Evolution Of Gsm Generations

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

Chapter 1

The highways are they most evidence of the progress and development of civilization and urban in any country ; so it was supposed to follow up and prosecution of this development and progress within mechanism of sophisticated technological progress in order to maintain these roads to be more safer, easier and guided better for users from problems that faced it.

Where, There are many fundamental problems faced the high way and the derivers constantly which we summarized in one problem:

Guidance

Whole of the high way users need guidance to know the in use road details and the road situation before use if it trafficked were drivers can select which way is more less trafficked than others to take, or if not. Also they should be noted the road content like: Turns, Exits, Detours, ….etc. inform users about any trouble, or defect in the movement of the road; instead of, make the movement of ambulances and police easier to be in time.

The main disadvantages of this problem

Delayed Ambulance and police Vehicles from accident site

When the road is jam due to car accident and there is injured on the road making it impossible for ambulance to reach the injured in the right time, which lead to increase percentage of death.

Traffic jams

One of the most common and important problems, also the most widespread and comprehensive on the high ways, which have several causes:

Vehicles accidents, Vehicles crash …etc.

Wasting time

No one can enjoy with his time because traffic jam problems all that time waste.

Delayed Appointments

A lot of categories were affected by Traffic Jams, especially university students struggling to get to their lectures, and employees suffering to get to their jobs and causing the expulsion of employees from their work. Also People can’t know if there is a new road or detour or maintenance in the road and this Causing traffic jam too.

Effect on Tourism

When a tourist visits he wants to be able to move around without too many hindrances, so that he could explore those beautiful tourism sites that we have prepared for his pleasure. But when a journey of twenty minutes turns to two or three hours, then it left little or nothing to be desired by tourists and travelers. Incidentally it is situations like this that discourage tourists and fun seekers, it is what also discourage or stunt the growth of tourism

Proposed Solution Approaches

1.2.1 Variable Speed Limits Technology

Many of countries around the word use this technology or similar to reduce accidents and congestion on their highways, motorways and roads.

The technology behind the variable speed limit system uses sensors in the road surface to detect the speed, volume and flow of traffic. The system then calculates the optimum speed to keep traffic moving and reduce "stop-start" traffic, which leads to congestion. Electronic signals on gantries are used to display the speed limit.

The idea is to make traffic move faster and more smoothly overall, by reducing the confusion and crashes from stop-and-go conditions — where drivers spot high-speed pockets and change lanes or shoot ahead briefly, then have to slam on their brakes.

Include preventing drivers from rear-end collisions.

Maintaining a stable traffic flow on roads.

1.2.2 GPS Technology

Like the Internet, GPS is an essential element of the global information infrastructure. The free, open, and dependable nature of GPS has led to the development of hundreds of applications affecting every aspect of modern life. GPS technology is now in everything from cell phones and wristwatches to bulldozers, shipping containers, ATM's, highways and roads.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) offers increased efficiencies and safety for vehicles using highways, streets, and mass transit systems. 

Higher levels of safety and mobility for all surface transportation system users.

More accurate position determination to provide greater passenger information.

Better location information with electronic maps to provide in-vehicle navigation systems for both commercial and private users.

GPS saves lives by preventing transportation accidents, aiding search and rescue efforts, and speeding the delivery of emergency services and disaster relief.

1.2.3 Bey2ollak.com Webpage

Bey2ollak is a cross-platform mobile app allowing users to share real-time information about Cairo and Alexandria traffic. Available as free Blackberry, Android and iPhone downloads; the service can also be accessed using the mobile site.

Bey2ollak webpage site existing for community users as a web site on the internet and as mobile application for smart phones through it users able to shear and know new news about the highways, streets and bridges if it trafficked or not.

Mobile application allows users contribute in live traffic reports to avoid further bottlenecks and delays. The application is popular because its user friendly language makes it compelling and fun for users.

Its idea a community based traffic information service aiming to keep track of the status on all major roads in Cairo and Alexandria.

Relevance of Study

A Monitoring and Controlling The Highway Using Real Time Multimedia Message And Display Screen is the most suitable solvation and possible that we come with, that designed to fit with the requirements of the high ways roads to reduce the traffic jams and gives better guide for derivers where it is estimated that delays from congestion on highways, streets, and transit systems throughout the world result in productivity losses in the hundreds of billions of dollars annually. Other negative effects of congestion include property damage, personal injuries, increased air pollution, and inefficient fuel consumption.

Over builds up a control unit as server room to keep trailing and follow the traffic movement 24-hours per a day located on the highway, which in turn works by generating energy throughout solar Cells to ensure the efficiency of  it, and it is availability Under no circumstances . The server room job is controlling a combination of display Screens as display clients located on the high way through submit live stream of wireless cameras located on the high way and any need location on city to show drivers the situation of the high way also the main locations that we put wireless camera in, as well it is possible to transmit a real time multimedia message to this display clients whatever is text, image or video. This display screens get it's our energy also by using solar cells to ensure the efficiency of if it found in an uninhabited area .Also located on main cross points, turns, detours, exits. In addition, the possibility of display Commercials and advertising on, where it's another benefit of this project and considered as a monthly income source.

In this project we programed a software code by using Programming language which is the Microsoft visual studio program C# version 2010 in addition, to the power of windows embedded operating system to manage and guide the traffic as shown in the problem and its solution, and Solar Cells to get energy and this was explained in details at chapter 3.where we use any mobile network covers the high way area to transfer our camera live stream and our multimedia messages at real time through the wireless network via using wireless USB mode for any mobile company, where we discuss and explained the Mobile Telephone Technologies process in details at chapter 2. all worked through the Microprocessor which our programed software code set up in it is ROM to get high speed data transfer in GHz, where the Microprocessor Kits features work as well for more detailed at chapter 6, where the real time multimedia messages and the camera live stream both are displays on Outdoor Plasma Display Screens to get the HD resolution on the high way, different types of display screens was explained in details at chapter 5, and for make my Software first I used the Embedded windows 7 since it is easy to use, common, and more supported. Second we chose the Programming language C# since it is more advanced and supported this was explained in details at chapter 7.

This method of transmitting and receiving between the server room and the clients displays inside the mobile network internet is depends on the internet protocols and the TCP/IP protocol which considered in the software code to let both see each other with fixed IP for the server and dynamic IP's for the clients.

The device will work as a good traffic man but with not only two eyes to see what happen on his location and manage it but with also a lot of eyes in every position on the way to manage it.

Chapter 2

GSM & GPRS

The GSM system widely used mobile technology in use in the whole world now. It has been a successful mobile phone technology for a various reasons including the ability to roam through the world with the certainty of being able to operate on GSM network systems in exactly the same concept provided billing agreements are in place.

The abbreviation GSM originally used for the words Group Special Mobile, but as it became clear this mobile phone technology was being used worldwide the abbreviation of GSM become to Global System for Mobile Communications. Since 1991 when technology was employed, the use of GSM has rapid grown, and it is now widely used in mobile phone system in the world.

GSM History

The foundation for the GSM Standard was laid already in 1978, four years before the name GSM was established. In 1978 the CEPT reserved a frequency range round 900 MHz for mobile communications in Europe. The limits of analog mobile communications in Europe were recognizable in the early 80s. At that time the first analog cellular networks were just beginning their operation and were still far from their maximum capacity. Despite this a group of experts was formed to establish the longer-term challenges of mobile communications and to develop a new binding international standard for digital mobile communications in Europe. Thus the GSM Standard became undoubtedly one of the most successful European products of the past decades; its sphere of influence is extended far beyond the originally planned European scope.

The Europeans realized this early on, and in 1982 the CEPT (Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs) formed a study group known as GSM (Group Special Mobile) to study and develop a pan European public land mobile system. The proposed system had to satisfy a certain principle.

Good speech quality

Low terminal cost

Low service cost

Supporting international roaming

Support for new services

Supporting a new facilities

Ability to support handheld terminals

ISDN compatibility

Spectral efficiency

Evolution of GSM Generations

The 1st Generation

1G was an analog system, and was developed in the seventies, 1G had two major improvements, this was the invention of the microprocessor, and the digital transform of the control link between the phone and the cell site. 1G analog system for mobile communications saw two key improvements during the 1970s: the invention of the microprocessor and the digitization of the control link between the mobile phone and the cell site. Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first launched by the US and is a 1G mobile system. Based on FDMA, it allows users to make voice calls in 1 country.

The 2nd Generation

Phones using global system for mobile communications (GSM) were first used in the early 1990s in Europe. GSM provides voice and limited data services, and uses digital modulation for improved audio quality. Multiple digital systems. The development of 2G cellular systems was driven by the need to improve transmission quality, system capacity, and coverage Speech transmission still dominates the airways, but the demand for fax, short message, and data transmission is growing rapidly. 2G cellular systems include GSM, digital AMPS (D-AMPS), code-division multiple access (CDMA), and personal digital communication (PDC).

The 2.5G Generation

The 2.5G include tow cellular technologies was the step between the second-generation GSM cellular technologies and the 3G W-CDMA / UMTS system.

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) 

GPRS became the first stepping-stone on the path between the second-generation GSM cellular technology and the 3G W-CDMA / UMTS system. With GPRS technology offering data services with data rates up to a maximum of 172 kbps, facilities such as web browsing and other services requiring data transfer became possible. Although some data could be transferred using GSM, the rate was too slow for real

data applications.

Packet based Data Network

Well suited for non-real time internet usage including retrieval of email, faxes and asymmetric web browsing.

Supports multi user network sharing of individual radio channels and time slots.

Provides packet network on dedicated GSM radio channels.

GPRS overlays a packet-switched architecture on existing GSM

network architecture.

Variable performance

Packet Random Access, Packet Switched.

Content handling.

Throughput depends on coding scheme, timeslots, etc.

From ~ 9 kbps min to max. of 171.8 kbps (in theory).

Modulation – GMSK

Symbol Rate - 270 ksym/s

Modulation bit rate - 270 kbps

Radio data rate per time slot - 22.8kbps

User data rate (8 time slots) - 160kbps, 182.4kbps

Applications are required to provide their own error correction scheme as part of carried data payload.

GPRS provides data rates of 56-114 kb/s [4].

EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)

EDGE is an evolution to the GSM mobile cellular phone system. The name EDGE stands for Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution and it enables data to be sent over a GSM TDMA system at speeds up to 384 kbps. In some instances GSM EDGE evolution systems may also be known as EGPRS, or Enhanced General Packet Radio Service systems. Although strictly speaking a "2.5G" system, the GSM EDGE cellular technology is capable of providing data rates that is a distinct increase on those that could be supported by GPRS.

EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution

EDGE is add-on to GPRS.

Uses 8-PSK modulation in good conditions.

Increase throughput by 3x (8-PSK - 3 bits/symbol vs. GMSK 1 bit/symbol).

Offer data rates of 384kbps, theoretically up to 473.6kbps.

Uses 9 Modulation coding schemes (MCS1-9).

MCS (1-4) uses GMSK, while MCS (5-9) uses 8PSK modulation.

Uses Link adaptation algorithm.

Modulation Bit rate - 810kbps.

Radio data rate per time slot - 69.2kbps.

User data rate per time slot - 59.2kbps (MCS9).

User data rate (8 time slots) - 473.6kbps.

New handsets / terminal equipment; additional hardware in the BTS, Core network and the rest remains the same.

EDGE access develops to connect to 3G core [3].

The 3rd Generation

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is the European standard for 3G mobile communication systems which provide an enhanced range of multimedia services. It has evolved from its basic format through developments such as HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) and HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) to provide very high bandwidth capabilities to support the next generation of telecommunication services.

UMTS supports up to 1920 kbit/s data transfer rates (and not 2 Mbit/s as frequently seen), although at the moment users in the real networks can expect performance up to 384 kbit/s - in Japan upgrades to 3 Mbit/s are in preparation. However, this is still much greater than the 14.4 kbit/s of a single GSM error-corrected circuit switched data channel or multiple 14.4 kbit/s channels in HSCSD, and - in competition to other network technologies such as CDMA-2000, PHS or LAN - offers access to the World Wide Web and other data services on mobile devices.

Data rates of UMTS are:

144 kbps for rural

384 kbps for urban outdoor

2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor

GSM basics

The GSM mobile phone technology with a varies design goals:

Good subjective speech quality

Low phone or terminal cost

Ability to be handheld

supporting international roaming

Good spectral efficiency

ISDN compatibility

The resulting GSM cellular technology was developed to meet the above. The whole GSM network system definition for GSM describes from the air interface to the network or infra-structure technology. By adopting this technique it is possible to specify the operation of the network system to allow international roaming as well as allowing network elements from different product manufacturers operating alongside with each other, although this last property is incompletely true, especially with older

items products.

GSM summary

The GSM system is the common cellular telecommunications system to date. With user's numbers running into billions and still growing, it has been proved to have met its requirements. The following overview detail many basics of the GSM from the air interface, slot and frame structures to the physical and logical channels as well as details about the GSM network.

GSM Network Architecture

Technical specifications of the GSM specify the different components formed the GSM network system architecture. It specifies the different techniques and components which integrated to enable the whole network operation to be maintained.

GSM network architecture elements

The GSM network architecture as specified in the GSM specifications may be integrated into four main areas:

Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)

Base station subsystem (BSS)

Mobile station (MS)

Mobile station

Mobile equipment (ME), Mobile stations (MS), are most widely called cell or mobile phones are the main part of a GSM cellular network that the user know and uses. Recently their size has greatly decreased while the level of functionality has dramatically increased. The main elements of the mobile station are the hardware mobile phone and the SIM card.

The main hardware contains the main elements of the mobile phone which include the case, battery, screen, and the electronics circuit board used to generate the signal, and process the received and transmitted signal. It is also contains an ID number called the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). This is stored in the phone at manufacture and can’t be changed. It operates by the network at registration to check whether the mobile equipment has been reported as stolen equipment.

The SIM or user ID Module contains the necessary data which provides the identity of the Subscriber to the network. It contains a different variety of data including an ID number called the IMSI.

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) is part of the GSM network architecture that is basically associated with communicating with the mobiles on the network, divided into two main elements:

Base Transceiver Station (BTS):   The Base Transceiver Station used in a GSM network comprises the radio transmitter and radio receivers, and their associated antennas that transmit and receive to communicate with the mobiles. The BTS is the defining element for each Mobile. The BTS communicates with the mobiles and the interface between the two is known as the Um interface with its

associated protocols.

Base Station Controller (BSC):   The BSC forms the next stage back into the GSM network. It controls a group of BTSs, and is often co-located with one of the BTSs in its group. It manages the radio resources and controls items such as handover within the group of BTSs, allocates channels and the like. It communicates with the BTSs over what is termed the Abis interface.

Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

The GSM network subsystem formed from a variety of different elements, and is often called the core network. It represents the main control and interfacing for the whole mobile network system. The main elements of the core network include:

Mobile Switching services Centre (MSC):   The main element within the core network area of the overall GSM network architecture is the Mobile switching Services Centre (MSC).

Home Location Register (HLR):   This database contains all the administrative information about each subscriber along with their last known location.

Visitor Location Register (VLR):   This contains selected information from the HLR that enables the selected services for the individual subscriber to

be provided.

Equipment Identity Register (EIR):   The EIR is the entity that decides whether given mobile equipment may be allowed onto the network. Each mobile equipment has a number known as the International Mobile Equipment Identity.

Authentication Centre (AuC):   The AuC is a protected database that contains the secret key also contained in the user's SIM card. It is used for authentication and for ciphering on the radio channel.

Gateway Mobile Switching Centre (GMSC):   The GMSC is the point to which a ME terminating call is initially routed, without any knowledge of the

MS's location.

SMS Gateway (SMS-G):   The SMS-G or SMS gateway is the term that is used to collectively describe the two Short Message Services Gateways defined in the GSM standards.

Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

The Operation and Support Subsystem is an element within the overall GSM network architecture that is connected to components of the NSS and the BSC. It is used to Monitor and control the overall GSM network system and it is also used to control the traffic load of the BSS. It must be noted that as the number of BS increases with the scaling of the population subscriber some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the BTS, leads to save the cost of ownership of the system.

Practical using in our Project:

Both of the GSM and GPRS may be required till now to implement the project but the GPRS is very important in the design of the project as it is the link between the control unite and the individual screens that are distributed along the ways. The GPRS is used to transmit the data via internet using some of the internet protocols like TCP/IP.

The GSM also may be used to support the GPRS function. As the used IPS for screens will be dynamic and for the control room will be static so from any screen it is easily to reach the control room to find the newest videos and instruction but from the control room it is imposable before the connection between it and the screen so the SMS may be used to if the control room need any information or need to give any information or identify any problem to the control room when the screen is not online .that is the most important use of the GSM and GPRS . More information about the final implementation will be provided in the implantation chapter.