Newspaper Exists On World Wide Web

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

1.0 Introduction

An online newspaper, also known as a web newspaper, is a newspaper that exists on the World Wide Web or Internet, either separately or as an online version of a printed periodical.

It would be difficult to find a daily newspaper in the UK or United States, in fact in the world, in the 21st century, that does not have or share a website.

Very few newspapers in 2006 will claim to have made money from their websites, which are mostly free to all viewers. Declining profit margins and declining circulation in daily newspapers have forced executives to contemplate new methods of obtaining revenue from websites, without charging for subscription. This has been difficult. Newspapers with specialized audiences such as The Wall Street Journal or The Chronicle of Higher Education, successfully charge subscription fees. Many of the web papers have simplified their URLs so that, for instance, miami.com will take you to The Miami Herald whose website first appeared in the mid-1990s. Most newspapers now have an online edition, including, The Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, USA Today, and The New York Times.

The Guardian experimented with new media in 2005, offering a free twelve part weekly HYPERLINK "file:///wiki/Podcast" podcast series by Ricky Gervais.. Another UK daily to go online is The Daily Telegraph which is British broadsheet newspaper, founded in 1855. It is the only remaining daily newspaper printed on traditional newsprint in the Broadsheet format in the United Kingdom, as most other broadsheet publications have converted to the smaller tabloid/compact or Berliner formats. Its sister paper. The Telegraph was the highest selling British broadsheet, with a certified average daily circulation of 882,413. This compared with a circulation of 642,895 for The Times, 240,134 for The Independent, and 364,513 for The Guardian. According to a MORI survey conducted in 2004, 61% of Telegraph readers support the Conservative Party.

The Daily Telegraph was established on 29 June 1855 by Colonel Arthur B. Sleigh. He controlled it only briefly before selling it to his printer, Joseph Moses Levy, father of the first Baron Burnham. Levy appointed his sons as editors and relaunched the paper on 17 September. He soon reduced the price of the paper to a penny. Within twelve months the new paper was outselling The Times.

In 1908, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany gave a controversial interview to The Daily Telegraph that severely damaged Anglo-German relations and added to international tensions which eventually culminated in World War I.

In 1928 the son of the 1st Baron Burnham sold it to the 1st Viscount Camrose, in partnership with his brother Viscount Kemsley and the 1st Baron Iliffe. Both the Camrose (Berry) and Burnham (Levy-Lawson) families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986.

In 1937 the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post which traditionally espoused a conservative position and sold predominantly amongst the retired officer class. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside the Daily Telegraph, but poor sales of the former led him to merge the two. For some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph

1. Problem Statement

We carried out an initial investigation in order to carefully identify the problem source or shortcoming of the existing website management system. As we catalogue the problem, we managed to define a possible series of problem source, which can be categorized as either the common problem (system-wide) or the specific problem (pertaining only to portions of system).

The common problems are:

a) Data duplication: exists when different and conflicting versions of the same data appear in different place.

b) Data inconsistency: The manual system yield inconsistent result depending on the version of the data is used.

c) Never up to date: The information or news is never up to date and yields a constant stream of error.

d) Ad hoc queries: Current system does not allow any ad hoc queries.

e) Time-consuming: System requires longer time to process data manually.

f) Impractical: System does not generate useful information or timely output.

The specific problems are:

a) Increasing paper works

The lack of computerized management system leads to the increasing involvement of paper works. Various forms are required to ensure the smooth flow of daily business operation. A variety of difficulties are created due to the handlings of data in manual form, which may generate the possibility of data loss or easily damaged.

For examples, some certain procedure may need to be followed before a booking for advertisement can be reserved.

b) Data sharing not available

The current system is inadequate because of the failure in providing the data sharing function within the organization itself, especially in the process of information and news transferring. The lack of timely and correct information may yield a constant stream of error involving the exchange of information between two departments. The system may not be kept up to date automatically without the use of manpower.

c) Slow services

Currently, telephone lines are used as the major communication media to accommodate viewers\users requests. However, the communication through telephones lines may easily engaged especially during the peak hours. This may affects the website’s performance on fulfilling the tourists’ needs and leads to the user’s dissatisfaction. For example, the delay of updating news page in newspaper online website delivery may lead to viewers\users dissatisfaction.

d) Insufficient viewers and information source

It is an impossible task for the current system to provide viewers data stream support due to the lack of timely and correct information. viewers are facing various difficulties in accessing the up to date information and also keep trap of the latest event in the world news.

Given the large number of documented problems, we conclude that the current system is inadequate to fulfill various future changes and increasing demand from the key users.

1. Objectives

Once the problem sources are well identified, we decide to propose a new independent system. The new system will be developed base on two sets of new objectives giving priority to the problems that key user deem most significant.

First are general objectives, which define the overall system requirements:

a) Improve the operational efficiency according to different module, which is organized as: viewers\users module and Staff module.

b) Provide useful information in statistical and scheduled format for future planning.

c) Facilitate multi-user access control that allow multi-user to access the database.

d) Enforce user security and data privacy within the database to determine which user can access the database, which data items each user may access, and which data operation (read, add, delete, modify) the user may perform.

e) Promotes integrity rules to eliminate data integrity problems, thus minimizing data redundancy and maximizing data consistency.

f) Second are specific objectives, which define the system component requirements:

a) Increase productivity

This system is designed with attempting to provide more efficient services to the user by directing the viewers\users requests to appropriate department. By only filling a single form online, user’s requests can be fulfilled. This reduces the time constraints efficiently and increases the website’s operational performances.

b) Create paperless environment

A paperless environment is created where viewers may not need to fill in any form manually by making their request through the Intranet directly. It provides convenience to the user hence reducing the potential lost or damage of user profile in the online newspaper website.

c) Promote data integrity

This system is designed as an independent system of any other current exiting management system, hence eliminating any data redundancy. This system is able to create data integrity and data sharing among various departments where each department is able to enjoy the ready access to the timely and accurate information and news.

D) One-stop user info-kiosk

Users are able to enjoy the ready access to various information and news concerning about the services, facilities, activities, and events happening in the world via online newspaper system also the user feedback not only in their profile but also at various news in the website itself through a one-stop user info-kiosk. The system analyst will entertain any feedbacks issued by the viewers.

1.3 Project Scope

For legal and practical reason, the operational extent of the new system is carefully defined and limited. Working on an unbounded system is avoided. The website management system design should cover only a portion of the website’s organization structure. It will be totally independent of other existing system and able to address the proposed new objectives. The website management system will cover only the following operational areas:

a) Intranet System

This system is developed in order to provide integrated services among the website’s viewers and to ensure a better performance of the organizational daily job and news function among the staffs. Users and website staff can only access this system via the local area network built within the website itself. Access to the system from other external sources is prohibited.

b) Report and news service system

This application attempts to provide the users a clear view about variety of news and information services offered by the website. Various information such as the headlines, politics news up to date display news homepage, and accessing to news services can be easily accessed through the system. The administrative staffs are able to improve the website operational efficiency by directing the user request to appropriate department and provide timely information about news and information.

c) Maintenance Service System

This system facilitates extra easier access to the viewers\users by allowing the advance request of newspaper application such as website design, web database, item searching, advertising parts and archive parts. Instant response can be issued upon users request with the well-established interaction between relevant departments. This application also keeps news and information’s of the old and new request archive from the users hence generate statistical information for future reference.

D) Booking and reservation service for advertisement

There is a lot facilities offered by the newspaper website to fulfill the users needs. The direct order from the user can be instantly forwarded to the corresponding department where timely reservation and booking schedules for advertising in the newspaper will be produced through the local area network. This application not only reduces the reservation processing time but also provide a tighter control over the users and facilities.

e) Viewers\users guide the service system

Viewers are having the advantages of obtaining the user guide information through the system application. Contact to guidelines and divisions who are responsible for guiding users .

a user guy can be easily made and appointment be arranged upon the users request. Management staffs are able to provide better scheduling and up to date workload information among the guide divisions.

1.4. Gantt Chart

1.5 Network Diagram

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Studies on Current System

A preliminary study concludes that the current system does provide solution to accommodate different demand from different key users without the assistance of the computer based information system within newspaper database itself. Various requests from the user such as maintenance services, information and news services system, user feedback and booking facilities can be fulfilled by filling in necessary form or by calling the operator via telephone line. Usually, a group of operator is responsible for keep the requests by directing them to the appropriate department. However, this method does yield the data redundancy problem and causing a constant stream of error in the system hence raising the potential of lost or damaged data.

The users are required to go through some certain procedures upon their requests.

as shown below:

.1.1 Procedures For maintenance Services Request

2.1.1.1 Request For Extra Necessaries or Icons in website homepage

maintenance Department is established to fulfill various requests user necessities. Direct contact service to the maintenance department through the operator is available for advance request of homepage applications such as more icons or list of news. It is the duty of the routine staffs to record down any necessary information such as the viewer profile and other relevant service details in the provided forms once the request is verified. The complete application form submitted by the user will be sent to the maintenance department for data store management and from there only the staffs are able to verify the availability of various requests. A maintenance staffs will later be assigned to deliver the request item.

It is also a normal procedure or responsibility of the Secretary of maintenance department to frequently assessing the items. The manager of maintenance department will only issue the recorder of items if the stock in hand over monthly request amount is less than 70%.

2.1.1.2 Request For Redesign Services

user are allowed to issue complain for any inconvenience resulted from damaged or improper maintained facilities of newspaper website via the telephone line. The telephone operator will then forward the report to the maintenance department for further response. Once the report is received, it is the duty of the housekeeping department staff to retrieve and update the record or forms necessary to keep track the information about which part of website request for repair and redesign. The purpose of this procedure is to monitor the repair and maintenance history of each part of news paper online homepage, for example redesigning a part of news devision and make it more attractiveness..

2.1.2 Procedures for information and report requesting

The website searching operators are always ready in being responsive upon users’ requests for information and reports ordering and delivery services. The operators are required to record any relevant information in form necessary to issue the request. The form will then be directed to the appropriate website where the information and reports can be prepared and delivered to the viewer.

2.1.3 Procedures For Providing website Information

Printed reports, articles or news which is available at various location of the website are used as the major communication tools to interact with the user concerning about various services, facilities, activities and the latest events commencement within the website itself. The publish department is responsible in printing new articles, news or reported in order to provide most up to date information to user.

2.1.4 Procedures for Facilities Reservation

Reservation of various facilities offered by the website operator. The availability of these facilities will first be examined before the reservation order can be done. The operator will take some particulars details about the user/customer, time, date of reservation and other relevant information once the order is verified. Then, the reservation details will be placed in the data management store (database) in department for future reference.

2.1.6 Procedures for user Feedback

user can obtains the feedback form available in various location of the website itself. Any complaints and positive suggestion to the website are welcomed. The feedback form can be put into the feedback box or passed to any staff at any time. The for will be forwarded to the Human Resource Department for further analysis and appropriate response.

2.2 Survey Analysis

We managed to conduct a survey analysis by distributing two different sets of questionnaires between two categories of targeted interviewees, the website users and also the website staffs. This is because different types of information or opinions can be further derived from each category. Hence, the objective of this survey is aimed to collect any relevant information and opinions regarding variety of services offered by the newspaperwebsite.

2.2.1 user Survey Analysis

The questionnaire developed specifically for the user contains a total of seven questions ranging from various topics but relevant to each other. We are able to identify any problems, inconsistencies or dissatisfaction concerning about the current website services after carefully examine the finding obtained from the received questionnaire. Besides that, we are also able to assess the usert’s familiarity with the Internet or computer literacy. Later on, these findings will provide useful assistance in the proposal and development of a better website management system.

Figure 1: Age Distribution of user

The age group of the target survey varies from 19 years of age to 50 years old and above. Based on the above pie chart, we concluded that most of the websites viewers are from the 30 to 40 age group, while people more than 50 years old are the least. The rest of the users are spread almost equally between the 19 to 30 age group and the 40 to 50 age group. This information is used to gauge the relationship between user’s age and their knowledge about computer and the Internet. Since majority of the website's viewers are aged 50 and below, we can assume that they are computer literate and hence would be able to adapt to the new system.

Figure 2: Comparison between Age and Internet Usage

Figure 2 shows the comparison between the age of the viewers and their frequency using the Internet. It can be concluded that those aged between 19 and 50 years old frequently access the Internet. Those aged fifty and above however, sometimes or never log on to the Internet. Therefore, it shows that most of the 19 to 50 years old know how to access the online application or computer. Indirectly, it also proves that in the future, the KRMS would obtain a high level of positive feedback among the user since most of user are computer literate. Meanwhile, the number of people who faces difficulty in using the system is small that it would not create much resistance to the implementation of the new system.

Figure 3: viewer Response to Usage

Figure 3 indicates various feedbacks from the website users in expressing their willingness to utilize the KRMS if it is implemented. Hence, this figure supports the conclusion that the system would be able to gain positive response from website user/viewer in the future.

Figure 4: Problems in Website service

Through Figure 4, we are able to identify several problems user would encounter in accessing various facilities and services offered by website. The most prominent problem is the lack of relevant information sources on website services while the least is the failure in providing timely feedback. Therefore, it shows that the current manual system has many flaws that decrease the website's efficiency. These flaws need to be rectified. To overcome this problem, the development and implementation of proposed online website user/viewer service system is indeed.

Besides from all the analyzed findings shown above, we also managed to ascertain various expectations among the viewer about the future online website services as the following:

More efficient service

Can provide more services

More user friendly system

To solve all the problems mentioned (see figure 1)

In conclusion, the result of this survey indicates the solid base of user/viewer’ supports towards the development of KRMS. The majorities of website users are computer literate and willing to utilize the system efficiently in order to satisfy their needs and make their stay in the website even better. Hence, much of the problems encountered in the current system would be eliminated with the setup of this new management system.

2.2.2 Staff Survey Analysis

A survey is conducted among the website staffs by approaching top and bottom management level consisting the operators, clerks, manager, online newspaper staffs, maintenance staffs and so on.

Figure 5: Working experience in the website

Figure 5 illustrates the working duration among the website staff. Twenty-five staffs are chosen randomly as our survey sample. From the above chart, we concluded that most of the staff or 56%, worked for less than one year in the website that is 14 out of 25 staff. In contrast, only 8% or 2 of them worked for more than 10 years.

According to the survey result, 20 out of 25 of the staff agreed that the biggest problem encountered in the current system is the difficulty of keeping track of the troublesome paperwork. They do consider crucial paperwork as well as waste of paper resource. ‘Difficulties in understanding user requests’ becomes the second biggest problem and followed by the ‘problem in updating viewer/user data concurrently’ and not enough manpower’.

During the survey, it can be seen that ‘website Information/Facilities/Services’ became the most popular service that the staff would like to demand since it received 24 votes from the survey sample. This is due to its ability in providing a more efficient way of communicating the website information to the user in a non-redundancy environment. The user feedback services obtained the lowest priority to be put online according to the result of 15 out of 25 staff since them feel that it is not convenient and efficient to do so.

Figure 6: Opinion on online viewer service

Figure 6 illustrates the staffs’ opinion regarding the usage of computers to handle user/viewer services. For staff working less than one year, 100% of them concluded that the usage of computer applications to handle various user services is well accepted since that most of the employees are young and are computer literate. In contrast, for those who are employed for more than ten years, they are experienced staffs that are familiar with the current system and not be able to adapt to the new system as well. They might find that an online service system would be very troublesome for them.

Figure 7- Staff's comments about the New System

Regarding various comment about the new system, 10 out of 25 respondents considered the development of such system is a good idea. Only 2 of them think that it is a very good idea. 6 of them think it is okay. There are 3 staffs that do not find this system is beneficial while the other three do not have much comment about it.

2.3 Hardware requirements

Intel-based Server (Compaq ProLiant ML2400 Generation 4)

The Intel Pentium IV Processor 2.4Ghz with 512kb cache (L2)(Dual Processor Capable)

5U Tall Tower Server

512MB PC2700Mhz RDRAM Memory (Max 6GB)

2 x 64 bit –66Mhz Hot Plug PCI

Compaq NC3163 Fast Ethernet NIC Embedded 10/100 WOL

56x CD-ROM

1.44 MB Floppy Drive

Infra – Red Keyboard with built-in Mouse

Hub

CISCO Router (2600)

Description of this system

Designed for versatile rack and tower deployments, this Compaq ProLiant ML2400 is the first 2-way server with the advanced memory protection and high availability features required for demanding remote site and data center environments.

Unprecedented in class performance levels with Intel Pentium IV Processors 2.4 GHz with 512KB second level cache (dual processing capable)

Integrated Dual Channel Wide Ultra3 SCSI Adapter allows for 160 Mb/s max data transfer

2 x 1 Interleaved memory doubles the memory bandwidth; 512MB PC 2700MHz Registered ECC RDRAM expandable to 6GB

Compaq NC3163 Fast Ethernet NIC Embedded 10/100 WOL (Wake On LAN)

ServerWorks HE SuperLite Chipset featuring a Triple Peer PCI bus architecture with 133MHz Front Side Bus and 64bit/66MHz slots for ultimate data throughput

Versatile availability features deliver the right amount protection to end users – PCI hot plug, hot plug redundant power supplies, hot plug redundant fans, Online Spare Memory

6x1" Hot Plug Wide Ultra2/Ultra3 Drive Cage standard

Optional ML3xxInternal Two Bay Hot Plug Wide Ultra2/Ultra2 SCSI Drive Cage increases internal hot plug gable storage capacity to an unprecedented 582.4GB of internal storage and allows separation of boot and OS hard drives or hot plug tape to run on a separate channel from data drives.

Hub- to connect all Local Area Networks within the premises.

Router – to connect all hubs in the resort to the main server in the resort. Purchased specially from CISCO.

Protected by Compaq Services, including a three-year, Next Business Day on site, limited, Global warranty and extended Pre-failure warranty that cover processors, memory and disk drives.

2.4 Software requirements.

ColdFusion Enterprise and Professional Edition application

Using ColdFusion Enterprise and Professional edition and ColdFusion Studio, we can build Web applications that leverage existing technologies and business systems such as RDMS, messaging servers, file repositories, directory servers, and distributed object middleware. We going to build web application that interact with desktop databases that support the ODBC standard by using ColdFusion Express. We also are going to use CFML (ColdFusion Markup Language). CFML is a tag-based server scripting language that encapsulates complex processes such as connecting to database and LDAP servers, and sending email. CFML and ColdFusion server are components for building the ColdFusion of web application.

Microsoft access

Microsoft Access is useful software for business or even for personal use. It introduces people to relational database where data can be outputted, created, manipulated and retrieved accurately and quickly. Besides that, the software can also create forms, reports and queries.

Apache 1.3.23 Released

Apache is a web server that designed to act as a hub for a number of computers that form a network. All information accessible on the NPMS exists on server, and when you view that information, you are accessing the files on the server. When the information is uploaded to the system, it is placed on a server.

Microsoft FrontPage

This is a powerful program with many capabilities and functions. It helps to create web sites with minimum difficulty besides being easy and fun. It basically provides a user-friendly environment that uses HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) as the programming language. Therefore, instead from using HTML from scratch, user can just click and drag the features that they want and maybe edit their creation in HTML.

HTML is the lingua franca for publishing hypertext on the World Wide Web. It is a non-proprietary format based upon SGML, and can be create and processed by a wide range of tools, from simple plain text editors - you type it in from scratch – to sophisticated WYSIWYG authoring tools. HTML uses tags such as <h1> and </h1> to structure text into headings, paragraphs, lists, hypertext links etc.

3 Proposed solution

3.1 Context Diagram

When the user require for a information or news on the online system, the system will checks for the service availability, generates appropriate order to the related department and issues a status message to the user. The system also produces various reports to the management sides.

C:\Documents and Settings\NADeroOoO\Desktop\1.bmp

Figure 9: Context Diagram of Online System

3.3 Data flow diagram

Level-0 DFD

3.3.1 Level 0 DFD

C:\Documents and Settings\NADeroOoO\Desktop\2.bmp

Entity-Relationship Diagram

C:\Documents and Settings\NADeroOoO\Local Settings\Temporary Internet Files\Content.Word\5.bmp

Figure 12 -ER diagram of online newspaper website service

The entity-relationship diagram (ERD) clearly illustrates the relationship of all entities in

NPMS: The attributes for each entity will be further derived and explained after the entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is well defined. From the ER diagram, we are able to develop a clear understanding of how each user in the website can request service. These services include requesting of news and information, advertisement booking in the website, request for repair and redesign of website item and icons, request for extra item, employ a user guide and gives feedback.

News

Request

USER

1(1,N) M(1,1) M(1,1) 1(1,N) ,

Many to Many (M: N) relationship

A user may require for many types of news. One type of news may be requested by many users but also may not request by any user.

News

Upload

Website

1(1,N) M(1,1) M(1,1) 1( 1,N)

Many to Many (M: N) relationships

A website must upload at least one type of news or information. News must be uploaded by at least one website

Advertising , place

Book

User

1(0,N) M(1,1)

Figure 15: One to Many (1: M) relationship

One to Many (1:N) relationships

A user can book many advertising places at the same time but he also may not book any at all. An advertisement place can only be booked by one user.

Own

Advertising , places

Website

1(1, N) M (1, 1)

Figure 16: One to Many (1: M) relationship

3. One to Many (1: M) relationship

A website must own at least one advertising place. Advertising place also must be provided for one website.

Request

Redesign , repair

Website .

1(0, N) M (1, 1)

Figure 17: One to Many (1: M) relationship

4. One to Many (1: N) relationships

A user may or may not request any repairs and redesign of items or website parts in the website. If they do, they can request for more than one item or parts to be repaired.

Item and icon

request

User

1(0, N) 1 (0, N)

M (1, 1) M (1, 1)

Figure 20: Many to Many (M: N) relationship

5. Many to Many (M: N) relationships

A user can request for more than one item. On the other hand, he/she can also not request for any item. One item may or may not be requested by user. One item can be wanted by many users.

User guide

EMPLOYMENT

User

1(0,N) M(1,1) M(1,1) 1(0,N)

Figure 21: Many to Many (M: N) relationship

Many to Many (M: N) relationships

A user can employ more than one user guide or not employ any user guide. A user guide can be employed by many users. He/she also may not have any appointment with users.

Feed back

Give

User

Figure 22: One to Many (1:N) relationship

One to Many (1:M) relationships

A user may or may not give any feedback. A user can give more than one feedback. A feedback must be given by one user.

user request for news (M: N relationship

Req-date

Profile , No

News-ID

User-ID

Req-upload

New-title

User-Name

News

REQUEST

User

New-trend

New-ID

User-ID

User tell 1(0, N) 1(0, N)

M (1, 1) M (1, 1)

Figure 23: user-require-news

Diagram in the figure above clearly defines the attributes of user entity, order entity and news entity. The user entity keep tracking of the relevant user profile including their name, address, telephone numbers .news entity includes all type of news and information provided by the website. We are able to derive the news id, news trend, and their title from this entity. Request entity is established with the aim to provide information and verify the require status as well as the type of news requested and its amount, requesting date and time, and which user to deliver.

3.4.2 News paper website providing news (M: N relationship)

News -ID

Web -ID

Website

News

UPLOADINGG

Upload-description

Figure 24: website-uploading-news the diagram above reveals the attributes in the uploading entity. The attributes include the news id, website id and the uploading description. From this relationship, we can easily access details related to variety of news uploaded by the website.

website consists of advertisement places (1:M relationship)

W-ID

W-ID

User-ID

Ad-ID

W-name

Own

Ad-time

Ad-date

Advertisement , place

Website

1(1, N) M (1, 1)

Figure 25: website-advertising places

The diagram above defines the relationships between the website entity and advertising places entity. It also reveals the attributes for both entities. The ad_ID, website ID, user ID, and the booking time and date, is identified as attributes for advertising places entity while website ID and website name are identified as attributes for website entity.

user request for repair and redesign (1: M relationship)

Repair-time

Repair-ID

Repair-status

Repair

Request

User

1(0, N) M (1, 1)

Repair-part

User-ID

Repair-date

Figure 26: user-Repair

Attributes in the repair entity are shown in the figure above. The item to be repaired, the information of tourist requesting repair services, request date and time have been revealed in the diagram. Several attributes are also defined as well under repair entity, such as repair status and repair ID.

user request for news (M:N relationship)

Request-date

User-ID

News-title

Request-time

News

Request

User

News-title

Request-delivered

News-name 1(0, N) M (1, 1) M (1, 1) 1(0, N)

Figure 27 user-Request-news

Figure 27 clearly indicates the relationships between the user entity and news entity. It also defines the attributes in the news entity and request entity. From the news entity we are able to access to the news name, news title. All the information related to news’s request from user is given in the request entity. It includes the user ID, news Title, request date and time and request status.

3.4.6 user employ user guide (M: N relationship)

UG-service description

UG-name

UG-ID

UG-Tell

User-ID

EMPLOYEE

User guide

User

UG-add

E-assign

E-date

1(0, N) M (1, 1) M (1, 1) 1(0, N)

UG-ID

E-time

Figure 28- user-Employment-user-Guide

From the figure 28, we are able to identify the attributes for both employment entity and user guide entity. Employment entity will reveal the employment information of user guide include the user guide ID, user ID, user guide assigned status, date and time. The user guide entity reveals the tour guide personal profile as well as individual user guide ID, name, address, telephone and the service description.

user give feedback (1: M relationship)

Cmt-sgs

User-ID

C-service

Feedback-Id

Give

Feedback

User

1(0, N) M (1, 1)

C-website

C-news

C-facilities

Figure 39: user-Feedback

From the ER diagram above, we know that there are a total of 7 attributes in Feedback entity This entity facilitates the capability to keep track of comments or suggestions issued by the user. The attributes include the user id, feedback id, comments and suggestions issued, and others comments on website conditions, news, information, service provided, and facilities in website.

Assessing Project Feasibility

Project feasibility assessment is essential for all information system development projects where a wide range of factors consisting economic, technical, operational, schedule, legal and contractual, and political feasibility are evaluated.

3.6.1 Assessing Economic Feasibility

Economic feasibility assessment is carried out in order to identify the financial benefit and cost associated with the development project. It is often referred to as cost-benefit analysis. Meaningful comparisons between projects can be made through the finding obtained from the cost-benefit analysis as the project is received to decode whether to continue, redirect or stop a project.

3.6.1.1 Determining Project Benefits

***The values here may be different with the real values of online newspaper website, since the proposal system is our designing.

3.6.1.1.1 Tangible Benefits

Tangible benefit is a benefit derived from the creation of an information system that can be measured in dollars and with certainty. Most tangible benefits will fit within the following categories: -

Cost reduction and avoidance

Error reduction

Increased speed of activity

Improvement of management planning and control

Opening new news parts and increasing advertising and investment in website.

TANGIBLE BENEFITS WORKSHEET

NPMS Year 1 trough 5

A. Cost reduction and avoidance RM 30,000

B. Error reduction RM 15,000

C. Increased flexibility RM 20,000

D. Increased speed of activity RM 20,000

E. Improvement in management planning or control RM 15,000

F. Other RM 0

TOTAL tangible benefits RM 100,000

Figure: Tangible benefits for NPMS

3.6.1.1.2 Intangible benefits

Intangible benefits refer to a benefit derived from the creation of an information system that cannot be measured in dollars and with certainty. These intangibles will be concluded as apart of tangible benefits as we are not able to measure them as tangibles through the first stage of SDLC. Intangible benefits can be reviewed as the following: -

More timely information.

Increased organizational flexibility.

Ability to investigate more alternative.

Faster decision-making.

Improved asset utilization.

Improved resource control.

3.6.1.2 Determining Project Costs

3.6.1.2.1 Tangible costs

Tangible costs refer to cost that associated with an information system that can be measured in dollars and with certainty. Alternatively intangible costs cannot be easily measured in terms of dollars or with certainty.

IS-related development costs can also be distinguished as either one time or recurring besides tangible and intangible costs. One-time costs refer to those associated with project initiation and development and the start up system such as system development, new hardware and software purchases, user training, site preparation and data system conversion. Recurring costs refer to those costs resulting from the ongoing evolution and use of the system such as the following:

Application software maintenance.

Incremental data storage expense.

Incremental communications.

New software and hardware leases.

Supplies and other expenses (for example, paper, forms, data center personnel)

ONE-TIME COSTS WORKSHEET

news paper Management System Year 0

A. Software development costs RM 5,000

B. Hardware RM 50, 000

C. Packaged application software RM 15, 000

D. Employee training RM 0

Total one-time costs RM 70, 000

Figure: One-time cost for NPMS

RECURRING COSTS WORKSHEET

news paper Management System Year 0A. Application software maintenance RM 5, 000

B. Incremental data storage RM 5, 000

C. New software or hardware leases RM 0

D. Supplies RM 15, 000

Total recurring costs RM 25,000

Figure: Recurring Cost for NPMS

Year 0

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Year 4

Year 5

Totals

Net Economic Benefit

RM0

RM100,000

RM100,000

RM100,000

RM100,000

RM100,000

Discount Rate

0.10

1.0000

0.909090

0.826446

0.751314

0.683013

0.620921

PV of Benefits

RM0

RM90,909

RM82,645

RM75,131

RM68,301

RM62,092

NPV of all Benefits

RM0

RM90,909

RM173,554

RM248,685

RM316,986

RM379,078

RM379,078

One-Time Costs

(RM70,000)

Recurring Costs

RM0

RM25,000

RM25,000

RM25,000

RM25,000

RM25,000

Discount Rate

0.10

1.000

0.9091

0.8265

0.7513

0.6830

0.6209

PV of Recurring Costs

RM0

RM22,728

RM20,663

RM18,783

RM17,075

RM15,523

NPV of all Costs

RM70,000

RM92,728

RM113,391

RM132,174

RM149,245

RM164,772

RM164,772

Overall NPV

RM214,306

Overall ROI

1.3

Break-even Analysis

Yearly NPV Cash Flow

RM70,000

RM63,181

RM61,982

RM56,348

RM51,226

RM46,569

Overall NPV Cash Flow

RM70,000

RM1,819

RM60,163

RM116,511

RM167,741

RM214,306

Figure 33-Cost Benefit Analysis

Discount rate

Discount rate is a rate of return used to compute the present value of future cash flow. It is the rate in which money can be borrowed or invested and it is called cost of capital. A simple formula can be used when figuring out the present value (PV), the current value of a future cash flow.

1___

(1+ i)n

PVn = Y * [ ] ]]]]

Where PVn is the present value of Y dollars n years from now when i is the discount rate. In order to calculate the net present value (NPV), simply add the calculated present values previously.

The overall return on investment (ROI) is very useful for making project comparisons on an economic basis.

Break-even Ratio = Yearly NPV Cash Flow – Overall NPV Cash Flow

Yearly NPV Cash Flow

= RM 63,181 – RM 1,819

RM 63,181

= 0.9712

3.6.2 Technical Feasibility

Technical feasibility provides the means of assessing the development organization’s ability to construct a proposed system in order to minimize any encountered risks through the assessment of potential risk. Project risks assessment factors consists of the following:

3.6.2.1 Project size

Large project are usually riskier than small projects. Project size relates to the relative project size that the development group is familiar working with which involves number of members on the project team, project duration time, number of organizational department involved in project, and size of programming effort.

3.6.2.2 Project structure

A system in which the requirements are easily obtained and highly structured will be less risky than one in which requirements are messy, ill structured, ill-defined, or subject to the judgment of an individual. It involves the management commitment to the system, amount of user information in system development effort, organizational, procedural, structural, or personnel changes resulting from system, and it also involves user perception to participate in effort.

3.6.2.3 Development group

The development of a system will become less risky for those who utilizing commonly used or standard technology compare to those who one employing novel or nonstandard technology. It involves the familiarity with the target-hardware, software development environment, tools, and operating system, familiarity with proposed application area and familiarity with building similar systems of similar size.

3.6.2.4 User group

A project is less risky when the user groups are familiar with the system development process and application area than if unfamiliar. It involves with the information systems development process, familiarity with proposed application area, and familiarity with using similar systems.

3.6.3 Operational Feasibility

The degree to which a proposed system solves business problems or take advantage of business opportunities will be assessed under the operational feasibility. It involves justifying the project on the basis of being consistent with or necessary for accomplishing the IS plan. Analysis of proposed system affecting the organizational structures and procedures is conducted to gain better understanding of how an IS will fit into the current day-to-day operation of the organization.

3.6.4 Schedule Feasibility

Assessment of the degree to which the potential time frame and completion dates for all major activities within a project meet the organizational deadlines and constraints for affecting change will be necessary after each phase. Assessing schedule feasibility during project initiation and planning is more of a "rough-cut" analysis of whether the system can be completed within the constraints of the business opportunity or the desires of the users.

3.6.5 Legal and Contractual Feasibility

It is a process of assessing potential legal and contractual ramifications due to the construction of a system. Possible consideration might include copyright or nondisclosure infringements, labor laws, antitrust legislation, foreign trade regulations and financial reporting standards as well as current for pending contractual obligations. Contractual obligations may involve ownership of software used in joint ventures, and license agreements for use of hardware or software.

3.6.6 Political feasibility

It is a process of evaluating how key stakeholders within the organization view the proposed system. Those stakeholders not supporting the project may take steps to block disrupt or change the intended focus of the project.

As a conclusion, numerous feasibility issues must be considered during the project planning. System analyst is responsible in providing a thorough examination of the items being assessed to ensure that a project review committee obtaining as much information necessary for the final project approval decision.

4 Project Management

4.1 Team Management

In order to develop the System Analysis and Design project, we formed a development team consist of four individual members where each of us is assigned different tasks in order to carry out the project in a systematic way. Group members are allowed to generate their own opinions, ideas and appropriate suggestion concerning the project. Decisions, solution on problems and alternatives are determined through the group discussion approach. Meetings are carried out regularly to communicate the project among group members. Moreover, we divide our jobs equally where everybody gained their role in each of the project phase.

Conclusion

This system that we have created which is NPMS is still very new and under development. This system was initially created due to overcome the problems in the website as been stated in the previous topic. Even though NPMS managed to overcome this problem, but this system need to be develop for the future purpose because there is a possibility of new problems will occur and it might dampen the system. So we as the manager, programmers, system analysts, end user and others do not want this catastrophic event to occur.

We have decided that NPMS is an ongoing evolution system. NPMS is a system that evolved in the future to provide better services to the online website user and staffs. So, further of process of coding, testing, and installation will be done in the system development of the NPMS. But, to achieve this goal, we need to have the work habits, beliefs, interrelationship, and personal goal of organization’s members. Other than that, we must be attuned to key aspects of our organizational context, such as history, politics, and environmental demands- aspects can lead implementation failure if it is ignored.

User/viewer is our main priority, their demands have to fulfill because it determine the website development. In the future, we decide that NPMS will meet the user criteria in terms of better efficient service, solve problems and user-friendly system. Other than that, NPMS will be implemented all over the organization and serve as platform for our staff to handle their work. To achieve this goal, we will send staffs to undergo training skills to use the NPMS in the future.

However, online newspaper website as a basic website, and by accepting our proposed system is not a poor and inefficient system, while you can find its power on its website.

Bibliography/ Reference

Hoffer, J.A, George, J.F, Valacich, J.S "Modern System Analysis And Design", 3rd Ed., Prentice- Hall International, Inc, New Jersey,2002, 704 pages

Bratko,I," Prolog Programming for Artificial Intelligence", 3rd Ed., Addison-Wesley ,England, 2001,678 pages

Stair, R.M, Reynolds, G.W, "Principles of Information System", 5rd Ed., Course Technology Thomson Learning, United States Of America, 2001, 616 pages

Savitch,W, "Problem Solving With C++ Object Oriented of Programming" 2rd Ed.,

Addison Wesley, University of California, San Diego, 1999, 913pages

Gunders,J, "Routers and Routing", Cisco,

http://www.cisco.com

http://www.cisco.netacad.net

http://www.tomshardware/router.com