Emerging Computing Technologies For Cad Corba

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

CAD has become a very important technology within the scope of computer aided technologies. CAD is considered to be a design activity which can be made use of in computers to produce and edit any engineering design. It is been used by many companies to help them in manufacturing and developing advanced systems. It provides the companies with a high-speed and high-manufacturing in various organisations. It allows the industries to produce its ideas in a simplified manner it also welcomes new design with a improved facilities and qualities (V. Roshanaei, B. Vahdani, S.M. Mousavi, M. Mousakhani, G. Zhang, 2011). This paper summarises on the current state and the evolution of CAD and mainly focuses on CORBA which is a Web-based technology. This paper aims to provide information about the CORBA technology which enables the distribution of the objects and the use of the objects on a network, CORBA is basically a client/server architecture, where in a client sends a request to the server and the server responds back to the client. The data can be sent from a client to the server and must be associated to a particular operation on a particular object, in this paper we will discuss the work flow, connections, protocol, architecture and also some of the important elements of the CORBA technology. CORBA is a very useful technology it is being used extensively in many industries like aerospace, e-commerce, finance, military, education, research etc.

INTRODUCTION :-

In a very short period the internet and the world wide web have made a great impact on the world literally influencing the human. The web is built by countless number of individuals, the engineers enable the use of new technologies and the web developers bring these technologies online. The Web is a client/server application, wherein it allows a client to send a request to the server and waits for the server to respond to the request made.

Some wizards of using the web technology, stated by Jing Tao Yao (2008) are as follows:-

A scattered base for processing of the message is provided by the Web.

A timely synchronous protective message and tools with user understandable ports are sent by the Web.

The systems can be used at any place and at any time, there is no drawback or time in the Web.

The web-based systems are largely been used in industries and companies. CORBA is one of the web technologies that uses the client/server application and allows the sending and receiving of data.

CORBA :-

CORBA is web-based technology that allows the communication between the client and server. CORBA doesn’t allow the communication between human and internet, it only allows the communication of the computed operations over a network.

The client in CORBA completely put forth the procedures on remote methods on a server. It has no idea about which operating system it uses, what hardware it is working on, the language example:- Java, ADA, C++, COBOL, Python, Smalltalk etc, its location if it is situated in the adjacent room or any other place in the world, but it knows that if it sends a request it will receive a response. CORBA has been proposed by the OMG which stand for Object Management Group. The ORB manages the request and response between the client and server. The IDL is used to define the CORBA (L Chiarabini, 2004).

CORBA Work Flow :-

When the name server send a request for an object to the client, the client visits the name server to find out the name of the request made.

Once the client finds out the name it sends it to the IDL stub. The IDL stub then sends the object to the Object Request Broker.

The Object Request Broker is used to send and receive objects, then the Object Request Broker makes a request for the object which is sent to the server.

Once the server receive the request for the object, it then completes the request made and the request is carried through the IDL skeleton which is sent back to the same place from where the request was made.

CORBA- Work Flow

The different components of CORBA are as follows :-

1. Object Request Broker(ORB)

2. Interface Definition Language(IDL)

3. InternetInterORB Protocol(IIOP)

(Z.Tari and O.Bukhres, 2004)

2.1 Object Request Broker (ORB) :-

ORB facilitates scattered ordering by decoupling the client from the information of the technique appeal. A method to clearly disclose the client request to pursuit object intervention is been given by the ORB. This causes the client request to display as a local method call. When an application is being invoked by the client, the ORB is susceptible for discovering the object intervention clearly energizing it if required, answering any response to the caller and carrying out the request to the object (Z.Tari and O.Bukhres, 2004).

Object Request Broker (ORB)

2.2 Interface Definition Language (IDL) :-

The IDL is an interface language that the client calls and the intervention that the objects provide. IDL allows the communication between different software like the language written in C++ and the language written in Java. It acts as a bridge between different systems. The remote procedure calls (RPC) is where the IDL is mostly been used. The IDL compilers provide many classes such as the stubs and skeleton which is been used by the client and server to get the remote objects. In CORBA the IDL acts as a stub and skeleton between the client and the server. The IDL stub is used to carry out the request from the client to the Object request broker and the IDL skeleton is used to carry out the response to the server side(Z.Tari and O.Bukhres, 2004).

2.2.1 CORBA Services :-

The services offered by CORBA are also known as the Common Object Service (COS) which is defined from the Object Management Group (OMG). These CORBA services are helpful for the developer to find and manage the data and objects. The CORBA services provided are as follows :-

(OpenFusion CORBA from prismtech)

CORBA Notification Service (NOT)

CORBA Naming Service (NAM)

CORBA Trading Service (TRADE)

CORBA Telecoms Log Service (TLOG)

CORBA Lightweight Services (LtSVC)

CORBA Notification Service (NOT) :-

An increase in the present OMG event service, acquiring the ransfer of the events in the form of data structures, event solution, QoS and an optional stores.

CORBA Naming Service (NAM) :-

It gives us with the main functions with which the clients of an ORB system can request for the objects that they need.

CORBA Trading Service (TRADE) :-

This trading service allows the approaching and the recognition of instances of a specific type.

CORBA Telecoms Log Service (TLOG) :-

It provides us with the interface for logging of any event and for checking the logged data based on its constraints.

CORBA Lightweight Services (LtSVC) :-

This is a combination of three other services which are the naming, event and time this makes sure that these services are capable to be used in resource constrained systems.

2.3 InternetInter ORB Protocol (IIOP):-

The IIOP runs on a scattered base it is an web interaction protocol. By using the IIOP, programs that are written and that are running on different languages can communicate thru the web. It is based on the client and server architecture. In this architecture the client send a request to the server and waits for the server to respond. In this the client operations are completely secluded by the server operations and it has no idea about which operating system it is using or which hardware it uses , the only thing it knows about the server is the services it can generate and the port number and IP address.

Collaborative CAD systems

It has been almost twenty year that the CAD industries began designing innovating and achieving a high progress. Lately, because of the sudden development of the IT industry, the CAD systems are now co-operative and have the skill to allot data between one another (Li, Lu, Fuh, Wong, 2004).

Due to the high ratio of requests and orders of markets that approach daily in the industry world, several dissertations where to be made by huge manufacturing industries, to enhance the actions and standard of the systems in accordance to the continuation of the collaborative CAD systems. In the early century, the buyers got to know the usefulness of the collaborative CAD systems and they put in great efforts to improve not only the existing systems but to even indulge new prototype systems in the markets. Due to this the industries and organisation began to demand higher versions of the collaborative CAD systems resulting to a great competition in the markets.

The engineers and designers are now able to share its task with customers, suppliers and manufacturers through web, which is because of the co-operative CAD system. There are two types of skills and technique which is co-operation and dispersion. The two methods are now intensified by the two major situations of the co-operative systems, solid one, it means that even after the CAD systems have been distributed across every part of the earth, the systems can support one another as long as creating ventures, practical one, that has the skill to protect the plan and relation of any system and has a aim to manifest a individual worldwide material and pursuit (Li, Lu, Fuh, Wong, 2004).

3.1 Horizontal and hierarchical collaborative CAD

The work and the title given by the users for creating ventures, is done by organising collaborative CAD in a horizontal or hierarchical way. The horizontal collaboration focuses on creating a group from a simple manner to bring in a much advanced structure in a concurrent and unsynchronised manner and a stratified collaboration has the skill to form a interaction channel among the upstream and downstream design and it can also accept the coincident engineering to combine the non uniform tools with a zing (Li, Lu, Fuh, Wong, 2004).

3.1.1 Horizontal collaborative CAD

Horizontal collaborative CAD is distributed into two classes: visualisation based design systems, in which the consumer is given a chance to have a simple way of mediation in a Web, analyzing and challenging the design models which are been used for the willingness and co-modification of group projects (Li, Lu, Fuh, Wong, 2004).

3.1.2 Hierarchical CAD systems

To manage the design activity the hierarchical collaborative CAD uses a asynchronous manner which completely is different from the "sequential engineering". This collaboration system focuses on the interaction between the designers and helps them ignore any complications when concerned to time in the process of the design activity against the other time zones and moreover it can be used to preserve and maintain CAD systems so that the holder can access it in any suitable way and at any time (Li, Lu, Fuh, Wong, 2004).

CORBA on CAD

CAD systems are planned to function in an isolated surroundings with no interaction among one another, these issues have produced several results with a huge amount of useless expenditure on the hardware and software and the inexpedience in the wares are in evitable. Moreover, diverse CAD systems use dissimilar methods to demonstrate the designing files, so when a system subtle the drawing it cannot be seen by the other systems (Ping-Yi Chao and Yu-chou Wang, 2001).

In today’s world, you find internet at every corner and is been used by every person in many ways. By internet users in companies and industries can send and receive data in a easy manner, in less time.

The industries had to undergo major circumstances as the data format was not the same and the industries appeared to be isolated so the industries invested on several other CAD systems (Ping-Yi Chao and Yu-chou Wang, 2001).

CORBA can be made use of for interaction among associates and users. When different CAD systems interact with one another it sends across several amount of data, to ignore all the complexities that come in the way, the methods been used should have all the required actions for the interaction and sending of data, a link to accepted databases and data request methods for the models of the object (Ping-Yi Chao and Yu-chou Wang, 2001).

DISCUSSION on CORBA :-

CORBA which is a petition allotted technological system, it provides a higher portability. It is not tied to only a single language but it can include even the previously written languages of a system along with the approaching languages which have a aid for CORBA. It demonstrates a high degree for its use in the coming up days. CORBA provides java with low elasticity, as java programmers don’t let the correctly working code to be delivered to the remote systems. The IDL uses an interface to explain the rites of CORBA. Mapping of the well known languages are made attainable and it can be used to write the upcoming languages also which have an aid for CORBA. CORBA lets the objects to send and receive data among two remote systems. CORBA lets amateur information and operation to be sent, it doesn’t allow real program to be sent (Michi Henning, 2006).

5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of CORBA :-

The programmer support for CORBA is increasing eventually, due to its performance, advantages and use of programming languages. It is mainly useful in large scale industries, where they require a communication among many systems. It allows the interaction among different languages, the only restriction is that the respected language must be written in the CORBA specification.

Advantages :-

CORBA became a tool for the developers to build heterogenous distributed applications in a simple manner (Michi Henning, 2006).

CORBA in a short span of time became popular among industries which used CORBA to build applications (Michi Henning, 2006).

CORBA makes sure that any operation that is written now can be accessed even in the future time.

CORBA is a simple way of creating an interaction between objects and systems.

Disadvantages :-

In CORBA, if a language is not written it the correct manner then it will make use of a huge sum of work.

CORBA doesn’t allow the delivery of programs or objects.

Developers who had experience on CORBA found writing a nontrivial CORBA application difficult (Michi Henning, 2006)

Future Enhancement :-

The life span of CORBA has a middleware has been stretched to a great extent. It is a normal human tendency to look beyond the existing middleware for something more advanced, but having CORBA you don’t have to look any further. CORBA is extensively used in a large scale, it is used by 500 and odd companies and is mainly used by well established software companies due to its durability, reliability and scalability. CORBA is considered to be the best middleware mainly in industries like the finance, telecommunication and health care and for programming languages like JAVA, ADA, C++ etc. The only object oriented language that makes sense is CORBA. CORBA has a long way to go (Jennifer Barnes, 2011).

Conclusion :-

In this assignment a discussion about the distributed architecture of the CORBA has been made. The CORBA work flow which uses the Interface Definition language (IDL) to allow the scattered objects to interact with one another and to share the data with the interface, the Object Request Broker (ORB) it acts as an intermediate between the client and server to send and receive data. CORBA does all the work required for the clear interaction between the applications. The services that are been offered by CORBA which are helpful for the developers to find out and manage the data and the objects. The CORBA is been used in a wide range of industries, it is widely been used by well established software companies. The different CORBA components the Object Request Broker (ORB) where in if there is a comparison that is provided by the client to the object, then the ORB finds out an acceptable intervention for its client, Interface Definition Language (IDL) it is an interface language that is been called by the client and an intervention is provided by the object, InternetInter ORB Protocol (IIOP) it is a web interaction protocol that runs on a scattered base. It also states the relationship between CORBA and CAD, wherein CORBA allows the interaction between CAD systems to send and receive large amount of data. It also tells about the different languages used in CORBA like the JAVA, ADA, C++ etc and how these languages can interact with one another. Even today CORBA is still a leading middleware used in large scale industries and has a long way to go.

Referencing :-

Luca Chiarabini (2004) ‘CORBA vs. Web Services’ [online] Available at www.google.com (Accessed: 26TH FEBUARY 2013)

V. Roshanaei, Behnam Vahdani, S. Meysam Mousavi, M. Mousakhani, G. Zhang (2011) ‘CAD/CAM System Selection: A Multi-Component Hybrid Fuzzy MCDM Model’ [online] Available at link.springer.com (Accessed: 26th FEBUARY 2013)

Jing Tao Yao (2008) ‘An Introduction to Web-based Support Systems’ Journal of Intelligent Systems [online] Available at scholar.google.com (Accessed: 26TH FEBUARY 2013)

W.D.Lia, W.F.Lua, J.Y.H.Fuhb, Y.S.Wongb (2004) ‘Collaborative computer-aided design- research and development status’ [online] Available at www.google.com (Accessed: 26th FEBUARY 2013)

OpenFusion CORBA from PrismTech ‘CORBA services’ Available at www.prismtech.com (Accessed: 3rd MARCH 2013)

Jennifier Barnes (2011) ‘’ [online] Available at www.google.com (Accessed: 3rd MARCH 2013)

Zahir Tari, Omran Bukhres (2004) ‘Fundamentals of Distributed Object Systems’ [online] Available at icat (pg 48-51) (Accessed: 3rd MARCH 2013)

Michi Henning (2006) ‘The Rise and Fall of CORBA’ [online] Available at www.google.com (Accessed: 3rd MARCH 2013)

Ping-Yi Chao, Yu-chou Wang (2001) ‘A data exchange framework for networked CAD/CAM’ [online] Available at www.google.com (Accessed: 3rd March 2013)