History Of The Java Programming Language

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

ABSTRACT:

Car parking lots are an important object class in many traffic and civilian applications. With the problems of increasing urban traffic congestion and the ever increasing shortage of space, these car parking lots are needed to be well equipped with an automatic parking Information and Guidance systems. Goals of intelligent parking lot management include counting the number of parked cars, and identifying the available location.

This work proposes a new system for providing parking information and guidance using image processing. The proposed system includes counting the number of parked vehicles, and identifying the stalls available. The system detects cars through images instead of using electronic sensors embedded in the floor. A camera is installed at the entry point of the parking lot. It will capture images sequences. Setting image of a car as a reference image, the captured images are sequentially matched using image matching. For this purpose edge detection has been carried out using Prewitt edge detection operator and according to percentage of matching guidance and information is provided to the incoming driver.

Front End : JAVA

INTRODUCTION

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At the parking lots located at resting facilities of the expressway, information concerning the state of congestion is offered to drivers as previous notice by the traffic control system. To realize this state of congestion, the sensors for detecting cars have already been set up at the entrance and the exit or under the road surface of the parking section. On the other hand, as the hardware for image processing has been developed, the image processing has been applied to many kinds of purpose recently. The following is a brief survey of the papers that have emphasized the detection of parking cars in the parking lot. Used the change of the variance of brightness on the road surface in the stationary image (difference between consecutive frames).

The method to detect the car moving by the subtraction between consecutive images. By the authors proposed the method to count cars by tracking the moving objects in the whole area of the outdoor parking lot as compared with for every parking division in. Showed that it is effective to use time differential images to extract moving objects from stationary objects. However, a moving object can often be taken as many regions (called moving regions) in the difference image.

1. VISION & VIABILITY

In the present work the designed system aims to achieve the following. Images of the incoming cars are captured in real time Depending upon the status of a car occupied inside they are allowed to enter the parking lot Once the parking on the left side is full, the car is Directed towards the right. Once both sides of the parking lot are full, no car is allowed to enter the park.

Currently, most of the existing car parks do not have a systematic system. Most of them are manually managed and a little inefficient. The problem that always occurs in the car park is time being wasted in searching for the available parking spaces. Users will keep on circling the parking area until they found an empty parking spot. This problem usually occurs in urban areas, where a number of vehicles are higher as compared to the availability of parking spaces. These ineffective conditions happened because of the lack of implementation of technologies which are available in the market today.

Various systems have been done to ensure smoothness of traffic in car park areas. From manual implementations used in older systems, they have evolved into fully automated, computerized systems. Car park entrances are controlled by barrier gates whereby parking tickets are used extensively for access purposes. With the growth of technology, these systems have been simplified in many ways. Nowadays, there are many methods used in detecting the parking cars in parking lots as listed in the references. In this project, a camera is used as a sensor for video image detection.

This is due to its capability and realization cost The similar project that used camera for video image detection was presented in This project applies the edge detection with a boundary condition method for an image detecting module while in used point detection with canny operator method. There are some techniques for making reference image found in the literatures The authors used a moving car as a reference image to detect the parking lot. In the authors proposed the subtraction technique between consecutive images as a method to detect the car moving.

Paper tracked the moving object in the whole area of the dorm parking lots as a method to count the cars. The paper used the change of the variance of brightness on the road surface in the stationary image (difference between consecutive frames). By the authors proposed the time differential images as a method to extract moving objects from stationary objects. However, the moving object is often taken as many regions (called moving regions) in the differential images .

The problem occurs when the object is moving at high speed. It is difficult to capture its movement. Thus in this paper, the parking lot detection is done by identifying the brown rounded image drawn at each parking lot. MATLAB is used as a software platform in this project. In part II, the detail description of system initialization, image acquisition, image segmentation and image detection as a system module will be presented. Part III presents the experimental results then part IV is a conclusion and suggestion for future works to make this project more efficient.

It is very common to have huge crowds in places like mega shopping malls and stadiums during peak periods. In shopping malls, discounts and season sales offered by merchants can attract thousands of customers to come during the sale periods. Most of the customers travel to the shopping malls with their own vehicles and it is not surprising to see that car parks are always full during these periods. However, research into drivers' parking behavior indicated that this does not seem to stop many drivers from queuing at their favorite car park for significant periods. New generation information services have been proposed or developed to replace traditional "Full/Spaces" sign at the entrance. These come in the form of parking information via mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), RDS-TMC, navigation systems and Urban Traffic Management and Control (UTMC).

There are mainly four categories of car park guidance systems using different technologies - counter-based, wired sensor-based, wireless sensor-based and image -based. Counter -based systems use sensors to count the number of vehicles entering and exit a car park area. This can be gate-arm counters and induction loop detectors located at the entrances and exits.

This system can give information on the total number of vacant lots in a closed car park area, but does not help much in guiding the driver to the exact location of the vacant lots. Wired sensor-based system, on the other hand, is using detection sensors such as ultrasonic sensors which are installed at each parking lot. These sensors are wired to a central control unit that store and manage the parking occupancy information. This information is then relayed to display panels at strategic locations in the car park. The display panels provide information, direction and guide the drivers in vacant parking lots.

Vortex berth detector in the parking guidance system. MCU is used to process the sensor signal and parking information is transmitted through Can bus interface to the control center. Wolff et al used magnetic field sensors and wired-based concept to test on their simulation model. One shortcoming of the wired sensor systems is long and complicated wiring is required for parking lots to the central control unit. Also, the cost of developing this system is high because a large amount of sensor units is required and long distance of wiring from parking lots to the control center.

With the advancement of wireless technologies, wireless-based methods have been employed in parking guidance systems. Wireless sensor nodes are deployed and each parking lot is equipped with one node. The sensor board is equipped with the sensors of light, temperature, acoustic and a sounder. Benson et al used DSYS25z sensing nodes which is an ATMega 128L micro-controller based system with RF transceiver and antenna.

In using wireless technologies, disadvantage in employing sensor at each parking lot is still present and can be very costly as each sensing unit is usually attached to a processing unit and a transceiver. The last category of car park guidance systems uses image-based techniques or some people call it as video sensor techniques. There are arguments concerning the viability of using image-based techniques.

The disadvantages are video sensor is energetically expensive and video sensor can generate a large amount of data which can be difficult to transmit in a wireless network. The authors, however, believe that suitable places to have image-based car park guidance system such as shopping malls already has a security surveillance camera in place. Therefore, to develop an image-based guidance system, one just needs to tap on the existing surveillance camera, convert the image to digital video format and perform image processing on the video. It doesn't incur much cost as existing surveillance cameras are used. Usually the camera is connected to a central monitoring system using wired protocol and thus the need to have a wireless network is avoided. Image-based techniques are deployed widely in areas such as security surveillance , motion tracking and traffic control . Images can also be constructed from laser scan but this usually comes with a moving autonomous vehicle.

A few existing studies also focused on the applications of car parking system using video sensor technologies as in but not much information is released. Funck, Mohler and Oertel proposed a system to estimate the occupancy of a car-park using a single image of a single camera. The algorithm works by constructing a reference image of the empty car-park given the input image using Principal Component Analysis, compare both images and calculate the occupancy estimate as the ratio of vehicle pixel area to car-park pixel area. However, issues such as initial system setup, initialization and scope of the project are not properly detailed in the paper. In this paper, focus on using an integrated approach of image processing methods to obtain car park occupancy information.

The integrated approach covers initial setup and normal running operation of the system. Image processing techniques such as shading, boundary search, object detection and edge detection are integrated to form a complete structure of the system. The system has been named as Car Park Occupancy Information System (hereafter called as "COINS"). Overview of the system, setup and initialization methods. Algorithm and methodologies used are explained. Experiment and test result are presented.

2. MOTIVATION:

Nowadays, car is very important to everyone especially for who are working. People are willing to make installment to get own car. When talking about metropolitan, then traffic jam always occurs because of numbers of vehicles are so high. Thus we cannot deny the existing of the cars in -our daily life. Whenever we go out by car, we are facing problem to find an available parking space due to the tremendous increase of occupancy of cars.

The analogy is when driver enter la certain parking lot, the first thing that the driver do is looking forward for some sign to telling that the parking lot is fully occupied, partly occupied -or vacant. The driver also do not know how many are there and where to find a parking -division for his/her car. Some of parking divisions may -' remain unoccupied even the total occupancy is high. This will cause the ineffective use of parking divisions as well as traffic jams around the entrance of the parking lot.

Therefore, by offering drivers with relevant information on the parking lot during entering a parking lot becomes an important issue. The proposed system called as Counting Available Parking Space using Image Processing (CAPSuIP). This system proposes a method of detecting the existence of parked vehicles by processing the image of the parking lot taken by a surveillance camera and then counting the available parking space which is displayed in front of entrance of the parking lot.

The system employs images, since all areas in the parking lot can be observed with relatively few cameras. Other than that, the system is compact and the cost is not is not expensive. The image of a parking lot is taken by a surveillance camera set at some height in the parking lot.

There are some reasons why Counting Available Parking Space using Image Processing (CAPSuIP) is developed. The problems that have been identified are stated below:

I. The driver needs some relevant information before entering the parking lot such as the current available parking spaces in the parking lot.

II. There are current system used in the parking lot but the method used is based on the detection by installing a certain sensor on each division; the other is to detect cars through images of the parking lot taken by surveillance cameras.

In the method with the sensor, the cost rises as the number of parking divisions because a lot of sensors are required corresponding to each parking division.

III. A driver might be taking time to find an available parking space in the parking lot.

Imagine if the parking lot has many numbers of parking divisions and driver

Will through all parking divisions just to find an available parking space.

Objective

Objectives of the Counting Available Parking Space using Image Processing (CAPSuIP) to be developed are too:

I. Capture and detect the existence of vehicle at parking lot using image processing technique.

II. Count, display available parking space and the location of the available

Parking spaces in the parking lot.

Scope of the Project

There are a few scopes that have been identified in order to develop the system. The scopes of the systems are:

I. This system is just a prototype system using image processing techniques.

II. Using images that captured from external webcam 5Megapixels and using

Model simulation.

III. The position of the parked vehicle is correct.

iv. The location of case study of the system is at Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) parking lot which is blocking Z. Location consists of five spaces of parking block.

V. The system can be used in daytime only without having a strong shadow.

3. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

Components of the current project

Hardware module

Software module

Interfacing

Hardware Module

Image sensors: In this project a USB based web camera has been used.

Computer:

A general purpose PC as a central unit for various image processing tasks has been used.

Platform:

Consisting of a little toy vehicles and LEDs (prototype of the real world traffic light control system).

Software Module:

MATLAB version 7.8 as image processing software comprising of specialized modules that perform specific tasks has been used.

Interfacing:

The interfacing between the hardware prototype and software module is done using the parallel port of the personal computer. The parallel port driver has been installed in the PC for this purpose.

METHODOLOGY

Following are the steps involved

Image acquisition

RGB to gray conversion

Image enhancement

Image matching using edge detection

Procedure

Phase1:

Initially image acquisition is done with the help of a web camera

The first image of a car is captured

This image is saved as the reference image at a particular location specified in the program

RGB to gray conversion is done on the reference image

Now gamma correction is done on the reference gray image to achieve image enhancement

Edge detection of this gamma corrected reference image is done thereafter with the help of a Prewitt edge detection operator

Phase2:

Images of the cars entering the parking lot are captured at an interval of 2 seconds

RGB to gray conversion is done on the sequence of captured images

Now gamma correction is done on each of the captured gray images to achieve image

Enhancement

Edge detection of these real time captured images of the cars is now done with the help of a Prewitt edge detection operator

Phase3:

After the edge detection procedure both reference and real time images are matched and if they match each other by more than 90% the incoming car is allowed to enter the parking lot.

In this project the designed hardware has been considered to have a maximum capacity of 20 cars which is divided into two parts-right side and left side. The first cars are guided towards the left. Once the left side is full, the cars are directed towards the right side of the parking lot.

System Specification

Hardware Requirements

PROCESSOR : Dual Core

MEMORY : 256 MB

HARD DISK : 1 GB

MONITOR : 15" Color Monitor

MOUSE : Standard 3 Button Mouse

KEYBOARD : 104 keys Standard Keyboard

To be an effective traffic surveillance tool, whether by mimicking loop detectors or actually tracking vehicles, a video image processing system (VIPS) should meet several stringent Requirements:

1. Automatic segmentation of each vehicle from the background and from other vehicles so That all vehicles are detected.

2. Correctly detect all types of road vehicles - motorcycles, passenger cars, buses, construction equipment, trucks, etc.

3. Function under a wide range of traffic conditions-light traffic, congestion, varying speeds in Different lanes.

4. Function under a wide variety of lighting conditions-sunny, overcast, twilight, night, rainy, etc.

5. Operate in real-time.

Even though a number of commercial VIPS for monitoring traffic have been introduced to the market, many of these criteria still cannot be met.

4. Software Requirements

OPERATING SYSTEM: WINDOWS 98/NT/XP

LANGUAGE: JAVA

Java Technology

Java technology is both a programming language and a platform.

The Java Programming Language

The Java programming language is a high-level language that can be characterized by all of the following buzzwords:

Simple

Architecture neutral

Object oriented

Portable

Distributed

High performance

Interpreted

Multithreaded

Robust

Dynamic

Secure

With most programming languages, you either compile or interpret a program so that you can run it on your computer. The Java programming language is unusual in that a program is both compiled and interpreted. With the compiler, first you translate a program into an intermediate language called Java byte codes the platform independent codes interpreted by the interpreter on the Java platform. The interpreter parses and runs each Java byte code instruction on the computer. Compilation happens just once; interpretation occurs each time the program is executed. The following figure illustrates how this works.

g1

You can think of Java byte codes as the machine code instructions for the Java Virtual Machine (Java VM). Every Java interpreter, whether it’s a development tool or a Web browser that can run applets, is an implementation of the Java VM. Java byte codes help make "write once, run anywhere" possible. You can compile your program into byte codes on any platform that has a Java compiler. The byte codes can then run on any implementation of the Java VM. That means that as long as a computer has a Java VM, the same program written in the Java programming language can run on Windows 2000, a Solaris workstation, or on an iMac

5. TECHNOLOGY DESIGN

Features

Java is simple. What it means by simple is being small and familiar. Sun designed Java as closely to C++ as possible in order to make the system more comprehensible, but removed many rarely used, poorly understood, confusing features of C++. These primarily include operator overloading, multiple inheritance, and extensive automatic coercions. The most important simplification is that Java does not use pointers and implements an automatic garbage collection so that we don't need to worry about dangling pointers, invalid pointer references, and memory leaks and memory management.

Java is object-oriented. This means that the programmer can focus on the data in his application and the interface to it. In Java, everything must be done via method invocation for a Java object. We must view our whole application as an object; an object of a particular class. .

Java is distributed. Java is designed to support applications on networks. Java supports various levels of network connectivity through classes in Java. Net. For instance, the URL class provides a very simple interface to networking. If we want more control over the downloading data than is through simpler URL methods, we would use a URLConnection object which is returned by a URL URL. openConnection () method. Also, you can do your own networking with the Socket and Server Socket classes.

Java is robust. Java is designed for writing highly reliable or robust software. Java puts a lot of emphasis on early checking for possible problems, later dynamic (runtime) checking, and eliminating situations that are error prone. The removal of pointers eliminates the possibility of overwriting memory and corrupting data. 15

Java is secure. Java is intended to be used in networked environments. Toward that end, Java implements several security mechanisms to protect us against malicious code that might try to invade your file system. Java provides a firewall between a networked application and our computer.

Java is architecture-neutral. A Java program is compiled to an architecture neutral byte-code format. The primary advantage of this approach is that it allows a Java application to run on any system that implements the Java Virtual Machine. This is useful not only for the networks but also for single system software distribution. With the multiple flavors of Windows 95 and Windows NT on the PC, and the new PowerPC Macintosh, it is becoming increasing difficult to produce software that runs on all platforms.

Java is portable. The portability actually comes from architecture-neutrality. But Java goes even further by explicitly specifying the size of each of the primitive data types to eliminate implementation-dependence. The Java system itself is quite portable. The Java compiler is written in Java, while the Java run-time system is written in ANSI C with a clean portability boundary.

Java is interpreted. The Java compiler generates byte-codes. The Java interpreter executes the translated byte codes directly on a system that implements the Java Virtual Machine. Java's linking phase is only a process of loading classes into the environment.

System Testing

System Testing is actually a series of different tasks whose primary purpose was to fully exercise the computer-based system. Although each test has a different purpose, all work to verify that system elements have been properly integrated and perform allocated functions. System Testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets requirements. It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of system testing is the configuration oriented system integration test. System testing is based on process descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and integration points.

Unit Testing :

A program represents the logical elements of a system. For a program to run satisfactorily, it must compile and test data correctly and tie in properly with other programs. Achieving an error free program is the responsibility of the programmer. Program testing checks for two types of errors: syntax and logical. The syntax error is a program statement that violates one or more rules of the language in which it is written. An improperly defined field dimension or omitted keywords are common syntax errors. These errors are shown through error message generated by the computer. For Logic errors the programmer must examine the output carefully. When a program is tested, the actual output is compared with the expected output. When there is a discrepancy the sequence of instructions must be traced to determine the problem. The process is facilitated by breaking the program into self-contained portions, each of which can be checked at certain key points .The idea is to compare program values against desk-calculated values to isolate the problems.

Acceptance Testing :

Acceptance testing is black-box testing performed on a system (for example: a piece of software, lots of manufactured mechanical parts, or batches of chemical products) prior to its delivery. It is also known as functional testing, black-box testing, QA testing, application testing, confidence testing, final testing, validation testing, or factory acceptance testing.

A smoke test is used as an acceptance test prior to introducing a build to the main testing process

Test Cases :

A rich variety of test design methods have for the software. These methods provide the developer with a systematic approach to testing. More important methods provide a mechanism that can help to ensure the completeness of tests and provide the highest likelihood for uncovering errors in software.

White Box Testing :

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has knowledge of the inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its purpose. It is used to test the areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.

Black Box Testing :

Black Box Testing is to test the software without any knowledge of the inner workings, structure or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most other kinds of tests, must be written from a definitive source document, such as specification or requirements document, such as specification or requirements document. Black Box is a test in which the software under test is treated as a black box, which is impossible so see into it. The test provides inputs and responds to outputs without considering how the software works.

Functional Testing:

Functional testing of an application is used to prove the application delivers correct results, using enough inputs to give an adequate level of confidence that will work correctly for all set of inputs. The functional testing will need to prove that the application works for each client type and that personalization function work correctly. In the first test case, Test for all peers and results all peers should work without errors. In the second test case Test for various peer in a distributed network framework as it displays all users available in the group, the result after execution should give the accurate result.

Non Functional Testing :

This test used to check that an application will work in the operational environment. Nonfunctional testing includes:

Load testing

Performance testing

Reliability testing

Security testing

Load Testing

It is necessary to ascertain that the application behaves correctly under loads when a Server busy response is received. Result expected should designate another active node as a Server.

Performance Testing

This is required to assure that an application performs adequately, having the capability to handle many identification of web pages and result expected should handle large input values, and produce accurate result in an expected time.

Reliability Testing

This is to check that the server is rugged and reliable and can handle the failure of any of the components involved in providing the application, In case of failure of the server, an alternate server should take over the job.

Security Testing

In the first test case checking that the user identification is authenticated, In case failure it should not be connected in the framework. In second test case check whether all the modules are secured with integration, The integration is successful.

Test Results

All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

When the system is running, all sensor nodes form a network autonomously for data gathering. The sensor nodes check the availability of each parking space and transmit the report messages to the gateway node. The Gateway collects the report messages and delivers them to the management station, and then users can get the visual status information of the whole parking lot on his monitor screen. The gateway also calculates the guiding information for each guiding node which in turn updates the guiding displays.

The management station simultaneously updates the entrance display. When new car parks in a parking space, the monitoring node would find that the parking space is occupied and sends a report message to the Gateway. After receiving the report, the Gateway would re-calculate the guiding information and send it to the proper guiding node and would notify the management station of the change. Consequently, the management station changes the status on parking entrance display.

The user can reserve a lot from a clientele device. A reservation request can be sent in a formatted SMS to the management station. The management station registers his vehicular information and reserves a lot for him depending on the availability of the vacant lot for his desired timings. He can also reserve the parking lot from any computer having Internet facility.

C:\Users\acer\Desktop\car.jpg

6. SYSTEM STUDY

Parking Rates and Payment Options

All WMATA Metrorail stations, including the four studied as a part of this study, have a daily parking rate of $4.50, which must be paid when exiting the parking facility between 10:30 AM and the station closing Monday through Friday. In 2004, WMATA adopted a no-cash policy for their parking facilities. Parking fees must be paid using the Smar Trip card, available at all stations, or via credit card at selected stations. Payment by credit card is a pilot program available at the following metro stations:

Anacostia

Vienna/Fairfax

Franconia/Springfield

Shady Grove

Largo Town Centre

New Carrollton

Data Collection

The data collection activities were comprised of:

Confirming and breaking down the parking inventory by location and parking category of all four sites studied, West Falls Church provides the smallest percent of reserved parking spaces at 7.8 percent. All 154 reserved parking spaces are on the first level of the parking garage. Some commuters elect to park at the nearby Virginia Tech/ University of Virginia Northern Virginia Centre where they are charged $4.50 per day or pay a monthly rate of $60. A daily fee charge is not assessed on top of the monthly rate of $60.

West Lot

280 Spaces

Garage

1197 Spaces

East Lot

502 Spaces

EXISTING PARKING CONDITIONS

Parking Facility Usage

In the parking industry, an occupancy level of 90 percent is often considered the practical capacity of a parking facility. This level of usage takes into consideration the inefficiencies associated with a parking facility, like a vehicle consuming two spaces, and considers the difficulties of finding an empty space in a very crowded facility. The Park and Ride facilities demonstrated a measured practical capacity well in excess of 90 percent, probably because the users repeat their routine day after day and know generally where to find a space.

This fact notwithstanding, during the field visits frustrated parking facility users were observed searching for a space. Recognizing a practical capacity is worthwhile in terms of planning, but because of familiar users, it should probably be set at 95 percent. Note however, that one of the primary reasons for a parking information system is to maximize parking capacity and guide consumers to those difficult to find parking spaces.

Parking Accumulation

The accumulated data were recorded by location (lot or garage) and floor within the garage and by type of user. More detailed information was developed by taking a beginning accumulation count and then using data from the mechanical driveway counts of entering and exiting vehicles to derive accumulation by 15-minute period.

At the four survey sites parking accumulation is extremely high with mid-morning levels routinely exceeding the practical capacity of 95 percent. The surveys found that there are very few empty parking spaces during peak hours. By the hour period beginning at 9:00 AM almost 90 percent of the spaces were occupied. The number of available spaces continues to decrease throughout the morning. By midday, peak occupancy has been reached (97 percent) and only 324 spaces were available at all four stations combined.

Of the 324 empty spaces, 230 are reserved spaces. After 10:00 AM commuters find it difficult to find an empty parking space in most of the facilities. Vienna/Fairfax was operating above capacity from 10:00 AM until 1:00 PM and both Van Dorn and West Falls Church were generally above 97 percent occupancy.

Considering all parking spaces, the overall peak accumulation of parked vehicles occurs from 12:00 NOON to 1:00 PM when 12,276 parked vehicles were recorded, which is an occupancy level of 97.4 percent.

While the WMATA Metrorail station Park and Ride system operate at an extremely high level of efficiency, there are several benefits of increasing parking usage to a level that is even greater than exists today. These benefits include increased revenue, greater Metrorail ridership, and less traffic congestion.

System Support & Analytics

Every parking operation generates a tremendous amount of data–everything from paid parking transactions to violation transactions. But parking agencies struggle in their attempt to synthesize this data and adjust their operation or technology delivery accordingly. With our hosted application, we manage parking data for large and small programs globally. We apply advanced business intelligence tools to mine the data for trends, variances, and other analytics. We present this data back to our customers with next-generation dashboard views and report options, which generate real time decision-making tools for managers. These tools help our clients handle critical performance data such as:

Parking meter revenue, maintenance, and occupancy by city, area, block, and device.

Enforcement metrics including hourly ticket issuance, payment and dismissal rates, accuracy, and collectability.

7. APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY:

India is into the twenty-first century with great plans to enhance infrastructure development and with the Government is pouring huge resources for development. Booming economy, unending opportunities, growing aspirations and better living standards have made owning car very easy and common. Going by the current statistics and forecast by experts, we would have a whooping 2.5 million cars added to the Indian roads every year.

But today's car population growth is at 8% every year. The rate of growth of new roads in India is at a stand still level raises the question that can these cars be accommodated. So it is difficult to park a car on the road.

It is interesting to know that the number of hours a private vehicle remains parked. The vehicle moves for 5% of the time and 95% of the time it is parked. The major problem is therefore, not the moving vehicle but the parked vehicle. It is therefore most important to focus our attention to the issue of parking. In many cases, due to inadequate parking we see cars parked outside the offices blocking the access to the building itself.

Now at this stage, the concept of the automatic car parking system is one of the options to decongest roads and solve parking problems by maximizing the efficiency of parking utilizing vertical space, rather than expand horizontally.

Automatic car parking is a structure designed specifically to be for automobile parking and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place.

Advantages of automatic Car Parking Systems:

1. Optimal utilization of space

The mechanical car parking system is a method of parking and retrieving cars by using pallets and lifts. It thus removes the need for lengthy driveways and ramps, accommodating maximum cars in minimum space.

2. Can be integrated into any type of cars

The automatic car parking system is flexible enough to solve varied parking problems. It can be work on any type of environment.

3. Lower construction cost

This technology is cost effective in terms of construction cost. The system is delivered pre-fabricated which are assembled on site. As the system is operated automatically, added expenses of parking system is reduced.

4. Low maintenance and operational cost

Operating cost is low since mechanical car parking systems require less energy to run. There is no need for energy intensive systems as the cars are not being driven in the parking lot.

5. Safety of vehicle

This technology provides complete safety of a vehicle as parking cars are not accessible to anyone else. Damages or a dent in the car is avoided while poking through narrow driveways.

6. Environment friendly

Environmentally, mechanized car parking has much to offer. One of the greatest benefits is it takes only least possible space to park.

7. Benefit to a driver

Car driving now can become a pleasant experience. Mechanical car parking systems make parking easier and less stressful as the driver does not have to drive through the entire parking lot looking for a place to park, nor do they have to attend the car when it is parked, thus saving a lot of time. Difficulty in parked in a tight corner is also eliminated.

8. Benefit to the builder

By using this system, floor area and the volume of the stilt/ garage can be used much more efficiently. It reduces the space needed to park the same number of cars or allow car parking where previously there would have been no room.

Realizing the need of the hour and using the best technology available automatic parking systems has pioneered the mechanized car parking system. It offers innovative technology that is simple to install and maintain.

The time has come for the innovation with automatic parking solutions in the country. The main advantage of mechanized car parking systems is that in a very small area larger number of cars can be parked. Mechanized auto parking systems allow us to park cars effectively in least possible space.

8. INNOVATION DRIVEN APPLICATION

Due to the technological innovations man is leading a comfortable life. But at the same moment these advancements have at times become troublesome. The number of people using their own cars has increased exponentially in the past ten or fifteen years. The car park has become an immense issue especially in big cities. Two main reasons can be cited for this. One reason is the growth in population and the other is the security. Car theft has become an evil art nowadays. Now the question arises, is it possible to introduce such a system that would solve all these issues and will be intelligent too.

The developers of this system have provided an interface and software/ hardware module which is validated using a test case scenario. The extensive experimentation proves the feasibility of the approach. This technology solves all the issues related to car parking such as finding free parking slots, improved invoice system and certainly the security issues. The work is aimed at providing such a system that would be feasible in the third world countries like Pakistan. This approach is cost effective and it covers all the features of a complete intelligent car parking management system. The central idea of the project came from the troubles faced in parking cars in daily routine. The inspiration was always there but it required a rock-solid approach.

The nuisance of parking cars is escalating day by day. Indeed a good design was required. For that a literature survey was done so as to confirm that that this effort should not be a repetition of anything accomplished before. The reference paper is about the Car-Park Occupancy Information System. This is implemented in Matlab and used cameras for finding the free parking slots. With this system, images captured by a surveillance camera were processed in real-time to identify the occupancies of the parking lots. This occupancy information is further processed by a central control unit and distributed to display panels located at strategic locations in the parking area.

The drivers can easily find a vacant parking lot based on the information displayed on the panels. An approach using WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) based intelligent car parking system, in which wireless sensors are deployed in a car park field, with each parking lot equipped with one sensor node, which detects and monitors the occupation of the parking lot.

A camera based surveillance system uses sensor nodes equipped with low-cost microphones to localize acoustic events such as car alarms or car crash sounds. Presents another parking scheme for the car parking management systems, it uses the vehicular communication for finding the free slot in a congested car park and theft prevention. It provides real-time parking navigation service and also helpful in theft prevention and provides the drivers parking information. A technique for car park management based on the combination of fuzzy logic and integer programming techniques provided an online mechanism for the acceptance and rejection of the car driver’s request for parking. Firstly it developed a number of best parking strategies for different situations and then used learning algorithm to choose the best solution a specific situation based on the training data. A parking system for guiding the drivers to an appropriate parking using the PGI (Parking Guidance Information) signs and the arrival time estimation at the park was based on driver characteristics, trip patterns, car park attributes and the car park availability. The underlying assumption of this model is that the choice of the car park does not change after entering the city even if the statistics are changed then the initially perceived. This model does not provide any security and theft prevention.

An image based parking system for finding out the vacant parking lot in a congested car park. Security surveillance cameras were used for acquiring the images. This background study has provided us an in-depth knowledge of the current existing car parking systems around the world.

9. INPUT AND OUTPUT ANALYSIS:

This technology consists of five modules. The first module is system initialization as a procedure to automatically identify the location of every parking lot in the image. The second is an image acquisition module, which involves capturing and storing digital images taken from the video camera. A car park scene is the input acquired by this module. This acquisition device is connected to a processing unit that runs in MATLAB program. The third module is image segmentation, which separate the objects from the background and differentiate the pixels having nearby values for improving the contrast. The thresholding technique as a popular tool in the image segmentation is also used. The fourth module is image enhancement. In this module, the noise is removed by using morphology functions, which remove pixels that do not belong to the objects of interest. The boundary of objects in images is tracing which is concentrated on the exterior boundaries. The last module is image detection, which is used to determine the rounded brown image drawn at each the parking lot.

A. System Initialization

The module runs only for the first time when this system is started. A one-time manual drawing procedure is performed where a rounded brown image drawn at each park (with zero car present in the car park area), A rounded brown image is drawn on each parking lot manually. The purpose of this procedure is to automatically identify the location of every parking lot in the image.

It should be noted that the lines separating the parking lots have to be visible, clear and unobstructed in the initialization process. The camera is assumed to be in a fixed position and facing a fixed direction all the time. The initialization process will begin with the program searching for the rounded brown image by detecting the shape of the image. Detected image is then analysis to determine an available parking lot.

B. Image Acquisition

After system initialization, the image will be processed in image acquisition module. This module involves capturing and storing digital images from the video cameras. The high definition camera used to acquire digital images is then connected to a processing unit.

The software is running in real-time. The camera is positioned inside view of parking lots, acquiring a fixed screen all the time. The height of the camera must be enough to obtain a clear, unobstructed top view of the parking lots. Shows the image captured by the camera. Five rounded brown images are shown which mean that there are five available Parking lot.

C. Image Segmentation

RGB Image acquired from the camera is then converted to gray scale image and create the binary images in the image segmentation module. An Equation is used to convert RGB image to gray scale image.

From the gray scale image resulted, thresholding technique can be used to create the binary image. The binary images contain all of the essential information about the position and shape of the objects of interest (foreground). It reduces the complexity of the data and simplifies the process of recognition and classification as an advantage. There are several types of threading method like basic, two-band-tile, optimal and adaptive. In this project, the basic threading is chosen to separate the object and the background in the histogram by a vertical line. The white color is the object detected and the black color as a background.

D. Image Enhancement

After converting images into binary, the image has to remove the noise and trace the boundary of detecting object. This process is done in image enhancement module. Images, taken by digital camera, will pick up the noise from a variety of sources. Thus, to remove the noise, a morphology function is used. It removes the imperfection added during segmentation. There are four basic morphological operations namely dilation, erosion, opening and closing (binary operation). Opening and closing are the basic workhorses of morphological noise removal. Opening removes small objects, and closing removes small holes. The binary morphological operation is used in this project because it is widely used in image processing operations that process images based on shapes and as reported, it is also used in numerous applications like noise filtering, boundary detection and region For tracing the object boundaries in an image, this step concentrates only on the exterior boundaries. Dilation and erosion are used in this stage.

Dilation adds pixels to the boundaries of an object in the image. The value of the output pixel is the maximum value of all the pixels in the input pixel’s neighborhood. Erosion will remove pixel on object boundaries. As the above picture conveys that the hole is added by the pixels in dilution process and the unwanted pixel is removed by erosion process.

E. Image Detection Module

When tracing the boundaries of object in images, the image detection module is implemented. This module will determine which objects are round by estimate each object's area and perimeter.

This shape is equal to one only for a circle and it is less than one for any other shape. The discrimination process can be controlled by setting an appropriate threshold. In this project uses a threshold value of 0.9 for only the rounded image. The available parking lot will be counted and displayed on the display unit. This means there are five available parking lots and it

Will be displayed in the display panel.

III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

An intelligent parking lot detection system based on image processing have been tested and proposed in this paper. These results are included the sequences of the car park detection from empty lot (8 parking available) until the full parking lot.

IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

The intelligent parking space detection system based on image processing was designed and tested. By identifying the rounded brown image drawn at each parking lot as a reference on image detection, it makes the process of detecting image as a reference more efficient compared to the use of a moving object. The concept of this project is to discover the parking system by using image processing instead of using sensor base. The intelligent parking system is developed using an integrated image processing approach to reduce cost of sensors and wiring hassle. Future research will be focused on security parking system as a complement of this intelligent parking space detection. Additional guidance devices such as light guidance to the available parking and placing LED at each car parking lot is also considered.

10. SWOT:

SWOT analysis (alternately SLOT analysis) is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses/Limitations, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve that objective.

From its day one it is developing in a fair condition and favorable environment. It has much strength and conducts many testing is conducted . It faces many of a challenges I the field of automobile innovations.

STRENGTHS

WEAKNESS

TRACK RECORDS

AUTOMATIC COMPARISION

WEB & SMS SERVICES

DATABASE MANAGEMENT

QUICK UPDATES

NEEDS STRONG BLOCKS

PERSONAL SECURITY

NON FLEXIBILITY

INCREASED COST

OPPORTUNITIES

THREATS

SUPERIOR SERVICES

COLLECTION OF FUND

REDUCED MAN POWER

SECURITY TO VEHICLE

LEGAL RECORD

SYSTEM FAILURE

ERROR PRONE

DISRUPTION

STRENGTHS:

Keep track of the total number of cars in and out of the car park.

Compute the number of available parking lots available on each floor.

Process image and extract attributes (e.g. Color).

Compare car attributes of before and after image.

Verify the identity of the customer.

Provide web and SMS services.

Update web site.

Manage parking database.

Compute parking charges.

Process hardware and software exceptions (e.g., lost tickets)

WEAKNESS:

The barring system at the exit point must be strong enough to block vehicles.

It does not provide personal security

Flexibility and convenience can be achieved only through reserved spots

Increased parking cost

Parking Management System is a bit complex system

OPPORTUNITIES:

It enables car park operators to provide superior services to their customers.

It can attract more customers and increase the operator's business.

The additional amount collected will more than offset the additional expense incurred to build such a system.

Although it will not reduce the manpower needs, it will provide additional services with the same number of staff.

To vehicle owners It provides information on availability of parking space

Two insurance companies will be happy to see this system implemented.

To police department this technology will reduce their effort and cost

THREATS:

High complexity may lead to system failure

Error in decoding images.

Disruption in signals

CONCLUSION:

Recent evaluations of commercial VIPS found the existing systems have problems with congestion, occlusion, lighting transitions between night/day and day/night, camera vibration due to wind, and long shadows linking vehicles together. This project has presented a vehicle detection and tracking system that is designed to operate under these challenging conditions of tracking entire vehicles, vehicle features are tracked, which makes the system less sensitive to the problem of partial occlusion.

The same algorithm is used for tracking in daylight, twilight and night time conditions, it is self-regulating by selecting the most salient features for the given conditions. Common motion over entire feature tracks is used to group features from individual vehicles and reduce the probability that long shadows will link vehicles together. Finally, camera motion during high wind is accounted for by tracking a small number of fiducial points.

The resulting vehicle trajectories can be used to provide traditional traffic parameters as well as new metrics such as lane changes. The trajectories can be used as input to more sophisticated, automated surveillance applications, e.g. incident detection based on acceleration/deceleration and lane change maneuvers.

The vehicle tracker is well suited both for permanent surveillance installations and for short term traffic studies such as examining vehicle movements in weaving sections. The vehicle tracking system can also extract vehicle signatures to match observations between detector stations and quantify conditions over extended links.

A real-time version of the system has been implemented using a network of DSP chips. The system has been tested on approximately 44 lane-hours of data and has demonstrated good performance under the challenging conditions that have limited earlier VIPS.

Overall, the developers have successfully developed a parking lot detection system using image processing methods. The use of twin ROIs for every parking space is proven to increase the accuracy of the detection even only standard web camera is utilized.

ANNEXURE: