Mobile Adhoc Network Is An Emerging Technology

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

Chapter 2

Mobile ad-hoc network is an emerging technology that provides support to self-organizing mobile networking infrastructures that follows a dynamic topology. The nodes in a mobile ad-hoc network act as a host and as a router too to route the packets from source to destination. The node which is in range of the sending node can easily get the data from sender using the simple phenomenon but for the nodes which are out of the range of the sending node has to follow the principle of relaying. The sender uses various intermediate nodes to transfer data to the destination. A lot of research is going on Mobile ad-hoc networks and the routing protocols that are used on MANET.

In 1999, M. Scott Corson and Joseph Macker had worked on an internet based mobile ad-hoc networks. They carried out the research to analyze that how this technology can be used for future commercial and military application. The research gives the long term rationale of the use of internet based protocols approach in wireless networks. The research defines the significance of the Mobile ad-hoc networks and their relationship to the existing networks. The IP based approach for the wireless networks is discussed in which a MANET containing two wireless networks and their logical union is done by forming a router fabric which is very useful for its successful operation. Authors in their research also explain the future quality of service aspects of this technology [9].

In 2003, Imrich Chlamtac , Marco Conti and Jenifer Liu of university of Dallas, USA had research on the imperatives and challenges in the mobile ad-hoc networks. The research helps us to know about the advancement going on in the mobile ad-hoc networks and how these are fulfilling the user needs. Authors in their research also explained about 4G and Ad-hoc networks. He explained in the study that how wireless networks can reduce the cost for network build out and maintenance [8]. In it researchers had discussed the architecture of MANET and the middleware and other applications used in the implementation of MANET.

The Challenging thing in a MANET is to provide energy efficient routes as mobile nodes operation times is very critical on this issue Chansu Yu, Cleveland State University, Ben Lee, Oregon State University, Hee Yong Youn, Sungkyunkwan University in 2003 has done a thorough research. The Proactive and Reactive routing protocols have been explained briefly. The brief discussion on On-Demand routing Technique has been done in the research. The phenomenon to reduce energy required for the nodes are also discussed which helps in preserving energy and also the methods mentioned in the research are transmission power control and sleep/power-down methods are discussed. The models used in transmission power control i.e. constant power model and variable power model are briefly explained in the research. The load operation approach used to minimize the power requirement of the nodes has been explained in the research which gives great idea about how the energy requirement for the nodes can be minimized [7].

In M. Abolhasan, J. Lipman and T.A. Wysock in 2004 has laid there study on Load Balanced Route Discovery for mobile ad-hoc network [3]. In their research, they laid their emphasis on the load balancing strategy to enhance the performance of protocols in mobile ad-hoc networks. In their research they presented a Flow-Aware Routing Protocol which is a new routing strategy designed to improve load balancing and scalability in mobile ad hoc networks. Flow-Aware Routing Protocol is a hop-by-hop routing protocol and introduces a flow-aware route discovery strategy to reduce the number of control overheads. They worked to minimize the control overhead propagating through the network and distribute the flow of data through least congested nodes. The research investigates the load distribution capability of Flow-Aware Routing to measure the data packet flow distribution capability of the each routing protocol. The authors represented their simulation results obtained illustrating that Flow-Aware Routing Protocol achieves high levels of throughput and reduces the level of control overheads during route discovery and distributes the network load more evenly. Their research also describes a number of Alternative strategies and improvements for the Flow-Aware Routing Protocol.

Nicklas Beijar of Helsinki University of technology 2007, Finland has taken the study further by taking approach known as Zone Routing which is capable to route packets to the destination which is not in the range of the sender. The emphasis is laid on the fact that the topology of the MANET’s is dynamic and change whenever there is departure of a node or due to the arrival of a new node. The research tells us how the zone routing protocol works, the research exhibits the working of the zone routing protocol in which it divides the nodes into Zones, whenever the packet has to be transferred from one zone to another, the node of first zone which is connected to the node of the second zone is responsible for the transfer. These two nodes maintain the routing information of the Zones and also exchange the information between them whenever there is change in the topology [6].

Thomas Hiede Clausen of National Institute of Computer Science in France in the year 2007 laid his research on Mobile Ad-hoc Networks architecture models. The architecture models in MANET are described thoroughly by the author. This research describes a common misperception concerning Mobile Ad-hoc Networks and their underlying network architecture when integrating with the IP architectures. Research provides details about the consequences of this misperception including breaking compatibility with existing applications and protocols and also offers an architectural model for Mobile Ad-hoc networks which integrates Mobile Ad-hoc networks into the IP networking architecture and encapsulates the Mobile Ad-hoc networks specific behavior in a way transparent to existing applications [27]. The research also shows how the presented Mobile Ad-hoc networks architectural model fits with Mobile Ad-hoc networks deployment scenarios.

In 2008, Luo Junhai, Xue Liu, Ye Danxia had done research on the multicast routing in Mobile ad-hoc network. The techniques like flooding the packets to all the nodes are also explained in the research. The paper throws light on Tree, Mesh and hybrid routing protocols used for multicast in MANET. Evaluating capacity, architecture and location for multicast routing protocols have been explained briefly. The proactive and reactive routing protocols have been explained and the quality of service of these protocols has been discussed thoroughly [16]. The performance criteria used in the measurement of quality of services is based on the user parameters and configurations like control overhead, average delay and throughput, the second parameter used is comparing all the multicast routing protocols.

In the Year 2008, M. Tamilarasi and T.G. Palanivelu laid there research work on Integrated Energy Aware Mechanism for MANET. The authors presented an energy aware phenomenon for MANET as the energy is a big issue in mobile ad-hoc networks. The research describes that mobile ad-hoc networks are multi-hop wireless networks and nodes in the network maintain connectivity of the network cooperatively and also in such a multi-hop wireless environment each node performs routing so as to achieve communications between all the nodes in the network. The authors described that the Mobile ad-hoc environment has limited energy and operates on limited battery life and to maximize lifetime of the networks the energy of the entire network should be consumed sensibly. The authors in also describes a mechanism involving the integration of load balancing approach and transmission power control approach in order to maximize the life-span of mobile ad-hoc networks. The researchers applied this mechanism on Ad hoc On-demand Vector (AODV) protocol to make it as energy aware. The researchers carried out the simulation GloMoSim2.03 simulator. According to the results the mechanism proposed by the authors reduces the average required transmission energy per packet compared to the existing AODV [18].

Jinhua Zhu and Xin Wang, the members of IEEE had researched on the models and protocols for energy efficient routing in MANET. The minimum energy routing protocols have discussed and there types i.e. MTTP, MTTCP and MTRTP have also been thoroughly explained. They explained a new energy consumption model in the research for wireless networks. The four frame exchange model for energy efficient routing protocols have been explained and its working is also provided. The parameters like cost of link and mechanism for route maintenance is briefly explained in the paper. The performances of the routing protocols have been measure on the factors like number of nodes and connection duration and maximum and minimum speeds [14].

In 2009 Hoa Jatao, Zhao Jingjing and Li Minglu Chongquing University in China examined the Energy Level and Link State Aware AODV Route Request Forwarding in mobile ad-hoc networks. The researchers examined Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and stated that it provides scalable and effective solution for packet routing in mobile wireless ad hoc networks and the path generated by this protocol may derivate far from optimal because of inconsideration of node and the load unbalance and link state which is resulting in energy consumption of each nods is imbalanced and reduce the lifetime of the networks. The researchers based on the basic AODV protocols discussed an improved protocol in the paper. The author in the paper described the working of the newly stated protocol. The researchers newly stated protocol works as when the protocol is selecting a route the node power, the status of load and link state between nodes are all considered and then the routing decisions are made. The researchers proposed protocol can improve the performance of the network to a great extent. Authors also discussed the simulation that were performed on NS2 and it is confirmed that the improved AODV protocol has higher lower end to end delay, package delivery fraction and low routing overhead than the standard AODV routing protocol [13].

Min Chen and Yong Yuan of University of British Columbia in the year 2009 have researched in reliable and efficient routing protocols in wireless networks. In their research they had shown how the routing protocols in wireless packets find their route to route the packet to the destination. They discussed the dead end problem in their research in which the node does not have any connection to any other node and the packet transfer can’t takes palace. Thus they have measures the performance of the routing protocols used in wireless networks on the basis of end to end delay, average packet fraction and control overhead parameters [19].

In 2010, Ajit Singh, Harshit Tiwari, Alok Vajpayee, Shiva Parkash, studied the challenges in the Mobile ad-hoc Networks and the routing protocols used in MANETs. In their research they discussed the energy efficient routing protocols used in MANET. The proactive and reactive has been thoroughly discussed. Hybrid and location based routing is also explained in their research. Signal stability based adaptive routing protocol is also explained in it in which the power is the main metric [4]. They concluded in the study that the power is the main concern in the MANET and the performance of the network depends on various factors like average delay, routing overhead and control information.

In the Year 2011 Nishant Gupta and Samir Das from Bethesda in USA worked on Energy Aware on Demand Routing for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. They laid their main concentration on conserving energy which is big constraint in wireless networks. The On demand routing protocols for ad hoc networks discover and maintain routes based on a lazy approach. The researchers described these protocols as these are attractive for their low routing overheads. The authors proposed a technique to make these protocols energy-aware in order to increase the operational lifetime of ad-hoc network where nodes batteries cannot be recharged. The researchers later described their technique in which they used a new routing cost metric which is a function of the remaining battery level in each node on a route. They explained the idea of the cost metric to be able to route around the nodes that are running low in battery for which alternate routes could be available. The researchers in addition explained how the rerouting is done proactively when any node en route starts running low on battery. The mechanism saves energy by switching off the radio interfaces dynamically during the periods when the nodes are in idle state. The authors later described and discussed the simulation results using AODV protocol showing how these techniques results in a major improvement of the energy budget of the network as a whole resulting in increased operational life time of the network [20].

Fotino Marco and Rango De Florianoin [12] the year 2011 laid their research on the Energy Issues and Energy Aware Routing in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks. They belong to the University of Calabria which is located in Italy. They explained the issues in mobile ad-hoc networks. The main issues they discussed in their research are the energy issues, scalability issues and quality of service (QoS). Later they discussed the energy-aware protocols usually implement only energy-wise metrics. They proposed an improvement on this general approach is the inclusion of the speed with which burns the battery out. They researched on energy drain rate and got that the energy drain rate is helpful in stopping a node from powering down. This is due to deviating traffic when a certain threshold is reached and hence is very useful phenomenon. They discussed the load at each node and in its neighbors is an indicator of the energy to be consumed for transmitting packets by a particular node in the network. Also they discussed how the enhancement accounts for the shared nature of the radio as a medium. Fatino Marco and Rango De Floriano also stated the network tasks in which each node is involved are a main item in the battery budget so the network tasks should be managed efficiently. The outcome of the research stated that when this item is considered along with the current energy state of a node this can regulate the speed of energy consumption of the nodes in the network.

Dr. R.B. Patel in 2012, a researcher in mobile ad-hoc network, has thoroughly described the Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) Routing Protocol in MANET. In his research he described the properties of DSDV. In this he explained the link state routing and distance vector routing and the problems associated with them. He also explained that how the loops are formed in the network and the problems thus arises. He also compared the old loop formation with newer loop formation mechanism. The research gives the knowledge hoe the routing information in the form of routing tables is maintained. The example how a node updates its routing table is given which shows the complete mechanism how a change in topology results in change of routing table [11].

In middle of year 2012 Pinki nayak, Rekha Aggarwal and SeemaVerma have done a research in energy efficient routing in Mobile Ad-hoc Network. As in earlier studies the main consideration in energy efficient routing is the power metrics. They worked to reduce the energy consumption of the node during transferring a packet. They also explained the transmission control approach which uses power Aware Localized Routing, Smallest Common Power Routing and flow Augmentation Routing [21]. The methods that can save energy of the nodes are discussed in the research which leads to increase the life of the network.

Curt Schurgers and Mani B. Srivastava of University of California at Los Angeles had laid down their research in wireless networks in which they discussed about the various routing protocols used in these types of networks. Their main emphasis is on energy efficient routing strategy for which they have discussed energy optimal routing scheme in which he explained how the optimal traffic scheduling can be helpful in the networks where the energy is main metric. In their research they also discussed the network traffic spreading in which the techniques like Stochastic Scheme, Energy-Based Scheme and Stream-Based Schemes are discussed thoroughly [10].

The Comparison between DSR, DSDV and AODV has been analyzed by Shrikant Upadhyay, Pankaj Joshi, Neha Gandotra and Aditi Kumari of Dehradun institute of technology in the year 2012. In their research they used the network simulator tool to analyze the performance of the above mentioned protocols and then they deduced differences between them from the outcomes. The researchers has discussed that routing in MANET is a critical task due to highly dynamic environment as the topology changes whenever there is change in network geography. They stated that the routing protocol is needed whenever a packet needs to be transmitted to destination via number of nodes and numerous routing protocols have been proposed and are existing. They discussed in their paper to judge the impact of both reactive as well proactive type protocols by increasing the density of nodes in the network. They keep the source node fixed and move the destination node and also keep the destination node fixed and move source node, vice versa. They evaluated the performance of the routing protocol are analyzed to improve and select efficient routing protocol for network setup. They carried out their research on the performance metrics which includes end to end delay, packet delivery fraction and the packet loss [25].

Jun Liu, Xiaoyan Hong has researched on Traffic Aware energy efficient routing protocol for wireless networks. They belong to Department of Computer Science in University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa. The researchers introduce an online load balanced energy aware routing protocol for large-scale wireless networks. They proposed a protocol designed namely Traffic-Aware Energy Efficient routing protocol which exploits traffic load information in addition to power residue levels to optimize the load distribution of the entire network and thus provide the longer lifetime to the network. They proposed an algorithm for adaptively computing the best parameter for TAEE. Later they discussed how to better accommodate larger scale wireless networks. They also explained that how the TAEE protocol can be adapted to include a random grouping scheme which implements hierarchical routing to reduce computation and routing overhead and also maintains energy of the network effectively [15]. Researchers also discussed the simulation results which gives us clear cut idea that the TAEE protocol generates better performance in terms of network lifetime compared with the leading power-aware routing protocols in wireless networks.

In early 2012, Tanupreet Singh, Shiavni Dua and Vikrant Das have done research regarding the energy efficient routing protocols in MANET. In the paper they briefly discussed the flat routing protocols. The properties of proactive and reactive routing protocols are given and their difference is also explained. In their research they took three protocols whose performance they are measuring on the parameters like average delay, control overhead, packet delivery fraction. They briefly showed how the three protocols i.e. Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocols works. The brief knowledge is given how these protocols maintain their routing information so as to interact with other nodes on the network [26].

Rohit Sharma and Sangeeta Sharma has researched and proposed an Energy Efficient Approach based on AODV. The result is purely based on on-demand routing protocol AODV. The concept of setting up the threshold value of energy for each node in the network is discussed in the research. The authors briefly discussed the approach which is based on AODV routing protocol in which it uses a load balancing technique to save the energy of the network. The authors discussed the threshold value concept which comprises of a Thresh hold value (Th) which is fixed for each node on the network and when the energy (Ei) of the node goes beyond the threshold value (Th) that node is not further used for transfer of data. The research shows that in AODV if in route reply message contains the node whose value is less than the Th value than the AODV will not follow the route and finds the other route which is optimal than the path in route reply message and by this the node with less energy will not be used unless higher Th value nodes are available hence saves the node from getting down saves the network from a dynamic change of topology. The researchers depict that when energy Ei in a node i is lower than a predefined threshold level the node does not forward the route request control message and simply drops it thus saves energy and network life [23].

In the year 2012 Mohit Kumar and Rashmi Mishra has researched on History, Challenges and Applications of MANET. They belong to Amity University in India and laid there research in mobile ad-hoc networks to examine the challenges of mobile ad-hoc networks. The researchers also discussed the applications of the wireless mobile ad-hoc networks. The researchers shared that Ad-hoc environment concept is not new and have been used in different forms for more than two decades. The discussion covers the aspects of tactical networks which is being the only networking aspects that follows the ad-hoc mechanisms. Authors later discussed the emergence of new applications like Bluetooth, wireless applications and Hyper LAN which are helping in commercial MANET deployments outside the military domain and such kind of evolutions occurred recently have been growing interest in the research and the development of mobile ad-hoc networks. The authors later discussed in the paper comprehensive overview is provided of this emerging field which explains the mobile ad hoc networks role that can result in invention of future applications and then the latest activities going on in wireless networking area which includes applications, capabilities, characteristics and design constraints of mobile ad-hoc networks. The research paper later presents the latest challenges and also the applications of mobile ad-hoc networks [17].

R. V. Kumar and Wahida Banu in the past year 2012 have proposed an E2AODV protocol for Load Balancing in Ad-Hoc Networks. They belong to Government Engineering College in Tamil Naidu in India. In their research they carried out on study which presents a scheme to balance the load with energy efficiency considering both congestion and the nodes energy usage of the nodes of the network. They discussed threshold value concept which was used to judge if intermediate node was overloaded and changing along with nodes interface queue length around the backward path. The researches gave the name E2AODV to the routing protocol called Energy Efficient Ad hoc on Demand Vector (E2AODV) that is intended to provide a reliable transmission with low energy consumption was compared with Ad-hoc on Demand Vector (AODV) in terms of the packet delivery ratio and average end to end delay also with load distribution and node energy consumption of the protocol [22]. They suggested in the research that the E2AODV protocol chooses an optimum path with low energy usage which enhances the network life and it provides a better scheme to balance the load with energy efficiency and packet delivery ratio.

In the year 2012, Akhilesh Tripathi and Rakesh Kumar laid their research on a modified Energy Constrained Based protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks. They discussed in the paper that Mobile ad hoc networks are collection of mobile devices connected by wireless links to perform some computational tasks and this temporary arrangement does not have any infrastructure hence lacking in permanent source of energy and so as to fulfill this requirement these independent mobile devices are entirely battery dependent. The researcher’s aim of this paper is to design and evaluate the performance of an energy aware routing protocol called Modified Energy Constraint Protocol Based on AODV which is derived from AODV protocol which is a reactive routing protocol. The proposed protocol is based on the remaining energy of intermediate nodes to maintain the connectivity of the network as long as possible so as to save the network from dynamic changes [5]. Later authors discussed the various consequences obtained using the Network Simulator NS-2 demonstrates how little changes in the principle of the AODV protocol can competently balance the energy utilization among mobile devices of the network which increases the network life.

In the year 2013, Rohit Sharma and Sangeeta Sharma researched on reactive routing protocols and presented a simulation and performance Analysis of Reactive Routing protocols. In their research the discussed the various aspects of reactive routing protocols. The main aim of the paper was to discuss the working of two reactive routing protocols AODV and DSR. The later section in the paper also discusses the metric on which the simulation of these protocols is carried out and the performance of theses routing protocols are compared. The paper also discusses the complete working of reactive routing protocols and also the various aspects of mobile ad-hoc networks are discussed. The study explains that devices in the network can communicate with another node that is immediately within their radio range or one that is outside their range of the transmitting node and the intermediate node is used to relay or forward the packet from the source to the destination in the network. Authors explained that Ad-hoc Network is a self-organizing and self-configuring wireless network which is a temporary network established without the aid of stand-alone infrastructure and the topology of an ad-hoc network changes dynamically which due to departure or arrival of a node. The paper also states that nodes in mobile ad-hoc network acts as host as well as routers that routes the packets to the destination node and the mobile ad-hoc network is established for a single session and it does not require router of a base station [23]. Authors in their research examined two Reactive Routing protocols and compared them on various performance metrics. Protocols that have to be examined are Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV). Researchers laid their emphasis more on the energy consumption by these protocols to transfer the data from the source to destination and various other factors have also been examined in this paper based on which we come to know which protocol can be used according to our requirements and produces better results in different network conditions. Researchers compared the protocols are on the basis of throughput, energy consumption, average end to end delay and the packet delivery fraction. The authors have shown in the results that the AODV performs better than DSR routing protocol in all the above stated performance metrics [24].