The Computer Architecture Guidelines To Students

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

The word count should be limited to 1,500 words for entire assignment

Use Font "Times New Roman 12", and type in double line spacing.

Both questions should be submitted as one assignment and bound in one booklet with separators/ sheets for each of the questions.

Cut and paste work, plagiarism and undeclared sources will result in an automatic failure.

All assignments or projects will have a compulsory presentation requirement which carries 10%. Communication skills, visual aids and personal grooming are the criteria for obtaining the 10%.

Answer ALL the questions (2Q * 15% = 30%)

(Presentation=10%)

1. Conduct a research on history behind the inventions of computer central processing unit (CPU). Find the stages involved of the early CPU design and developments and compare with the latest one. How much faster is the designs and development of the latest CPU as opposed to the beginning of the CPU inventions?

2. A bus is a communication pathway connecting two or more components or devices. By aids of diagram, explain the bus system in term of interconnection, transmission and architecture.

Introduction on Question 1

The user have to conduct a research on the history about the invention on Central Processing Unit (CPU). After User have conduct a research about the history on the Central Processing Unit (CPU), User also require to do comparison on the old version Central Processing Unit (CPU) with the latest in the market. Details on time limit to invent the Central Processing Unit during the olden days compare with technology today.

Basically, Central processing unit has evolved rapidly throughout the years and its development has improved its capabilities and added new features. Moreover, the design of CPU today has changed drastically compared to how it was in the beginning.

Question 1

In the year 1940, Central Processing Unit was made. In the olden days, Central Processing Unit is not small in size, actually the real size in big in size as bigger than human size. The size of the first Central Processing Unit is 50 meter long and 8 meter high and run miles of cables and thousands of vacuum tubes by team of scientist. The main reason Central Processing Unit was created is because to reduce the machine used in the factory and office. Moreover, Compare to today technology, the olden day’s technology parts was rare to find but cheap as scientist only using it then the rest.

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In the year 1970, the year which was call as the revolution begun due to a new invention was found. A company known as Intel has publish their every own invention which is the Single Chip microprocessor, extremely complex in size. It is called as Intel 4004. The Single Chip Microprocessor is a big step into the World of Technology as most of the part are becoming small in size. C:\Users\SimonDavid\Desktop\intel-4004.jpg

In the late 1960s, many scientists had discussed the possibility of a computer on a chip, but nearly everyone felt that integrated circuit technology was not yet ready to support such a chip. Intel's Ted Hoff felt differently; he was the first person to recognize that the new silicon-gated MOS technology might make a single-chip CPU (central processing unit) possible.

Hoff and the Intel team developed such an architecture with just over 2,300 transistors in an area of only 3 by 4 millimeters. With its 4-bit CPU, command register, decoder, decoding control, control monitoring of machine commands and interim register, the 4004 was one heck of a little invention. Today's 64-bit microprocessors are still based on similar designs, and the microprocessor is still the most complex mass-produced product ever with more than 5.5 million transistors performing hundreds of millions of calculations each second numbers that are sure to be outdated fast. And Although 32-bit microprocessors are common today microprocessors are becoming increasingly sophisticated, with many 64-bit CPUs. High-performance processors with internal clock rates that run above 3 GHz or 3 billion cycles per second.

The Speed of design and inventing a Central Processing Unit

Compare to the olden days, Scientist are the one who invent the CPU so it will take a massive time to complete one unit of CPU. As Technology are growing, the time to complete a CPU has been faster as machine are helping humans to build their parts.

With today’s competitions, computer industry rapid manufacturing a lot of CPU as they are battle to the top. With the improvement tools, computer industry create all kinds of CPU. This is how the chip is made. As the standard technique of microprocessor design ultraviolet light is used to expose a light-sensitive coating on the silicon chip. By the use of light with a shorter wavelength can be achieved closer and smaller transistors can be produced in a faster, more powerful CPU and also printing integrated circuits with X-rays, which have a much shorter wavelength than ultraviolet light, may further reductions of the transistor size which will be translate into improvements speed of the CPU.

Conclusion on Question 1

In Conclusion, these are the research about the history on the invention of the Central Processing Unit. In the year 1940s, Central Processing Unit was made but big in size as bigger than human size.

As today market, Computer Industry are rapidly improving the technology as lesser the burden for the human. Central Processing Unit has develop into different kind of sizes.

In future, the Central Processing Unit chip will be lighter than current and higher speed and capability to perform more number of multitasking but depending on the cost because as today’s world, technology is part of human life.

Introduction on Question 2

Computers comprises of many internal components and in order for these components to communicate with each other, a bus is used for that purpose.

A bus is a common pathway through which information flows from one component to another. This pathway is used for communication purpose and can be established between two or more computer components. Use also have to explain the bus system in term of interconnection, transmission and architecture.

Question 2

System bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a computer system. It has few function such as Data sharing, Addressing, Power and Timing.

Data sharing in system bus is share all types of buses found on a computer must be able to transfer data between the computers peripherals connected to it. The data is transferred in in either serial or parallel, which allows the exchange of 1, 2, 4 or even 8 bytes of data at a time. Buses are classified depending on how many bits they can move at the same time, which means that we have 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit or even 64-bit buses.

Addressing, where the bus has address lines, which match those of the processor. This allows data to be sent to or from specific memory locations. Where else, the function of Power lets a bus supplies power to various peripherals that are connected to it. Finally timing allow the bus provides a system clock signal to synchronize the peripherals attached to it with the rest of the system. The expansion bus facilitates the easy connection of additional components and devices on a computer for example the addition of a TV card or sound card.

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Diagram 1

In bus terminologies, computers can be viewed to be having just two types of buses which is the ‘system bus’ where the bus that connects the CPU to main memory on the motherboard. The system bus is also called the front-side bus, memory bus, local bus, or host bus. Also number of Input/output Buses connecting various peripheral devices to the CPU. These are connected to the system bus via a bridge implemented in the processors chipset. Other names for the Input/Output bus include expansion bus, external bus or host bus.

There are two types of buses which can be found in a computer. First is internal bus. The internal or local bus as short helps the processor to have communications with the system's RAM (Random Access Memory). In a 64-bit bus, the information is sent over 64 parallel wires. Where else the Second type is the Expansion bus. The expansion bus connects to the other components of a computer hard drives, CD drives - or to another computer or printer. The expansion bus connects anything that is not internal. It allows all of these elements to communicate with one another.

These types of buses are not that difficult to distinguish from one another. An internal bus operates inside the computer, and the expansion bus connects to other components.

Conclusion on Question 2

A bus is an electrical system that is shared by several hardware devices, such as cables or printed circuits, which are connected so that the people on individual computers are able to easily and quickly communicate with one another.

It is the inclusion of the bus in the computer's architecture which allows the various devices to communicate. For example, if multiple computers are attached to one printer, a user can hit print and use the bus to speak with the printer. The bus system helps to make the transportation of data easier and much more direct.