The Integration Of Information Systems

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

A striking trait in the flora and fauna of tiding expertise is called as Strategic Information Management, which is a husk that aids business and corporation catalog, pile, progression and relocate the figures they initiate and grasp. It tenders equipment to plateful syndicates harness metrics and diagnostic tools to their tiding founts, countenance them to comprehend openings for progression and also isolate traditions to mend operational adeptness.

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Being a part of the organization and shouldering the responsibility of Eldest probable executive to make a probe on data and information follows:

Data: Data are tenets of enumerative erratic which are in right place with clique of items, evidence that placid composed for citation or probe. Data is the key element of any information system. It’s a crude means of sloppy and callow mode, rarely used for eloquent intent.

Key Features of Data: It is large tutor of virtually notable schemes like capacity and scrutinizes are known ad data and there are duo features of data:

Bestow a route data conversion with means change in the original form with value added services and results in effective decision making.

Bestow a route that articulately brings unruffled mishmash of skills to figure out and render information from sources, technical to non-technical and insights.

Information: Information is acquaintance communed or accepted pertaining to a unique verity or instance. It cannot be foretold and settles vagueness. It sometimes implies to persons, data annals and accomplishments.

Key Features of Information: Framework to cope and brace the routine seriatim of an organization and its administration, the following are important features of Information:

Populace: Seizure, administration and computerize of data for an organization is entered by the populace who can influence the eminence of information , in case the inputted data take the wrong road of an organization all the information become feckless. Skillful people give the best and motivation brings out their talent.

Hardware: it must be amenable enough to survive with stress and strain from the absolute organization. Flexible to store enormous data, MIS on server for hefty organizations and standalone for petite companies.

Software: Adept to knob the data instantly and capably which should be quested on desirable frame. Synchronization of hardware and software in an organization is on demand feature of organization.

Telecommunications: Converse facts and figures, erudition between distinct information systems. Intranet, email and telephone are essential organizational telecommunication gear. Outputted information is best exchanged with this gear.

Functions of Information Systems: There are tetrad functions of the information system

Input: Provides a detailed data that can be massed, powdered with base of the organization. User states the species of analysis they dearth from the system.

Output: which displays the inputted information either graphical or textual format, for easy understanding of organizational information.

Processing: The transformation of Information into Knowledge for the organization determines the process.

Storage: proficiently storing high level data along with a back mechanism attached and secures the information of the organization.

For any organization it is imperative that convenience and obtain ability of information is provided to every employee, which delivers the information pertinent of activity, utility and tactics of employee department. The information should be graspable and structured, apt to complete give tasks, felicity, information should have a accuracy to spawn foreseeable upshot.

Pragmatic Criteria for Data and Information selection to support Decision Making:

In Corporate milieu the priceless allege is data for any organization. Meticulously serene data are used in organizations decision making, selection of data and information for verdict building must follow:

Data Selection Criteria: Data selected determines the decision of organization, if wrong format or data is inputted then organization may become the victim of business downfall. Data selection is based on:

Accuracy: Spirited protagonist of management information is exactitude of data, which can engender graciously esteemed results. It has a important feature called aptness of data without which errors make the way.

Completeness: Which defines the accessibility of hottest data for verdict making, garbled data vanguard scanty.

Validity: Legitimate sources are required for assortment of data, to provide certification and validity.

Consistency: Steadiness of data is pitch to manage information as it breed steadfast, sturdy, conducive and structured information.

Information Selection Criteria: Every organization has a choice to adapt their own information from the database, information selection is a complex task and it should fulfill:

Data Quality: When we consume food of low quality we fall sick in the same way quality of data is very much important to cause treasured and orthodox information. Dispense, scheme, organized structure in which data must be presented.

Drift purity: Originated information must be indubitable and smoothly acceptable. Which lead to right person from an organization using right information applicable at the right place.

Relevance: The information outputted must be compatible to a task which can be investigated and confine into efficacious format. Should have an pinpoint and accomplished information.

Presentation: Scrupulous format, harmony, alluring design are the formats in which management information is coeval and describe a clarion portrait of the organization.

Availability: Up to minute information upshot, smooth trickle of management information. It includes timeliness where information cannot take elongated time and give point response.

Management Information System (MIS): The concept of MIS has advanced over a retro stint subsume many peculiar statistics of the organizational function. It is also avowed as information and decision system. In hospitals entirety of all management actions that metamorphose plausible augmentation of information processing to score the penalty areas of the hospital.

http://www.mu.ac.in/mis.pdf

mis.jpeg

Figure: Management Information system(MIS)

Assimilation of Altered Information Systems: Overhaul should be appropriated to foster up the information system for an tidiness in manner which is represented as follows:

Figure: Integration of Information Systems

Gauge the Sway of Management Information System to an organization: Management of information within organization effectively makes it the ruler in its field of organizations. The impact of MIs to an Organization is divided into the following ways:

Amassed productivity and creativity: Awareness to employees snag information asserts. With the use of this awareness the yield of the organization can be uplifted in haste. Petite time more fabrication, wrap up of brainstorm and stimulation.

Emerging testaments: Organization receives extreme benefits from massive use of information resources in formation, enactment and valuation in organization with MIS.

Exploit strategic information wealth: ascending of productivity, new ideas, organizations adept to do healthier planning, and efficiency in gizmo of fresh policies. It improves wear and tear of information in hospital organization.

Information and Communication Technology: it is a gauge for corral information, these apportion access any type of data such as wares, fishing expedition, new improvements, standards of quality, customers and employee talks.

Dealing outward and intramural information: MIS steadily and ably muddle through outward information customer wishes and selection. Branding the organization, values, promotions and course of action in marketing. Intramural information task efficacy and response of organizational employees.

Supporting information of business progression, learning about contenders and customers, knowledge on product like quality, cost and availability. Expert awareness on new products, decline in outlay and expense.

Business process information includes growth, finances. Management information as in impending plans, drastic increase in amenity of the organization. Human Resource that carry out the fame of organization, product sustenance. Keep in eyesight the supplier data from the ocean of suppliers who bids inexpensive bill, grade quality and abrupt service.

Relationship between the Organization and Information System: to understand the importance of information the relationship between the organization and information system is dissipated as:

Figure: Relationship between organization and information system

Figure: Formal Organization

Information allocation with the interior of organization where grouping employees as panel, allowing them to plunk headlong their mindset, inventiveness, birth of oeuvre, obtaining solutions from discussions that boost inclusive adeptness of the organization.

Legitimate obligation in Sourcing, sharing and storing information: Legal responsibilities and Evaluation criteria to determine the organizations responsibilities for three "S" is

Concealment and solitude: unique guardianship must be engaged with trilogy of S, which has to completely defiance with data armor act. Evidence concerning organization and wage earner uncovered without any accord.

Patent and Software: any facts and figures, software and documents obliged beneath copyright and protection act of software. It defines the legitimate work completed by a person or organization.

Vowed contracts: In defense of provisional covenant information for three S, must not defiance the circumstances. I.e. at any state of affairs terms and conditions of agreement to be followed.

IS and Crime: felonious but not gracious, deceitfully use of information, which ruin the rubric and protocols. Trying to ostracize an organization.

The minute information offered and access allowed: Procurement, hustle and turnaround of information has to be according to Data Protection Act. It gives right to mortal people, to be aware of information posted about them. There are octagonal principles of Data Protection Act

Figure: Logo of Data Protection Act

Passably and Endorsed process: personal data must be processed passably and endorsed, data theme which is a combo of populace, corporate permissible personal data of hire, impartiality, fitness and welfare

Narrow purpose process: intrusive information must be given, only single or many lawful dedications, if more fields are required to be accessed in the coming days then the data object must be informed before only.

Adequate, relevant and moderate: all these three must be in kith and kin to the tenacity it is obtained and refined. It has to Warrant the subject and data whether they are applicable to the purpose and are necessary or not.

Precise and up to minute: the personal data must be truthful and any minor changes has to be updated, precise principle of data defines the location data obtained a data subject or third party. Changes made are to be informed to the data entity.

Data remains for limited time: personal data which belongs to the employee of an organization is in the data entity till the purpose is fulfilled once this is done the data will no longer require or processed.

Process for right of person: derogatory of data with the data subjects is under the data protection act. Which includes right to request for the amendment, stalling and trim the data after processing.

Fastened: securing the personal data, infer of demolition, inadvertent loss, unofficial processing of data pedantic and logistic proceedings are taken up to prevent this actions.

Data Transfer: the populace personal data should be within the boundary line of the country where employment is provided, only if certification from the country who needs the personal data is provided the only data can be moved from current location to the required.

Evaluation of information offered formats: The questions of information offered always relay upon the types of formats, and it remains similar to any organization even the hospital mechanism also. Formats are listed below

Electronic or manual: electronic channels such as computer spawned Microsoft word file, Microsoft excel sheet, Electronic mails, database, search engines are used to provide information in electronic format. Imprinted or scribbled with hand such as books, written letters, articles and reports are used in manual information system.

Slant of people: the slants that are system created that embrace niceties about the organization workers, white collar stop, and remaining employees in authority to the organization for vibrant tasks. Fields in this are names, job label and connection link.

Libraries: the immediate visual strikes in mind is the way books are arranged in a organized and structured manner with a storage system of data , data records, dossiers, chronides, portrait and audiovisuals in proper accurate order. Introduction of electronic libraries have benefited more than the manual libraries with eBooks, earticles and ejournals along with vast information in manual libraries.

Folders: portfolios are ampoule computer system for its regulation, graphical user interface along with the image icon are used to display programs and files on the desktop. Demands, testimony and expenditures are under manual portfolio.

Documents: system generated self confined chunk of work stored using a application and a unique name to identify and retrieve, manual documents are durable supplements of handwriting imprinted, personal details.

List Items within list and within libraries: a profane or shrub structure items in list and their sub lists wrapped up in organized way which can be searched and located easily. In libraries items are under integrated categories and vast amount of data available.

Information to support Strategic Decision Making: Organizations currently have to retrieve incalculable aggregates of data, because every data of any organizations draws conclusion upon the decisions that has to be made for the organization betterment. In an hospital situation information about patient, history of medicines, progress and many will make the hospital decide the changes with has to be made to provide more facilities to the people, for the people by the hospital.

http://archive.audit-commission.gov.uk/auditcommission/sitecollectiondocuments/AuditCommissionReports/NationalStudies/Cranfield_Information_use_review.pdf

To Brace Tracks of Information to Isolate Patterns and Trends:

Refrain from Information system organizations can equate and envisage archetype and drift in all facet of business akin as souk, antagonism, patron exigency. Which are proportional to splendid strategic decisions from information exploration.

The souk: Information system breakdowns the data serene from the souk and grounded on this assessment the organization can plump about the product excellence administration, proliferation of productivity, scale product price and decision can be made fling of unaccustomed products and prospect atlas of organization.

Antagonism: Sourced on Information analysis from the souk data organization can emphatic about the product worth decline, perk up quality, tweak publicity crusade, accessibility, spare amenities for customers and bondholder are antagonism to other organization.

The State of Economy: Fabrication of economic product on the source of information analyzed with squat price can avail oneself of vacant resources competently which implicate diminution in time, use of yard goods, requisite amount product and cutback in manufacturing flaws.

Statutory Development: Statutory system of an organization is directed in the light of improvement by information system are quite amenableness to Data Protection act, intercontinental legislation and ensign licit rights. Information analysis to provide lawful footprints to fascinate customers, stand tough to face contenders make use of hardware, software and information.

Customer Demands: Market organizations make use of composed data grounded from information systems can be used in prediction of customer demands imply to desires of customers, penury of amendment in products, can the market afford new birth of product, are they readily obtainable by the customers and their satisfaction criteria reached or not.

Sources on hand to succor Data Information Analysis: different sources are used to determine analysis on data information as follows:

Statistic Resources: data, information and knowledge are the statistic or information resources. In business atmosphere resources are the most beneficial renounce for every organization. Resource is a bundle of records, material and wisdom that are gathered fastidiously along with genuineness. Because this resources decide which are the decisions to be made by organizations. Information sources embrace employee, customer and competitors details with criteria.

Technical Resources: hardware and software are included under the technical resources. Administration of organization facts and figures as in people working for the organization, product details, manufacturing products, account information of the customer and the worker all these details are stored and retrieved with hardware device computer and printer. Software devices like database are used to support the analysis equipments and make them reach the concerned employee of the organization. This deduce stint and price, excels in communication within boundary of organization also adding the customers.

Populace Resources: Executives and wage earners are vigorous ingredient in study of data as their outcome fetches characteristic, price and collection of the product. The apparatus of the product, analysis, technical information and processing of trainees will benefit the organization.

The triplet of sources benefit the hospital organization by providing the information about victims, their personal details, customer and employee details, hardware and software link ups to display results of search information hit on the monitors, medical representatives, new medicines and public relations are the resources that makes the services of hospital connect with customers.

(B Mobasher,1997 Information and Pattern Discovery)

Decision Making tools and techniques to support Strategic Decisions:

To evaluate a particular decision either expertise suggestions or equipments or methodology results determine the percentage of decision in right direction.

Data Mining: Data estimation manner from discrete depths in pursuit of whip up nifty information abridge. This abridge is exploited by the organization to augment income, diminish cost. It is a hypermedia used as a rational tool to produce a detail report of data. Apparatus provide access to users to perform analysis uncommon tilts, rapport of affiliation in brief of data.

SWOT Analysis: Fundamental analysis of strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats that are visage by an organization. It is constructed on the arguments and belvederes of people, a flowchart of actions in an organization. Results to escalate strength for captivating decision to abate weaknesses, make use of every incoming opportunities, existing present and impending threats in a planned and classified way.

Model Driven DSS: it is a thorny decision support system (DSS) aids in picking up options from the offered. It is used for intermingle within the organization. It is a multipurpose system hinge on format, stand alone hardware and software, client server interactions.

Data Driven DSS: It is accessed by the executives of the organization details of workforce, product and its services. It is a special purpose system used to respond for the request searching in the database. Frame of client server system and validates the results displayed on request.

CSF: Critical Success Factor is the abbreviated CSF. It gives organizational requisite for information, factors by which organization can taste the success and profits are termed as critical success factors. If in case a particular organization couldn’t not go over the cutoff of CSF then failure is the taste received by the organization.

(J Mun,2006 book of Real Option Analysis)

Methods for Evaluating Management Information: For towering smooth of management information with altered assessment of information to warrant consistent and superiority of the information. The succeeding are the methods of evaluating management information:

Data Governance: Management of data hired in company. Data governance is a guard of refuge, veracity, mileage, fling of collected employee data. A council of DG is formed to manage the organization and also has a triplet of key elements:

Harmonious use of Information: Dependability and suave flow of business procedure has a harmonious use of information safeguarded by data governance. Steady information circulation to attain success.

Worth of Decision Making: Model Driven DSS and Data Driven DSS are the standard systems that are used by the Data governance for high value decision. Data must be of standard, organized and structured.

Timely, Reliable and Trusted: Data governance should safeguard information and retrieve it as soon as a query is posed. Reliable execution of processes in a perfect format and bull’s eye direction. Information must be up to mark and can be trusted easily where the possibility of not taking wrong route.

Management Information value: It is Fiscal value of a management information system and described with key factors as in :

http://amj.aom.org/content/17/1/46.short

Timeliness: it is the time bound in which the recipient has to receive the information, specification of timeliness is to maintain the upgraded information.

Content: content based on both external and internal procedure, using content we can deliver decisions, invasion of contents leads to determine marketing and manufacturing process, financial procedures.

Format: format of the information provides the major role because structured format makes the task very easy and improves in the direction of providing qualitative service.

Cost: information management helps in deduction of cost, products are delivered and survived in the market based on the conclusions drawn from the information.

Analyzing impact of information on strategic decisions: when ever time comes to analyze the impacts of information on decision made all the math, facts and figures of profits or loss, objectives served or not bounce around the brains of expertise people. Evaluation can be done by finding answer to the following questions:

Set objectives: Analysis of information to cross checked by the decision builder of the organization to flourish and resolute objectives by serving the slice of resources for their contrivance. Top level management is ameliorate from the conclusions of information in making strategic decisions and planning.

Evaluation of Goals: for an organization at every level analysis are undergone to reach the goals, because reaching these goals only makes the future for any organization. Information systems provide access to the organization to reckon whether covet goals are discharged or not. Gap analysis to evaluate the goal achievements. In case of bankruptcy the elegant process with improvement in every module of the information system should be considered.

Journey from target to actual: the enforcement interpretation is accomplished by exploit of knowledge to performance and audit if procedures, manipulations and activities are directing towards the qualitative results or not. Judgment has to be given to every process and determine the smooth and successful run.

Revision: retrospect and exertion of spick and span approaches or modified ambitions based on the results generated has to be made to reset the entire process. Spick and span of approaches comes in way during the last hours to attain results, often modification of goals as per the inputs make the achievement possible.

Methods developing Information Capture for Strategic decision making: The methods to inform and support the decision making by strategy during development are diverged into the following:

DIKAR: Data Information Knowledge Action Result

ASHEN: Artifacts Skills Heuristics Experience Natural Talent.

ASHEN factors utilized by the computation of apprehension are contrived decision, problem solving techniques to find the solution, conception of solution, astuteness, erudition notch.

ASHEN factors most Influential attribute mixed up with the DIKAR facsimile dope quality reckoning. Right time with right place in right direction helps to make right decision the key factor of solving every problem that took birth and standing in the way and blocking to reach the goals. Grant access to the end user to get benefit of the approaches and finally in the rainbow of achievement appears the solution of desired task and goals.

Conclusion:

The road of information is made available for every individual of the organization, to decide whether the road we travelling takes us to goals or takes us to a different route the analysis will all the way construct a organized format of information.

Hospital management information is the most complicated task because every minute entries should be placed on the common bridge where access is not restricted to the employees, because hospital faculty have to access the thick and thin of the information.