that are networked, and does not have same configuration in terms of operating system or physical hardware.

1.2

TOPOLOGIES:-

Centralized Star

Network in which each node of file server workstation, printers and other peripherals connected directly to a central network through switch or hub. Management of data is through switch and hub in centralized star network.

Star Topology

Most common and simplest networked widely used, it consist of one centralized switch, hub or it can be a computer in most of the accusation, which act as medium of data transmission.

Ring Topology

In this network each node is connected to another in such form that if is a single continuous pathway, which leads to the formation of ring. In this network the data packets are transmitted through each nodes.

Distributed

In this network each computer plays and shear responsibility as other. There is no centralized system in this network, apparently helps user to retrieve data easily and effectively without using other medium like internet, internet etc.

1.3

Message switching

Transmission of data from node to node in this network helps to rote data to each client station. This is also know as store and forward switching. The data is stored in each node until other forwarding path is not found.

Circuit switching system

Commonly used for communication in day to day life, also know as connection oriented network. In this system the connection is established directly between receiver and sender and last till two parties need communication. Most common and familiar system is found in telephones, sometimes this is also used in networking. Circuit switching is now is available in ISDN lines, also known as narrowband ISDN.

Packet switching

In packet switching data travel in single network and is delivered to final destination. This is mostly used in wide area network like internet. All transmission are broken into small units called packets containing address for both source and destination nodes. In this process at each stop, intermediary inspects the packets destination and then forwarded packets to next destination at highest possible speed in formation of chain. This packet switching is also considered as backbone for wide area networking.

Asynchronous transfer mode

In this mode of network data is transfer in cells or packets for a fixed length. In ATM mode the voice and video data is faster and also helps for tracking. Complication of task is done with minimum errors, which is the biggest plus point in ATM of data transfer.

Cell relay

This is a higher transmission method based on fixed size units, cell reply are used in asynchronous transfer mode. The units used in this are also known as cells and that are multiplexed into carrier, this streams data, voice and video. It can carry maximum of 53 bytes in each unit of packet.

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/cell_relay.html

Frame replay

In this replay the unite packets are faster and less cumbersome form of switching. The variable length for each unit is up to 4KB in size of 56Kbps or 1.544 to 2Mbps speed, over virtual circuit. It operate over data link layer only.

http://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/frame-relay

1.4

ISO

An originations which was formed in 23 February 1947 compromises of different member from different field, this nongovernmental organization has assured responsibility for setting standard’s, which became law.

Open system interconnect (OSI)

OSi is the standard performed by ISO for networking, which comprises of seven layers, following are the seven layers.

Physical layer: Used to transmit binary data, signal and frames.

Data link layer : Used for physical addressing

Network layer : Logical addressing and path determination.

Transport layer : End to end communication and reliability.

Session layer : Inter-host communication.

Presentation layer : Data representation, encryption and decryption.

Application layer : Networking and data processing.

System network architecture (SNA)

This SNA was developed by IDM, contains five level networking protocols. Virtual telecommunication method is used for communication, it’s easy to add any network related to application and vise-versa with different networks. Protocols used in SNA are APPN, APPC and HRP.

Digital network architecture (DNA)

This is a set of document defines the network architecture and explains each layer and their specification, this also support real-time and non-real time communication and describe each protocol for each give layers.

Transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP)

This is a suite standard protocol for connecting computer over a network.

TCP: Protocol used to transfer data over network by use of application, this breakdown the data into IP before sending.

IP: This take care for communication with computer over network and receiving and sending data packets.

Element 2

2.1 Explanation of local area network architectures

For the architecture of local area network we are focusing on baseband and broadband.

Baseband

Telecommunication in which the transmit signal is processed with the help of cable using a single channel. Signal transmitting are in binary form over single or multiplexed channel. In baseband signal can be carried in analog form. This type of paten are seen in token ring, Ethernet and local area networks.

Broadband

In broadband it is referred to a telecommunication, which we use in our daily life such as internet connection and telephone. Broadband usages high band of frequency to transmit signal of information, signal can be transmitted in multiplexed or many different frequencies. The data is transmitted in wide ranges of frequencies which are unidirectional it can be on both or single in same direction. In day to day life we use internet connection which have different frequencies or mode of transmitting data such as ADSL, DSL or Leased lines.

2.2Principal of accessing Carrier sense multiple access collision detects(CSMA/CD)

CSMA/CD

Is one of the most popular access methods to transfer data. In this process of data sending if device have to send data it check that any other device is using the network and identify that it had no data transmission and automatically start sending data, in this process it check and confirm that two devices which r communication over a network does not collide. If incase it counters a collision in data transmission then each of the device wait for a random length of time before the other traffic over network is resolved.

Token passing

In token passing a frame called token is circulated around network, in this process device which need transmission must wait till it receive token from another networked device. When the transmission is finished it passes to another terminal or station on the network. There are few types of passing technologies they are:-

FDDI –Hight speed protocol based on fiber optic transmission. Used as backbone in networking.

IEEE 802.5 (IBM) – Its LAN protocol, speed upto 4 to 16 mbps put over UTP cable.

CDDI – In this transmission data distribution is done similar to FDDI, just the difference is the copper wire instead of optic fiber.

2.3Purpose of LAN components.

Server

In a network all computer connected to a single device which act as mother computer for communication like shearing data, printer, scanner, Fax etc. The network connection can be cabled or wireless for sharing resources with the server computer. Mostly the server computer are not that graphical as compare to other computers as client and does has different algorithm and higher configuration in terms of hardware and software’s.

Workstation

Higher performance computers than contemporary computers, with respect of CPU speed, memory and graphic performance. Workstation is typically configured networking via extra network interface card using standard cabling or if required must be advanced cables in network.

Network interface card

This is a hardware interface between network and computer, network interface card is needed to transmit data over local area network. This is very important piece of hardware required when setting up a LAN transmission technology like Ethernet.

Cabling

Cabling is a medium in telecommunication by which data is transmitted. In case of LAN there are various type of cabling used to transmit information. According to the requirement of the LAN design different cables are required for setting up following aresome of different cables used in networking.

Shielded twisted pair.

Unshielded twisted pair.

Coaxial cable.

Fiber optic cable.

Terminators

In networking terms terminators are used to termination of signals and is used to show ending points. Mostly it’s placed at the end of the cable, when some interruption is cause from outside which may affect the transmission of data signal with the help of the terminator it can be prevented. The reflection and interference of other signal is controlled.

Hubs

Hubs are use in LAN to establish connection with devices with multiple pots and copied the other port when the data packet arrives to hub and show data packet over LAN devices.

Networking operating software

The software used for connecting devices over LAN, is basically is a platform for server which help in organizing and executing and managing the work flow, in most of the cases it provide security to the network.

Workstation software

Software which helps to manage work easier, it help the device to communicate with the other device and with the serve to execute the work effectively. The software also give control over workstation and graphical interface which user friendly.

2.4Network configuration and installation issue with reference to current industry practice.

We are designing a local area network for a company name "first point" design. There will have technology which will be use currently and can be upgraded when required. When setup for the LAN network is made following ISO standards and make it comfortable to every one.

Hardware and software

While choosing software and hardware for the network it should be carefully taken care for the quality and good performance of network. The network cable should be connected properly so that it does not have problem in communicating with each other and on otherhand unwanted software should be removed so that it does not slow down the machine.

Network Topologies

Topologies and access protocol is always recommended when installing network first time to avoid traffic collision. Right configuration and IP address and its range to be assigned to devices like routers, switches hubs etc. It’s always recommendedto use dynamic IP to these devices so that there is no collision of same IP address.

Security

There are two type of security hardware and software. Software security can be antivirus programs, firewalls, control access. And on other hand for hardware security lockable server cabinets video surveillance and clipped wires in the form that it does not get separated from wire bundles.

Health and safety issue

When we setup a LAN network there are many cable use, while doing this setup it should be organized in such way that it does not harm any user and does not cause any damage to the property. And also the position of the computerin such a way that it does not affect the health of the user.

4.1Explanation distinguishes switching techniques.

Circuit switching

Direct physical connection between sender and receiver is involved in circuit switching, connection last as long as two parties needed to communicate. In circuit switching it’s mainly used to transmit voice data and the communication/ data transfer occur between two nodes. Two nodes which are inter connected helps data to transfer from one station to other. We can see this type of connection in telephone network and it also in working of pear to pear.

Packet Switching

This is involved in routing data and some time in LANs such as Ethernet, and in WAN routing token ring is consider as backbone. In packet switching the signal is broken into small packets, each of the packets contains addressing information which identifies the source and the destination nodes. Each packet has its own header and number so that its reaches its destination node correctly, each of the packets stop along the way for intermediary inspection of the packet’s to reach to its destination, this is also known as dispatching system. Packets transmit through many router to reach the destination and resemble at the end according to the ID assigned to the packets.

4.2

Implementation

Packet switching

Circuit switching

Data packets are on hold and assembled for the correct transmission

Packets arrives early but held on buffer.

Data packet arrival is time sensitive in certain cases.

In packet based network data is broken in small packets, which travels around network seeking for most efficient route to travel.

Well organized data flow so mostly use in telephone networks.

Dedicated communication path is required between two station

Intelligence required to work out with routing.

Switching capacity and channel capacity is required for connection.

Cost

Circuit switching was used in past and is expensive as compare to packet switching, as in this era most of network is based on packet switching cause the cost is less than circuit switching.

Performance

Packet switching

Circuit switching

Message is broken up into segments (packets).

Each packet carries the identification of the intended recipient, data used to assist in data correction and the position of the packet in the sequence.

Each packet is treated individually by the switching centre and may be sent to the destination by a totally different route to all the others

The telephone message is sent in one go, it is not broken up. The message arrives in the same order that it was originally sent.

The resources remain dedicated to the circuit during the entire data transfer and the entire message follows the same path

Reliability

Circuit switching is more reliable than packet switching because circuit switching has dedicated circuit. In case of packet switching when the small packets goes around the network, sometime the packet get lost from its destination but can easily be identify this causes delay in data transmission. On the other hand circuit switching is more accurate and reliable.

Security

In case of packet security it is better security system on network and on the other hand circuit switching have more security threads from shared physical link and protocols.

4.3The explanation compares the features of available switching services.

Packet switching

It used in fast network and matches new technology.

Identifies broken bits of networks.

Packets goes least busy path towards to final destination.

Travels long distance path with minimum errors.

Circuit switching

Mostly used in telephone system and works on dedicated network.

Minimum error when the destination is clear.

Carry big capacity of data in network and ideal with WAN.

Destination and path is decided before data transmission on network.

4.4Strategic control

Companies use WAN due to cost effective and is mostly suitable to communicate with one to other companies. Less resources are required to establish a network. On the other hand LAN covers small are and it does not take long time to setup the network, this is preferably used in small companies or two small companies in restricted area.

Growth control

Rapid growth in technology these days make the WAN network to change to the requirements for effective and efficient workflow for the companies or organization. Changing in technology makes more efficient and quick network service for organization. The setup is in higher level than LAN. It is expected that in future generation may be using WAN for their business or suit their requirements.

Day to day operation

WAN is most popular network used in the companies and organization both small and big. Once the network is established and is connected with the companies or organization, the work flow goes easy and faster.

The managers can have the access anywhere and anytime through wan network which help manager to take action anytime so that he save more time and work efficiently. Operation of WAN make the work faster due to this companies expanding there business over the globe.

Cost

Setup cost for WAN is less because it uses less nodes and split nodes. The equipment’s are cheaper when compare to LAN equipment’s. The hardware resources required less, cost for the setup is more than LAN over all. Maintaining WAN is not easy because of its wide geographical coverage and maintains is more.

Performance

When we look for the performance on WAN network it must faster and better, for accessing data it give us the flexibility to do it anywhere and anytime. These days wireless technology give the mobility for the user.

Reliability

It’s easy to maintain the network, helps the user to their work without any problem. Easy configuring for the WAN application is another reason. The performance ion WAN is more efficient and greater bandwidth. Technology used in WAN are ATM, Frame relay, sonnet.

Security

Security setup for WAN is accessed by authorized people only and is also protected by Admin password which help them to secure data and network. There are other securities used like firewall which are of two type hardware and software. Some time for the security for WAN network we use encryption, access control and authorization.

6.1The explanation identifies the tasks involved and outlines their requirement.

Network administration involve entire network setup, comprises of procedures and methods. Every organization have its own requirements and the network is set according to the need of the organization and is looked after by network administrator, we will be discussing some role of the network administrator.

Technical control

Staff working in IT department in an organization is responsible for the technical maintenance and look after the technical issue in organization. These people should have advance knowledge on the network and keep updating the technology according to the requirements. This special staff should also under go technical training if required to upgrade the network and should have attitude of solving the problem as soon as they can so that it doesn’t affect the organization workor cause delay.

Performance monitoring

For better managing WAN network, one can employ a WAN monitoring system professional and can use the WAN monitoring software which help them to accelerate, optimize and prioritize the work flow data traffic. The network admin people discover performance and progress on the network each day, if any there is a huge traffic on the WAN network then administrator prioritize the data according to the need of the organization. These day there many software which can monitor the network and identify the data packets which are harmless and harmful for the network, which may crash the network, and its can optimize the performance of the network too.

6.2 The explanation outlines, for the range of factors, how response times are affected.

Speed of device

We will be using network which will affect the response time of the network. Hardware compatibility is another area which is also responsible for the speed of the network like Ethernet. For example in a small LAN network all computer are connected with the help of hub and switches, as we know that response time of hub is less than the switch in this case data packets can be delayed, so it’s important to know the right hardware for the network and response time will be faster.

Bandwidth

In a network bandwidth is defined as the amount of data transfer or carries from one point to another in given time, its measured in bits per seconds (bps). If we have two routers this first router runs on 15,000 bps and the other router speed is 30,000 bps then in this case the second router has more bandwidth than the first one and because of this the speed and the amount of the data transfer will be more on router will be more as compare to the first router.

Alternate routing

In this type of routing we use another transmission line if the regular transmission line is busy. When we setup a routing the destination from the source are of two type static and alternate. For example if the data is send to one of the client destination and the transmission line is running through heavy traffic then in this case the data packets sent is on hold and waits for the its turn, if we have the alternate routing to the same client the data packets get through that alternate line for faster process if the regular line have more traffic.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4542931&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F50%2F4542917%2F04542931.pdf%3Farnumber%3D4542931

Transmission overheads

This is number of bits need to communicate a message, but this does not represent data for the message this is consider as acknowledge for the packets. In serial communication it uses encoding concept. For example DS like used encoding concept, the overhead transmission optimize the packets for the better and faster communication over the network.

6.3The explanation outlines the principles of network interconnections.

Internetwork protocols

Internetwork is connected to one or two network to form a bigger network, in can have more than two networks also. When WAN is connected with LAN it makes the network bigger and then whole is connected to one network or consider as a one network. Example for internetwork protocol is HTTP (Hypertext transfer protocol) which is used for general website and SHTTP (secure hypertext transfer protocol) used to for transfer information like credit card of bank transfer

Internet protocols

Internet protocol is used for communication betweennetwork device like switch, server, printers, client computers etc. protocols are use in the network to send and receive data packets. There are some other type of internet protocols such as TCP, UDP, HTTP and FTP these protocols have additional capabilities, used when required higher level of communication.

Gateways

This is consider as door and filter for the protocols there are many type of gateways when network is setup, for example if we have inter net connection at home which connected through a router over the home line, in this case the router is consider as a gateway and follows some protocols for the data transmission.

6.5Network administration documentation is completed according to organization requirements and current industry conventions.

According to the requirements of the organization we are setting up a network. Network will be LAN which will be connected through router to WAN. One of the LAN Setup is located in Auckland and another is located in Toranga, both the LAN network are connected with WAN for the communication.

Operating system for Server and Client

Server : Windows SBS2010

Client : Windows 7 Professional

Security

Used software for security

Norton antivirus and firewall 2012

Access

Server can access all client computers

Password should contain at least one number and two symbols.

File server

Intel core quad 2.5Ghz processor

8gb DDR3 RAM

10,000 RPM Hard drive

DVD Dual layer

Clients Station

HP desktop computers

CPU : Intel i3 processor 1.66 Ghz

Memory : 4GB, DDR2

Hard Disc : 250 GB, 7200 RPM, SATA 2.

Screen: 15.1" display monitor.

Switches

16 ports

4 x 10⁄100Mbps RJ-45 Auto-sensing ports

Superior Performance

Non-Blocking Wire-Speed Architecture

4.8Gbps Switching Capacity

Supplied with 19" rack-mount kit

Router

D-link Range with Wireless-N Router,

4-Port 10⁄100 Ethernet Switch

Internet-sharing Router and 4-port Switch, with a built in speed and range enhanced Wireless Access Point

Naming for client and server

Server naming:ACC

Clients : ACC 1 to ACC32

TCP/IP range

Sever 172.168.1.1

Clients 192.168.1.2 to 192.168.1.16

Cables/Sockets

Sockets : RJ 45

Cable : cat (5) cables

Installation :-

Installation for LAN

For the LAN network we are using star topology which will be connected to server and client with the help of switches, RJ 45 sockets and category 5 cables.

Installation for WAN

Though the internet is connected with the LAN setup, so the other branch in Toranga can share data with the branch in Auckland. In this two LAN setup internet is the WAN medium for communication.

Health and safety

Dropped under New Zealand health and safety actwhich was introduce in 1992 and then was revised in 2002.