The Algebraic Formula Type Processing

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

1. Introduction

Procedural programming is the programming which is designed for particular programs so it needs to be taken into report when a particular program is being used. It can also be symbolized in a way by listing certain instructions, where the computer is used for the purpose of programs and the instructions that need to be listed and must write in a step by step method, For E.g. Open file, read a number, multiply by 6, show something so that all the information written can be followed one by one. Program includes the main block, functions, procedures file, modules, and libraries.

Procedural programming is excellent for small projects. It is the most easy way to inform computer and the computer processor have own language, machine code translate the high level language into machine code in straightforward and efficient way. Examples of procedural programming languages are BASIC, C, FORTRAN, and Pascal.

Typically the procedural programming should concern with the act of many programs but with the help of certain instructions the program can be checked and used by chasing different procedures. This sort of programming is used in computer applications, where the act of using it is related with the purpose of organizing and testing a program by certain loops and branches.

Advantages of Procedural Programming

It is relatively simple and no difficulty in implementation by using compilers and interpreters.

Without copying code same code can be use at different places in the program.

It is easier to keep track of the program flow.

It needs less memory.

Disadvantages of Procedural Programming

Data is exposed to entire program, so there is no security for data.

It is difficult to communicate with real world objects.

It is difficult to create new data types which reduce extensibility.

The importance is given to operation on data rather than the data.

2. Programming language based on machine independence and generation

The word computer language consists of a wide variety of languages which are used to communicate with computers. They have a single set of keywords that the program understands. Coded languages are used by the programmers to write instruction that a computer can understand to do what the programmer or the computer user wants. So to communicate with the computers different languages are developed to perform various types of task and those languages are

Low Level Languages

High Level Languages

2.1 Low Level Languages

Low level languages require extensive knowledge of computer hardware as well as configuration. It is designed to operate or handle the entire hardware and instruction set architecture of a computer directly. Programs and applications written in low-level language are directly executable on the computing hardware without any interpretation or translation by using the language 0 and 1 only.

There are two types of low level languages

(1st Generation)Machine Language

(2nd Generation)Assembly Language

2.1.1 Machine Language (1st Generation)

Machine Language is the only languages which can be understand by the computer. It does not need any translator program. It is also called machine code and it is written in strings of 1s and 0.When the sequence of codes is entered in the computer, it knows the codes and it coverts it into electrical signals and run the program. It is not an easy language to learn as well as it is difficult to understand.

2.1.2 Assembly Language (2nd Generation)

Assembly language is the first step to recover the structure. Computer can handle both letters and numbers. After that some combination of letters is used to replace with number of codes in the machine. The set of letters and symbols forms the Assembly Language and a translator translate the Assembly Language to machine language and the translator program is called `Assembler’.

2.2 High Level Languages (3rd Generation)

Assembly language and machine language need deep knowledge of hardware similarly higher language programmer only have to know the instructions in English and logic of problem as well as the type of computer which the programmer are using. Higher level languages are simple languages that use symbols and English like -, +, /, % etc. for the construction of program. Higher level language is converted to machine language for the understanding of the computer.

Types of High level language are given below:

2.2.1 Algebraic Formula-Type Processing

An expression is algebraic if it involves a finite combination of numbers and algebraic operations like addition, subtraction, and division, multiplication, raising a power, and extracting a root. Two important types of such equations are linear equations and quadratic equations.

BASIC

FORTRAN

APL (A Programming Language)

PL/I (Programming Language, Version 1) 

2.2.2 Business Data Processing

It is a processing of information like accounting or business management by the means of computers. Some examples of business data processing are RPG (Report Program Generator, COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language),.

2.2.3 String and List Processing

These are used for handling strings of characters in computer and including search for pattern, deleting and inserting storage as though they were single units of data. Some examples of List processing are Prolog (Program in Logic), LISP (List Processing).

2.2.4 Object Oriented Programming Language

A set of forms contain a particular element for the programming in the computer in which the linear concept of actions and tasks is replaced by the concept using idea of messages and objects. A package of data is included in the object and a description of the operations that can performed on the data. A message indicates one of the operations but does not explain how the operation should be accepted. Some examples of object oriented programming language are: C++, Java

2.2.5 Visual programming language (VPL)

Visual programming language (VPL) is a programming language which is a windows based application that uses graphical elements and figures to develop a program. It is a technique to design a software program in two or more dimensions, and includes graphical elements, text, symbols and icons within its programming context. Some examples of VPL are Visual Basic, Visual Java, and Visual C.

2.3 Computer programming language (4GL)

Fourth generation language is also known as computer programming language. 4GLs is close to human language then that of other high-level languages and are handier to people without formal instruction as programmers. They let multiple and common operations to be perform with a single program command. They are intended to be easier for users other than machine languages, assembly languages, and older high-level languages. Some successful 4th generation languages are: database query languages, e.g.: SQL; Focus, PostScript, and RPGII.

2.4 Fifth Generation language (5GL)

Programming language that uses a visual interface to create source code that is usually compile with a 3GL or 4GL language compiler., Borland, Microsoft IBM, and other company makes fifth generation language visual programming products for developing application in Java.

Fifth generation language is a group of programming languages build on the basis of a problem that can be solved, and an application built to solve it. For example Visual programming allows us to simply visualize object-oriented programming and drag icons to assemble program components. It is used to show the properties, logic, a solution, rather than how it is reached. Most constraint-based and logic programming languages are fifth generation language.

3. Programming languages based on mobile and web application

Nowadays there are different between mobile applications and mobile web applications or web apps. Mobile applications code depends on the platform which is focused where these applications may be made to function. In the Apple iOS platform, the group of programming libraries is based on Objective C as a programming language. Android have Java as it is their development language and Windows Phone chose .NET with which it is hypothetically a Multilanguage.

A different world is of the web apps and mobile web applications. When the HTML5, CSS3 are arrived and the advantage of the JavaScript frameworks many different solutions is thought to develop mobile application. So they allow us to concentrate on the logics and withdraw our self from the physical part of our application. Its consists the solution of implementing a mobile browser website view by using a powerful JavaScript codes like jQuery Mobile, and alternative of web services on the server’s side like programmed in PHP, .NET, Python, Ruby etc.

The flexibility has a performance cost. Although, the actual power of the special JavaScript reply will never be as fine as the one of the local applications in each platform. Even though, they are the most viable alternatives if we know the server language like that of PHP and if we know how to use JavaScript and HTML5.

4. Programming languages based on Object Oriented Programming

Object-oriented programming is a programming paradigm that uses abstraction (in the form of classes and objects) to create models based on the real world environment. An object-oriented application uses a collection of objects, which communicate by passing messages to request services. Objects are capable of passing messages, receiving messages, and processing data. The aim of object-oriented programming is to try to increase the flexibility and maintainability of programs. Because programs created using an OO language are modular, they can be easier to develop, and simpler to understand after development.

4.1 Relation of Object-Oriented Programming and Procedural Programming

Programs are made up of modules, which are parts of a program that can be coded and tested separately, and then assembled to form a complete program. In procedural languages (i.e. C) these modules are procedures, where a procedure is a sequence of statements. In C for example, procedures are a sequence of imperative statements, such as assignments, tests, loops and invocations of sub procedures. These procedures are functions, which map arguments to return statements.

The design method used in procedural programming is called Top down Design. This is where us start with a problem (procedure) and then systematically break the problem down into sub problems (sub procedures). This is called functional decomposition, which continues until a sub problem is straightforward enough to be solved by the corresponding sub procedure. The difficulties with this type of programming, is that software maintenance can be difficult and time consuming. When changes are made to the main procedure (top), those changes can cascade to the sub procedures of main, and the sub-sub procedures and so on, where the change may impact all procedures in the pyramid.

 One alternative to procedural programming is object oriented programming. Object oriented programming is meant to address the difficulties with procedural programming. In object oriented programming, the main modules in a program are classes, rather than procedures. The object-oriented approach lets us create classes and objects that model real world objects.

5. Principle of Procedural programming language

There are many high level languages which are very fashionable, and there are others, which could not become so popular in-spite of being very great. There are many reasons for the success of a language, but one the main reason is the characteristics of the language. There are many characteristics which are important for making a programming language good. Among them some of them are given below.

5.1 Simplicity

A good programming language must be simple and easy to use and learn. For example, BASIC is liked by many programmers because of its simplicity. A good programming language should present a programmer a plain, easy and combine set of concepts which can be easily operate. It is easy to develop and implement a compiler or an interpreter for a programming language that is easy. The power needed for the language should not be sacrificed for simplicity. The overall simplicity of a programming language affects the readability of the programs written in that language, and programs that are easier to read and understand are also easier to maintain.

5.2 Naturalness

A good language should be natural for the application area it has been designed. That is, it should provide appropriate operators, data structures, control structures, and a natural syntax in order to facilitate the users to code their problem easily and efficiently. FORTRAN and COBOL are good examples of scientific and business languages respectively that posses high degree of naturalness.

5.3 Efficiency

The program written in good programming language are efficiently translated into machine code, are efficiently executed, and acquires as little space in the memory as possible. That is, a good programming language is supported with a good language translator (a compiler or an interpreter) that gives due consideration to space and time efficiency.

5.4 Compactness

In a good programming language, programmers should be able to express intended operation concisely. A verbose language can tax the programmer’s sheer writing stamina and thus reduce its usefulness. COBOL is generally not liked by many programmers because it is verbose in nature and compactness.

5.5 Locality

A good programming language should be such that while writing a program, a programmer need not jump around visually as the text of the program is prepared. This allows the programmer to concentrate almost solely on the part of the program around the statements currently being worked with. COBOL lacks locality because data definitions are separated from processing statements, perhaps by many pages of code.

5.6 Extensibility

A good programming language should allow extension through simple, natural, and elegant mechanisms. Almost all languages provide subprogram definition mechanisms for this purpose, but there are some languages that are rather weak in this aspect.

6. Features of Procedural Programming

6.1Preprocessor directives

Preprocessor directives are lines which is included in the code of the programs that are not the statements of the programs but directives of the preprocessor. These lines always show by a hash sign (#).Before the actual compilation of code begins the preprocessor is executed therefore the preprocessor digests all these information before any code is generated by the statements.

As a new character is found, the preprocessor directive is considered to end. No semicolon (;) is expected at the end of a preprocessor directive. The only technique a preprocessor directive can extend through more than one line is by preceding character in the new line at the end of the line by a backslash (\).