M2m Applications Smart Homes

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

For instance we may think of energy providers that use dynamically changing energy prices to influence the overall energy consumption in a way that smoothens load peaks. An automation logic may optimize power consumption cost throughout the day by observing when the prices which one provided by an external web service and are set according to current energy production and consumption are cheap and by considering the specific requirements of each appliances at home [43] Machines/Devices are normally small and inexpensive which puts several constraints in M2M communication, including energy consumption, storage and bandwidth. These constraints pose a number of unique challenges in the design of Home M2M networks to achieve a highly connected, efficient and reliable home. Interference, channel dynamic, resoyse constraints, device heterogeneity, self organization, quality of service and security [44] E-health care: Time is crucial when dealing with acute disease such as heart disease and stroke.

Accordingly to WHO estimates, 16.7 million people around the globe die of cardiovascular disease each year [45]. The WHO estimates that 75 percent of the 300 million adults diabetics in 2005 lived in developing countries[46]. It is projected that the number of people with diabetics in developed countries will rise 42 percent from 51 million in 1995 to 72 million in 2025[47]. These analyses gives the actual scenarios for the requirement of E- healthcare system.

Many patients life could be saved if they retransferred quickly to hospital and receive immediate treatment and expeditious care. Many approaches have been developed to reduce the fatalities due to acute diseases such as angioplasty. Life saving defibrillators installed in proper area.

Recently Body area networks (BANs) are emerging and envisioned to be a promising approach to helping improve health care by efficient monitoring patient health and disease progression [48].In BAN, sensors are deployed within the body to monitor physiological condition of the health care provider in remote area by internet or any other wireless technology without seeing their physically in person [49, 50].There are many types of E-health care applications discussing below: Remote patient monitoring: Obtain heart rate, blood glucose level and other bodily functional parameters through a wide area network Home care /assisted living: remotely monitor the safely and well being of people needing care and assistance. Monitor and send reminders to patients for daily activities, such as tracking system.

Treat or assist patients through video consultation Asset Tracking: Track high value assets such as intravenous pumps, wheel chairs and stretchers within hospital, Tag medications with RFID to eliminate errors in hospitals when administrating medications. Fleet Management: Smart cars, Trains, Bicycles along with roads and/or roads are becoming more attached with sensors, actuators and processing power.

Roads themselves and transported goods are equipped with sensors and send the important information to the driver or service providers as traffic information, whether forecast. Below the main application in the transportation, fleet management ,Vehicle maintenance infotainment ,Theft prevention, Emergency call support, Navigation, Toll, Asset tracking. Fleet management: Ascertain location of vehicles, send group dispatch notification to a group of vehicles regarding certain incidents in the neighborhood, and collect statistics from vehicles regarding usages and maintenance. Vehicle maintenance: Obtain various operating parameters from the vehicle for the purpose of proactively diagnosing mechanical issues. Push software upgrade to vehicle, thus avoiding expensive recalls to the car dealers Car dealers can push reminders and special deals to vehicle owners for routine maintenance or promotional offer Electric vehicle charging –related application such as providing location of charging stations, managing the charging process and parameters in the car if any ,and generating relevant records for billing purpose. Insurance: Remotely monitor location and usages data and driver behavior data to provide different insurance primitives to reflect different profiles of drivers. Navigation: Optimize routing obtain based on specific criteria and provide direction and information of surrounding areas, including points of interest. Almost all transportation application involves the use of commercial cellular networks due to the inherent mobility requirement of vehicular communications.

Typically a modem is embedded in the vehicle that uses mobile communications in order to connect to the application server in the network. Smart grid: Smart Grid is a new concept of technology in the context of M2M communication.

Smart grid is consists of idea towards the connectivity model of millions of smart meters .It is a technology where smart meters are expected not to require human intervention in characterizing power requirements and energy distribution. Change of Line –An electric grid having smart capability allows the power providers, distributors and consumers to maintain near-real –time awareness of one another’s operating requirements and capabilities.

through this awareness ,Smart Grid is able to produce ,distribute and consume power in the most efficient and intelligent way There are three task forces have been created for IEEE P2030 SG standards .These three task forces are dedicated to standarderization of power engineering ,information and technologies, respectively[51] Analysis predicts that the M2M market will have more than 85 million connections globally by 2012[2] Smart metering system allows the real time collection of various data from meters such as those that provides temperature, energy consumption or pollution level.

In the smart metering, the M2M device is configured to schedule periodic reporting of meter data, for example every 3 hours the smart meter will report the metering information to the M2M server Two possible solution for the periodic reporting have been adopted in current deployments: Sms Solution- the meter data is reported using sms GPRS solution – a GPRS bearer is establish and then used to report the meter data over TCP/IP. Architecture [Source:ETSI ] toward intelligent M2M communication .the communication architecture for low distribution networks divided into one of the networks: The neighbourhood area network(NAN), building area networks (BAN), and home area networks(HAN),for simplicity ,eas DS is considered to cover only one neighbor zone .Each NAN can be considered to be composed of a number of BAN. On the other hand every BAN contains a number of apartment are shown to have their respective LANs, each of which is referred to as a HAN.

The smart meters are used in NANs, BANs and HANs are referred to as NAN GWs, BAN GWs and HAN GWs respectively. Another example of smart telemeter related to gas tank monitoring system as used in some energy company .The use of MNO networks allows for increased worker security ,as well as high degree of operational efficiency .Real time monitoring of gas tank level communication module that is installed in the gas tank level meter. M2M Smart Warrior System: A study published by IDATE earlier this year assures that an important part of the recent market growth in M2M satellite communications was caused, among other things, by the increase of its use in military applicationsAcknowledging the potential of GPS-based M2M and wireless sensor networks to coordinate military operations, the militaries of many countries are using them in many critical operations. The U.S.

Army currently employs a system called Blue Force Tracker (BFT), which provides a commander with real-time feed of the soldier’s location and allows tracking individual units. Providing information in real time of the location of something or somebody is important when you are running a business, but when your life or the life of your comrades is on the line, it is vital to be able to rely on a superior tracking solution. Projects such as Future Force Warrior aim to integrate not only tracking technology, but also monitoring of biometric readings of the soldiers to know their status at every moment. Among the data provided would be body and skin temperature, heart rate, and hydration levels. From securing intel to taking care of soldiers. On September 2012, the site AOL Defense published an article describing a series of information and intelligence management problems that NATO forces were experiencing in the campaign of Libya. In the article, interviewee US Air Force Lt. Gen.

Frank Gorenc, suggested that the solution to avoid similar future problems might be to "develop systems that allow for the machine-to-machine transfer of data". Providing secure data channels is one of the challenges of using M2M military applications. There are companies specialized in military-grade secure M2M communications. However, there are many more potential uses on the theater of operations. Military transportation is a sector in which M2M could make great improvements.

Fleet management and connected vehicle solutions similar to the civilian counterparts, may enable vehicle diagnostics.M2M border warrior is the concept where we can control the whole the area without human –that may be the real innovation in the field of M2M communication. Training might be an interesting application as well: sensors capturing biometric readings might be useful to know if recruits can handle the physical demands of the training, or for monitoring injured soldiers. In the end, the military applications are not very different of the civilian ones.

The purpose may be saving life instead of being profitable, but the key still is improving the efficiency. Despite the tremendous benefits of M2M communication, M2M communication still in its infancy and faces many technical issues – Energy efficiency, Govt. Reorganization, Reliability of protocol, Software development issues, Security and privacy .We have taken efforts to fulfill requirement of research issues of M2M in following section. Despite the tremendous benefits and advantages of M2M communication have many technical challenges. For the deployment of M2M communication these challenges must be resolved.

These challenges includes : Energy relaed isssues related to maintain our surrounding Green, Cost related issues –technology for everyone, Security,Privecy and reliability issues- for some types of real time application thsese issues are very precious viz in E-healthcare system. In the following we have taken effort to cover almost these issues VII. Efficiency And Reliability IN M2M Communication Although many current and rapidly growing M2M communication system may have unique features ,most M2M communication systems are generally organized in a similar architecture to that shown in fig(1).

With the following common characteristics: a large no of M2M nodes deployed in M2M domain to collect the sensed useful information and transmit these sensed information to the Application domain via network domain. These common characteristics can benefits the users from fast growing M2M communication system: however yield the requirement to fulfill the criteria for Energy efficiency, Security, privacy, Cost-effectiveness and reliability. For successfully deployment of M2M communication these requirement must be satisfied.

In this paper we have discussed requirements of Energy efficiency, Reliability, Cost effectiveness on node level, network Level and efforts has been made to propose a Methodology for an Efficient and Reliable M2M communication. Energy Efficiency We need Energy-Efficient system in order to protect our environment cope with global warming and facilitate sustainable development .However telecommunication data volume Increases approximately by an order of 10 every five years, Which result in increase of the associated energy consumption by approximately 16-20 percent per annum [52] For instance in Japan N/W power consumption in 2025 is predicted 15 times the 2006 level .Especially due to anticipated increase in traffic volume with broadcast services and machine to machine communication bursty traffic originating from cloud computing [53].Information and Communication Technology usages has grown at a staging rate worldwide with an estimate 6 billion users in 2007[54].

Every year ,120.000 new base station are deployed servicing 400 million new mobile subscribers around world [55].The impact is compounded by the incredible growth of M2M Communication in the developing world turns to wireless as a medium to leapfrog past traditional Communication .Remote sites prevent in developing regions often rely on insufficient diesel generators for power ,expanding communication’s carbon footprint at an at an even higher rate .A low power urban cell site requires 3KW of power (70-80 KWH of energy for 24-hour operation) and generates an estimated 11 tons of carbon dioxide[56]. Currently 3 percent of the worldwide energy is consumed by the ICT infrastructure --Which causes about 2 percent of world wide CO2 Emission by airplane i.e.

through the Aviation industry or ¼ of the world- wide CO2 emission by cars -By Axel Hansmann, vice president, strategy and marketing,cint-2010 The last report by ABI research estimates an M2M projected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 25 percent per year with 232.5 million cellular M2M connections by 2014[57] since there are currently 50 billion machines in the world that would benefit from M2M activity ,market growth is expected to accelerate while we would like to say that zero carbon foot print is a major contributor to growth, the reality is the significant environmental benefits of M2M are often fortunate side effects in smart technology .Recently the term " Green M2M Communication" has been marketed and sloganized as a solution to addressing the growing cost and environmental impact of M2M Communication system.

Reliability To achieve Energy Efficient and Reliable M2M communication individually is not a difficult job .However, when Energy Efficiency and Reliability requirements are considered as a whole, the issues become complicated .Reliability is a critical issue for Green M2M communication, Because unreliable transmission of data cause false monitoring data reports, long delays, and even data loss ,which would reduce people’s interest in M2M Communication. Therefore High Reliable M2M Communication is demand for the next generation communication.

Till now research have been investigated and invented many efficient method to develop Energy efficient environment for Node Domain [58]. To use different type of sleeping algorithm .Some research paper has been investigated the power consumption of wireless sensor node regarding size of cell area as reducing the cell size reduces the cell ECR (Energy consumption ratio) as desired while increasing the capacity density but the overall RAN energy consumption remain unchanged .In order to trade the increase in capacity density with sensor node area w/o degrading the cell capacity provision, a cluster sleep mode is proposed [59].

Reliability in Consider that there are n total positive monitoring data on the same event in the M2M communication domain, and the GW will report the decision to the BS only if it can collect more than k distinct monitoring data packets. These positive monitoring data can first be aggregated and then forwarded to the GW together for achieving communication efficiency. However, in green M2M communication, not all nodes are active, which may result in unreliable transmission in the M2M communication domain. To improve transmission reliability, spatial redundancy technology can be adopted [60].

Specifically, each monitoring data packet is independently transmitted to the GW. Assume each transmission has equal transmission reliability p in the M2M COMMUNICATION domain, where 0 < p ≤1. Then the reliability of more than k out of n packets can reach the GW for making the correct decision, ni=k (nk ) pi(1 – p)n–i. Obviously, at the cost of redundant transmissions, the reliability in this strategy is higher than that in the aggregation transmission. Reliability at BS: The BS receives sensory and decisional data packets from the GW.

These are processed one by one in the application domain and only one server is used to process them as this saves energy (power). But when there is considerable increase in the data packets, which may happen during peak hours, one single server is not adequate to deal with the situation. In such a case, reliability and QoS degrade. Therefore, to solve this issue a pair of servers, i.e. a primary and secondary server is deployed at the application domain. (Shown in Fig. 3) So, when there are a large number of data packets, the second server will automatically be activated. Fig: 3.

The deployment of primary and second servers to achieve reliability [1]. We model both the primary and second servers as M/M/1 queuing systems, where the means of service time are 1/µp and 1/µs, respectively. Let λ be the arrival rate at the BS. If λ is small, all packets will be served by the primary server for energy saving. However, when λ increases, a fraction λ, where0 ≤ α <λ, of the packets will be served by the second server, and the rest, 1–α packets, will still be served by the primary server for guaranteeing the QoS in terms of average service delay.

Therefore, the total average delay can be expressed as E (D) = α/(µs- λ.α) + (1- α)/ [µp-(1- α) λ] Where µs–λ .α > 0 and µp – (1 – α) λ>0 By calculating the derivative dE/dα=0, We have α=(√(µ_p ) µ_s+√(µ_s ) µ_p)/((√(µ_(p ) )+√(µ_s ) )λ) (1) Which indicates that λ>µ_p-√(µ_p µ_s ) All packets are served by the primary server; when λ≤µ_p-√(µ_p µ_s ) the second server will be adaptively active, and serve a fraction α of packets. Therefore, the reliability issues in M2M communication can be addressed by redundancy technologies; however, they will incur additional redundancy costs. How to balance greenness and reliability in M2M communication needs further exploration