Food Quality Monitoring In Receiver Section

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

Abstract- The pH level of food is measured by wirelessly monitoring pH sensor embedded in the batteryless Radio Frequency transponder. The sensor tag and reader system is designed to achieve convenient, long-term and on-demand monitoring of food quality, especially for large-quantity applications and continuous monitoring from place of production to retail stores. The feasibility of wirelessly monitoring pH values in food that could be used to identify spoilage remotely has been demonstrated. To optimize any process first identify problems, analyze them and finally propose solutions. A specific solution where optimization can be useful is the daily activity of grocery shopping in a supermarket. It describes the process of designing and developing an electronic system that helps to visualize the shopping process in a supermarket. The load cell is used for checking the weight of the product. The system also monitors the route taken by customers inside the store using the technology of RFID. This technology is used to identify the shopping carts as they move around the store. The wireless transceiver to transmit the data’s from testing to Personal Computer (PC). Each and every product will be attached with RFID card to detect the products for food quality. These controlling and data transferring is done by Micro Controller unit which already programmed according to our convenience. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is connected in the transmitter section to see the ph value. Ph sensor will measure the ph value of the product compare to product quality value in PC. When it goes above or below the required ph value and it will display in pc duplicate product. By using this product we can measure the food quality of product. Keywords-Food quality, pH sensor, wirelessly monitoring, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), RFID reader, RFID tag,

I.INTRODUCTION

Food Freshness is a key factor for public safety. Management and monitoring of food quality are important in food storage and transition. Food safety issue is a vital concern as shown in the Hazard and Critical Control Point (HACCP) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). There are up to 81 millions of Americans each year suffering from food-borne illnesses, and 9100 cases of fatality [1]. The waste of food due to spoilage is also a major concern for not only business owners but also many countries [1].

Three different modalities for food spoilage monitoring have been utilized in research and commercial fields, besides direct tasting by experts. There are three types of commercially available pH sensors, viz., glass membrane electrodes, liquid ion-exchanger electrodes, and solid-state electrodes; pH microelectrodes are fabricated based on the principles involved in these commercial electrodes. PH sensing glass membrane microelectrodes have rapid ion-exchange capacity and are not sensitive to redox species and, hence, are often used. However, they suffer from monovalentcation interferences. Moreover, the fragility of glass microelectrodes is a drawback, which restricts their use in many situations. But in this project non-glass electrode is used. The measurement of pH in food processing is vital for the production of safe, high quality products. Maintaining the correct pH range is often essential in many of the physical and chemical processes that take place during food production. For example, pH control is needed to achieve successful fermentation in the production of many types of cheese, pickles and other fermented foods. PH control is also required to insure proper gel formation during the production of jellies.

During the food spoilage processes, the growth of yeasts and microbes plays a notable and major role inside the food. The original chemical compounds such as glucose, lactic acid, and certain amino acids are catabolized by microbes or micro flora in the meat or food [3]. As the food condition changes, the pH level also changes with the metabolism actions of the bacteria and microbes [2], [3], [4]. Therefore, monitoring pH profiles in food provides a means for food quality measurement.

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is paid attention to as a technology that achieves a ubiquitous environment. The RFID system consists of RFID tags and RFID readers. Each RFID tag has the unique identifier, say unique ID, and is attached to some object. A user reads the unique ID of an RFID tag with his RFID readers. That enables the user to identify the object provided with the RFID tag. So, the RFID tag system is applied in various fields. For example, in the fields of physical distribution, the technology to recognize multiple items in a cardboard box or a shopping basket at a time attracts attention. The unique ID of an RFID tag can be related to some useful information. One of the important information is the location information of the object with the RFID tag. From the unique ID and the location information concerning the RFID tag, users can understand the position of the object with the RFID tag. RFID tags are classified into two types. One is the passive type that is battery-less, and the other is active type that has own battery. The passive type tags are inexpensive and has long lifetime. For this reason, the passive tags can be used in all over the place. So, the technology for estimating the position of RFID tags can be applied to the grasp of the position by the robot and the navigation system, etc. As one of the researches, in indoor environment, a system to track persons or objects provided with RFID tags is developed [5].

The RFID tag system is paid attention to as an identification source. Each RFID tag is attached to some object. With the unique ID of RFID tag, a user identifies the object provided with the RFID tag, and derives appropriate information about the object. One of the important applications of RFID technology is the position estimation of RFID tags. It can be very useful to acquire the location information concerning the RFID tags in [6].

Radio Frequency Identification, or RFID, is one of the most promising and anticipated technologies in recent years. Implemented properly, RFID can save the firm money now and make the company more competitive for years to come. Despite many useful applications, there are major impediments to RFID adoption in supply chain is described in [7]. A strong market for RFID technology has been created with the need for optimization of total cost and accurate asset tracking and monitoring. In the past few years, many companies have embraced RFID in their supply chains and are beginning to enjoy real business benefits from the technology. Companies in different sectors have come to realize that RFID technology does a lot more than just tracking boxes in the supply chain. RFID is slowly reemerging as a valuable way to improve internal efficiencies. Today, supply chains have to rely on technology to deliver a higher level of performance in satisfying consumer needs. The technology for supply chain management (SCM) is still emerging. Of all the emerging technologies in SCM, RFID has the potential to make the biggest impact. RFID can revolutionize the way the supply chain meets customer expectations by offering direct insight into consumers’ buying habits and increasing efficiency and accuracy within the supply. The technology could dramatically improve supply chain performance by reducing inventory levels, lead times, stock outs and shrinkage rates. It can also increase throughput, inventory visibility, inventory record accuracy, order accuracy, customer service, quality and collaboration among supply chain members. Companies face several fundamental challenges when evaluating, planning and implementing RFID in their supply chains. In this study major supply chain processes are used to highlight these challenges and discuss the economic opportunities and strategic values of RFID implementation. RFID is a wireless technology and, as such, poses some potential security concerns to users regarding the compromise of data during wireless transmission, storage of data, and security of storage sites. Some of the security issues have been addressed by RFID vendors by employing varying querying protocols, jamming and other techniques. The use of RFID could have profound social implications. Without safeguards in place, RFID technology has the potential to compromise consumer privacy and threaten civil liberties. Consumer groups have expressed concern over the privacy invasion that might result with widespread application of RFID tags. Governments around the world regulate the use of the frequency spectrum. There is virtually no part of this spectrum that is available everywhere in the world for use by RFID. This means that a RFID tag may not work in all countries. This ultimately hinders the use of RFID tags in a global environment.

Food quality control is essential both for consumer protection and also for the food industry. In the food industry, the quality of a product is evaluated through periodic chemical and microbiological analysis. These methods do not allow an easy, rapid monitoring, because they are complex analytical steps with expensive instrumentation, need well trained operators and in some cases, increasing the time of analysis. Nowadays food analysis needs rapid and affordable methods to determine compounds that have not previously been monitored and to replace existing ones.

The feasibility of wirelessly monitoring pH values in food that could be used to identify spoilage remotely has been demonstrated. To optimize any process first identify problems, analyze them and finally propose solutions. A specific solution where optimization can be useful is the daily activity of grocery shopping in a supermarket. It describes the process of designing and developing an electronic system that helps to visualize the shopping process in a supermarket. The load cell is used for checking the weight of the product. The system also monitors the route taken by customers inside the store using the technology of RFID. This technology is used to identify the shopping carts as they move around the store.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a generic term that is used to describe a system that transmits the identity (in the form of a unique serial number) of an object or person wirelessly, using radio waves. It's grouped under the broad category of automatic identification technologies. In addition, RFID is increasingly used with biometric technologies for security. Unlike ubiquitous UPC bar-code technology, RFID technology does not require contact or line of sight for communication. RFID data can be read through the human body, clothing and non-metallic materials. The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and to read and write data to it. The reader emits radio waves in ranges of anywhere from one inch to 100 feet or more, depending upon its power output and the radio frequency used. When an RFID tag passes through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader's activation signal. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag's integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computer for processing. The purpose of an RFID system is to enable data to be transmitted by a portable device, called a tag, which is read by an RFID reader and processed according to the needs of a particular application. The data transmitted by the tag may provide identification or location information, or specifics about the product tagged, such as price, color, date of purchase, etc. RFID technology has been used by thousands of companies for a decade or more. RFID quickly gained attention because of its ability to track moving objects. As the technology is refined, more pervasive - and invasive - uses for RFID tags are in the works. A typical RFID tag consists of a microchip attached to a radio antenna mounted on a substrate. The chip can store as much as 2 kilobytes of data. To retrieve the data stored on an RFID tag, you need a reader. A typical reader is a device that has one or more antennas that emit radio waves and receive signals back from the tag. The reader then passes the information in digital form to a computer system. The environment in which the system is developed is discussed in the following sections. The first section hardware system was developed. The later section deals with configuration relating to the software environment under which the system was developed with brief explanations about various unique features offered by it. The Figure.1 shows the each and every product will be attached with RFID card to detect the products for food quality. These controlling and data transferring is done by MICRO Controller unit which already programmed according to our convenience. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is connected in the transmitter section to see the ph value.ph sensor will measure the ph value of the product compare to product quality value in pc. When it goes above or below the required ph value and it will display in pc duplicate product. By using this product we can measure the food quality of product.

Micro Controller

Product 1

Product 2

Product 3

ADC

PH sensor

Load Cell

RFID Reader

UART

MIWI

16*2 LCD

Figure. 1. Food quality monitoring in transmitter section

MIWI

UART

PC

Figure. 2. Food quality monitoring in receiver section

The Figure.2 shows the wireless transceiver to transmit the data’s from testing to Personal Computer (PC). The measurement of pH in food processing is vital for the production of safe, high quality products. Maintaining the correct pH range is often essential in many of the physical and chemical processes that take place during food production. For example, pH control is needed to achieve successful fermentation in the production of many types of cheese, pickles and other fermented foods. PH control is also required to insure proper gel formation during the production of jellies. In addition to maintaining food quality, control of pH can be vital for food safety. For example a low pH (below pH 4.6) will prevent the growth of potentially deadly bacteria in canned foods. Here HM-17MX pH sensor is used. The Model HM-17MX has been specifically designed for these types of applications.

Ideal for Meat and Cheese Processing: Ideal for pH monitoring of meat to determine meat quality. Useful for determining product status during fermentation processes.

Electrodes Available to Suit Application: Spear type design and flat type electrodes are available to suit application requirements.

Non-Glass Electrode: Unlike fragile glass bulbs on traditional combination electrodes this type of sensor gives complete security when working with samples where glass breakage is undesirable.

Robust Electrode Construction: Non-glass electrode does not require great care or awkward maintenance. Delivering a stable reading faster than glass sensors the probe is useful for applications where rapid testing or minimum exposure time is necessary. The electrode construction also facilitates easy cleaning making it ideal for applications with viscous samples which are difficult to remove.

The pH sensor is used to sense the PH values of the product and give the signal to the ADC. The Ph sensor components are usually combined into one device called a combination pH electrode. The measuring electrode is usually glass and quite fragile. Recent developments have replaced the glass with more durable solid-state sensors. The preamplifier is a signal-conditioning device. It takes the high-impedance pH electrode signal and changes it into allow impedance signal which the analyzer or transmitter can accept. The preamplifier also strengthens and stabilizes the signal, making it less susceptible to electrical noise. RFID is a generic term that is used to describe a system that transmits the identity (in the form of a unique serial number) of an object or person wirelessly, using radio waves. It's grouped under the broad category of automatic identification technologies. An RFID reader’s function is to interrogate RFID tags. The means of interrogation is wireless and because the distance is relatively short; line of sight between the reader and tags is not necessary. A reader contains an RF module, which acts as both a transmitter and receiver of radio frequency signals. The transmitter consists of an oscillator to create the carrier frequency; a modulator to impinge data commands upon this carrier signal and an amplifier to boost the signal enough to awaken the tag. The receiver has a demodulator to extract the returned data and also contains an amplifier to strengthen the signal for processing. A microprocessor forms the control unit, which employs an operating system and memory to filter and store the data. The data is now ready to be sent to the network. It is used to convert the analog values into digital. The design of the ADC0808, ADC0809 has been optimized by incorporating the most desirable aspects of several A/D conversion techniques. The ADC0808, ADC0809 offers high speed, high accuracy, minimal temperature dependence, excellent long-term accuracy and repeatability, and consumes minimal power. These features make this device ideally suited to applications from process and machine control to consumer and automotive applications. The microcontroller is used to get the signal from the ADC and give the signal to the wireless transceiver. The data is transmitted through wireless transceiver. In the receiver side the microcontroller get the signal from the wireless transceiver and give the signal to the PC. Here Atmel AT89S52 is used. The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-Standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. MIWI is small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for WPANs. It is designed for low data transmission rates and short distances, cost constrained networks, such as industrial monitoring and control, low-power wireless sensors. The MIWI protocols are supported on certain Microchip PIC microcontrollers. When developing for the hardware development.

III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Food quality control is essential both for consumer protection and also for the food industry. In the food industry, the quality of a product is evaluated through periodic chemical and microbiological analysis. These methods do not allow an easy, rapid monitoring, because they are complex analytical steps with expensive instrumentation, need well trained operators and in some cases, increasing the time of analysis. Nowadays food analysis needs rapid and affordable methods to determine compounds that have not previously been monitored and to replace existing ones.

In Keil software the compilation and debugging process is done. Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code. Desktop compilers produce an output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors. I.E the programs written in one of the HLL like ‘C’ will compile the code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86 (underlying microprocessor in the computer). For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the Compilers for UNIX platform

So if one wants to define a compiler then compiler is a program that translates source code into object code. The compiler derives its name from the way it works, looking at the entire piece of source code and collecting and reorganizing the instruction. See there is a bit little difference between compiler and an interpreter. Interpreter just interprets whole program at a time while compiler analyzes and execute each line of source code in succession, without looking at the entire program. The advantage of interpreters is that they can execute a program immediately. Secondly programs produced by compilers run much faster than the same programs executed by an interpreter. However compilers require some time before an executable program emerges. Now as compilers translate source code into object code, which is unique for each type of computer, many compilers are available for the same language. Use Simulator configures the µVision3 Debugger as software-only product that simulates most features of a microcontroller without actually having target hardware. Test and debug your embedded application before the hardware is ready. µVision3 simulates a wide variety of peripherals including the serial port, external I/O, and timers. The peripheral set is selected when you select a CPU from the device database for your target.

Once the µVision Debugger is configured, you may start debugging with Debug- Start/Stop debug session. The µVision Debugger connects to the 8051 target system via the ISD51 software. ISD51 supports most µVision Debugger features. For instance, you may single-step through code, set breakpoints, and run your application. Variables may be viewed using the standard debugger features.

Figure. 3. Compilation

The Figure 3 shows the compilation process. µVision translates and links the source files, and creates an absolute object module that you may load into the µVision debugger for testing. The status of the build process displays in the Build page of the Output Window. This diagram shows the programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code. IV. CONCLUSION

The feasibility of wirelessly monitoring pH values in food that could be used to identify spoilage remotely has been demonstrated. To optimize any process it is important to examine it, identify problems, analyze them, and, finally, propose solutions. A specific solution where optimization can be useful is the daily activity of grocery shopping in a supermarket. This paper describes the process of designing and developing an electronic system that helps to visualize the shopping process in a supermarket. The system proposed monitors the route taken by customers inside the store using the technology of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). This technology is used to identify the shopping carts as they move around the store. For future applications, a RFID chip can be bonded directly on the flexible substrate where the flexible sensor and a planar coil antenna are fabricated in the same batch processes. The sensor system was tested in terms of sensitivity and stability as well as in titration showing good performance in transduction of pH levels in solution. The wireless pH sensors provide an attractive alternative to monitor food quality as the flexible pH sensor could directly detect the chemical reactions in foods and the batteryless wireless transducer system architecture allows integration of inventory capability and real-time on-demand or continuous sensing functionality.