Element And Performance Criteria

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

Element 1

Describe the computer information system function in an organisation.

Information systems (IS) is the study of complementary networks of hardware and software that people can use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data. The study of computer science Information System(s) (CIS) is use for many business a field and , including their principles, their software and hardware designs, their applications, are impact on society while IS emphasizes functionality over design.

The history of information system began in the twentieth century. Today the information system still exist they updated to promote their ideas, Information system improve the social effectiveness & efficiency of the whole process. In general, information systems are focused upon processing information within organizations, especially in business enterprises, and sharing the benefits with modern society.

Organisation chart identifying position of the information system function.

C:\Users\monu\Downloads\800px-SoftwareHouse-MatrixStructure.jpg

The given flow chart explains the flow of information in the organisation. In the flow chart first information goes through head of development, which is the main central authority, Assistant is the mediator between the head of development and the various departments. The information goes to all the various department First the project manager manages all the information they see the project of information system after that Business analysts manager/leader work on the information which is related to business analysts then the software developer develop and check the hole information if the information is wrong then they work on it in the last Quality analyst manager/leader check the quality of the information and manage the system.

In the end the information business analyst give information data to analysts the analysts work on it then the software developer send the data to designer/ programmer to check the software which they have made after that the tester work on the information project which the quality project manager work and give the information to tester. This is the way information work in the flow chart.

1.2 Management Expectations (Management Information Systems, 1995), (Management Information Systems, n.d.)

Time Management

The manger expects the information system that collecting information should clear and correct without error. And also edit data should be without error. Then information system will be quick and fast. Managers can do their work easily and fast. Then managers can protect their time and organisation money. Because of these reason managers can do their work properly. Then managers can save the time. That’s why manager expect the time management.

Example: Managers has big responsibilities in the organisation. Then they have to do a lot of work in an organisation. They have to cover varies of things in the organisation. If there workers give the correct and clear details, managers can do their work easily. Then managers can save their time. If there workers give the wrong details, managers want to check again. It will be cost. Because if they get the more time that will be cost for the organisation. Then managers always expect the Time management.

Accuracy

The managers are expecting the accuracy. They expecting in the organization details should be appropriate editing, balancing, and internal control checks. And also internal and external edit program should be accurate. In the organisation all the processing should be accurate. If doing any simple or hard work it will do accurately. Managers expect accuracy from their workers. In the organisation work are accuracy then manager will be happy about that.

Example: if manager gave a work for their workers, they should want do that work accurately. Otherwise company will be loose their profit. Then manager face a trebles because of that every time manager expects accuracy from their workers.

Consistency

The data should be collected consistently and uniformly. The collected data can distort and trend analysis. The report data collection will change lot of times. That time the data cannot be change. Then they should have a "well defined and documented, clearly communicated to appropriate employees", and should have good information system. Manager always expects the constant details. Because of they can make the decision through the constant details. If details are always changing, managers are facing the difficulties to make decisions. Managers always like constant details. Because of that they can make a future decision easily.

Example: If a company starts crediting its employee salary’s on different dates. It’ll be a problem for the account department so it won’t be a problem.

Completeness

They manager expect an information should be appropriate and summarized. In the system they do not include unimportant details. Information should be neat. Manager not expects the "overload information’s". Manager every time expect the completeness from their workers.

Example: If the accounts department suppose to make the accounts for it‘s employees on 23rd of every month. If they were not able to do it on time. The employees won’t get their salaries on time. Avoid that they need to complete their task on time.

Relevance

The information system should be a relevant. The information should not be an inappropriate, unnecessary, or to more details. The managers always expect the relevant details and important details. If there have relevant and necessary details then it is very helpful for the managers. Managers always expect the relevant details. Because then managers can do their work easily. If information system provides relevant details, managers can get any details what they want.

Example: let’s we think manager should want a salary details about their employee. Then Information System should want to give their employee Salary details, Employee No and Working Hours like that details. Because of those details are relevant to the salary details. Otherwise Information System is Provide a Company property details that details are not relevant to the Salary details. Then managers always expect the relevant details from their Information System.

Easy to work

Managers always like to work easily. Then they expect the good information system. If there have better information system then managers can work easily. Proper information system is good for the manager’s work. Quality Information system is help to do work easily. Mangers are always like to work do their work easily. Then managers can save the time also.

Example: let’s we think manager want a details about the salary details and each person’s working hours. If information system provide an employ No, employ Name, each workers working hours accurately. Managers can get’s the salary details easily and then managers can do their work easily.

1.3 User Expectations. (American journal of Business, n.d)

Coverage

User every time expects the coverage. If in information system they want to facility to access the data any time anywhere. User expects the good coverage. Then they can do it there work any time anywhere.

Service quality

User expects the Service quality from information system. If what they expect, that should be a truthful. Always user likes to get true information. Any organisation service should be a helpful for the user. In organisation Information system have good qualities then user like to it and helpful for them. If organisation information system hasn’t a good service, then user will not happy about that. The information function should have a quality of Service.

Example: lot of people access the internet to get the information. Then that internet connection should be fast. Then people can get the information without any trouble. Because of that internet connection. Then always users expect like good service qualities.

Technology

User expects the technology. In the information system function there has good technology then user more interest about that. Because recently lot of think happen through the technology. It is very easy and fast to get data or information through the technology. There time also can save, that’s why user expects the technology.

Example: let’s we think one man want to buy the IT relevant book in the library. Because of information system it’s a very easy think for him. Just he needs to type that books name in the completer. Then computer shows the all the information about that book. Then he can get that book easily. Because of that technology it’s very easy think for the users. That’s why users expect the technology.

Straightforward

Information system should be an easy to access and reasonable. Because of user every time expect the truth and easy information’s. Because this information and data very important to the user. If information easy then they can understand the information’s easily. That’s why they expect the Straightforward.

Reliability

The information system should be a dependably and accurate. Users are expecting these things. If user want information’s this information should be truth. They want truth information. Information system should be giving accurate information to the users.

Example: Some peoples Search the information about the computers. Then information system should want to give correct details.

Responsiveness

Users always expect the help and prompt service, because users had some problems or trouble. Then they hope to get solution in information system. Then information system responds quickly, users happy about that. Then users are expecting the Responsiveness.

Assurance

Users expect the assurance because. Example in a organisation there have users information’s and data. Some time there private data also have information system. Then they hope to that details are secure. They trust them. Then always they expect the Assurance.

Outline of changes in the information systems function over the past 10 years.

HARDWARE:

Technology: 4G LTE networks

Industries affected: Wireless telecommunications carriers, telecommunications and wireless infrastructure, internet publishing and broadcasting

Notable players: Verizon, T-Mobile, Sprint, AT&T

The term "fourth generation, long-term evolution" (4G LTE) is thrown around quite a bit by wireless telecommunications carriers – but it’s not just a buzzword. Rather, 4G refers to a specific set of international wireless standards, which state that a 4G network must offer speeds of 100 megabits per second (Mbps) for mobile use, or 1 gigabit per second (Gbps) for low mobility situations (i.e. sitting down). In contrast, 3G networks must offer paltry speeds of about 2 Mbps. In reality, most firms touting their 4G networks don’t yet meet the appropriate standards and should instead fall somewhere between 3.5G and 3.9G. Technicalities aside, 4G LTE networks will significantly change the mobile world.

IBIS World expects the number of mobile internet connections to increase at an annualized rate of 12.1% to about 275 million from 2012 to 2017. Traffic over mobile networks now consists almost entirely of data. In fact, Mobile Future, a coalition of vendors and consumers, estimates that by 2014, voice traffic will only comprise 2.0% of total wireless traffic in the United States. All of this data traffic is putting a severe strain on networks. A 2011 survey conducted by Credit Suisse found that mobile networks in North America are running at 80.0% capacity. Add to this the fact that, in late 2011, the wireless association CTIA reported that the number of mobile devices in the United States had surpassed the number of people, and it is clear that 4G network expansions can’t wait any longer. As such, the telecommunication network equipment manufacturing industry is expected to benefit as network developments and upgrades hasten the need for related equipment. After years of strong decline, the industry is forecast to post 2.3% annualized growth to $11.7 billion in the five years to 2017.

According to a report by consulting firm Deloitte, wireless telecommunications firms in the United States are expected to invest as much as $53.0 billion in 4G network build outs over the next five years. This move could contribute as much as $151.0 billion in GDP growth and create as many as 771,000 new jobs from 2012 to 2016. And, just as 3G technology led to the mobile web and its endless associated applications, 4G technologies will facilitate new opportunities that people haven’t even thought up yet. 4G LTE networks are 10 times faster, on average, than their 3G counterparts, presenting the opportunity to deliver more data-rich content to consumers, particularly video. A recent Cisco report found that, although 4G connections represent only 0.2% of mobile connections, they already account for 6.0% of mobile data traffic. The computing power of mobile devices will also increase: With storage and computing power stored in the cloud and accessed through robust 4G connections, smartphones and tablets will be able to far exceed their own hardware’s computing capabilities.

Technology: Near field communication

Industries affected: mobile phone manufacturing, wireless carriers, banking, credit card companies, e-commerce, advertising

Notable players: Nokia, Philips, Sony, Google, Apple

Although near field communication (NFC) isn’t a new concept, the low murmur it was once creating is now a loud buzz thanks to support from big companies like Nokia and Sony, and from new developments and compatible products. NFC is short-range wireless connectivity that allows transmission of data from one device to another (or an NFC tag); it’s the technology behind "tap and go" credit cards that are popular today.

While contactless credit card payments will remain a key market for NFC, the variety of potential uses made possible by smartphones is much wider. According to Forbes magazine, More than 550 million smartphones are estimated to implement the technology by 2016, and mobile commerce transactions are expected to total $670 billion by 2013. As such, cell phone industries stand to feel the biggest impact. Although most cell phone manufacturers operate abroad, more NFC-enabled phones mean greater opportunity for related apps, advertising campaigns and more. Last year, Google Wallet launched in limited markets, allowing users to pay for, say, a Coke, a taxi or a prescription by simply passing their phones over an NFC-enable terminal. This year, Sony introduced "Smart Tags", which use NFC technology in the new Sony Xperia P smartphone to change modes and social network profiles at close range.

In 2012 and the years ahead, as the shares of people using smartphones and consuming media on the go increase, NFC apps, tools and advertising will become more pervasive in daily lives. In June 2012, for example, Google reported that it shipped 1 million NFC-enable Android devices every week. Furthermore, all major phone, credit card and carrier vendors, and a good number of governments plan to trial the technology in 2012.

SOFTWARE:

Technology: HTML5

Industries affected: design editing and rendering software, smartphone app developers, internet publishing and broadcasting

Notable players: Adobe, Apple, Google, Wix, StackMob

HTML is the standard protocol for formatting and displaying information and documents through web browsers. Internet users experience HTML every day, yet few notice it or know what it is. Thus, it should come as no surprise that the introduction of HTML5, the latest revision of the HTML standard, was met with very little pomp and circumstance. Still, HTML5 is truly a game changer.

Since the advent of web video, there has been no way to naturally integrate video with HTML. But not anymore: HTML5 integrates video and many more features, such as audio, browser storage, drag-and-drop capabilities and vector graphics. The advancements are great news for innovative developers, but bad news for the companies in the design editing and rendering software industry that produce plug-ins.

HTML5 creates a standard, consistent experience across all web-enabled devices. In other words, it works on any device. Because the most-used mobile app is the web browser, the adoption of HTML5 will make life a lot easier for mobile application developers. By programming once in HTML5, developers can now reach consumers through every mobile device. More importantly, by programming in HTML5, mobile apps may cease to become, well, apps. Instead, apps would exist on the internet and would be accessed through web browsers, fundamentally changing the nature of the smartphone app industry. Furthermore, HTML5 can provide consumers with media-rich mobile content that is lighter on a phone’s hardware, which would increase battery life. Publishers and advertisers now have an array of media-rich tools for delivering content, without the need to program differently for separate devices (i.e. mobile website vs. tablet website). These streamlined operations will benefit the internet publishing and broadcasting industry and the social network game development industry, as well as creators of targeted ad software.

Technology: Enterprise software

Industries affected: business analytics and enterprise software publishing

Notable players: IBM, Microsoft, SAP AG, Oracle

Until recently, innovation and investment in enterprise software was flat because consumer internet start-ups garnered the largest share of private investment. This trend is changing quickly: According to a quarterly survey by Dow Jones VentureSource, in the first quarter of 2012, venture capitalists invested $2.0 billion in 257 deals with young IT companies. Businesses today have unprecedented amounts of data to manage and need to connect with globally dispersed workforces and customers. The robust internet connections that have made cloud computing possible allow firms to offer scalable, cost-effective software packages that can address businesses’ data and global needs. IBIS World expects the business analytics and enterprise software publishing industry to grow at an annualized rate of 3.8% to $31.5 billion over the five years to 2017.

New, innovative start-up companies have emerged to address modern-day problems that didn’t exist five years ago, such as search-engine optimization, social media and mobile marketing, and facilitating internal collaboration across borders and throughout supply chains. In contrast to an expensive software license, consumption and subscription-based software offered through the internet is more scalable and economical to customers. Furthermore, with software distributed over the internet, traditional marketing and distribution barriers don’t exist; start-up companies have an amazing opportunity to take away market share from some of the industry’s major players.

This threat to major players hasn’t gone unnoticed either. Oracle recently acquired cloud-based social marketing company Virtue ($300 million), recruitment software platform Taleo ($1.9 billion) and customer-relationship software developer Right Now ($1.5 billion). Salesforce acquired Buddy Media ($689 million) and Radian6 ($340 million), which are both enterprise social software platforms. Then there’s Microsoft’s recent $1.2-billion purchase of enterprise social network Yammer. In just four years, Yammer has added more than 4 million users (including 85.0% of the Fortune 500) and has garnered $142.0 million in private investment. Its revenue is doubling every quarter.

Explain planning for information system function in an organization.

Information system function planning for organization taken important place. its done by IS department .IS department need to make most efficient network and system for organization. Every employees of organization need to be involved directly for this process such as gathering data, analysing, planning, designing. for develop the system. Information system should be involves success of the organization as well.

2.1 Explain role of IS in corporate strategic planning.

According to What is strategic planning? Definition and Meaning ( n.d.)Strategic planning can explain as, The process of identifying and determine short term and long term goals of organization and achieve this target successfully through the strategic planning. To realize the role of Information system involve in strategic planning lets see some example.

Software Applications Development

According to innovative application(n.d.)According to strategic planning IT Department need to develop their system and application using latest technologies that accomplish organization feature goals. IT department need to plan their decisions within good timeline. That mean they should think feature is today now. Software application development perform many functions like analysis,valuation,reporting,forcasting.Software application development gives unique solutions to company for many functional requirement. Those are helps to organizational activities more effective and efficient manner.

For example IS department introduce latest CRM application for organization .CRM system mostly use for managing company relationship with customers, clients and sales prospects. CRM system is more automotive more than service request such as company activities, solving major issues and managing relationships.

(Software development - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia,2011)

2.2 Explain how information is used differently due to changing technology.

Now a days People use information technology in different ways due to changing technology. Information technology is use for technologically based problem solving and enhance process, increase efficiency and keep effectiveness etc.

Satellite television Broadcasting

People who used ordinary Antenna for see the tv programmes are not good enough for see the better quality pictures. The satellite broadcasting technology gives the higher resolution quality for people who like to view in home place. The High speed broadcasting system helps to make the view without drop.

GPS

Once we need to find a place it requires some map help for do it. Ordinary people familiar with printed maps because their technology was not much developed compare to today. Once the GPS arrived travellers and normal people use it for make their task easy.

2.3 Explain two methods of strategic planning for Information System

SWOT Analysis

Strength – Strength is the weapon for face the real situation of the organisation. The future of the organisation depend on the current progress of the entire departments contribution. The continues progress take organisation very strong it helps to keep organisation schedule up to date.

Weaknesses – every organisation have weakness also it generate by the poor management of the organisation management . The entire department have responsible for contribute their task for future pathway of the company. IF the weakness not solve very fast it harms for internal and external environment of the organisation.

Opportunities- Opportunities generate with while achieving the future goals of the organisation. The opportunities helps to for understand the market place how the organisation must change according to different situations.

Threats- As same as opportunities in an organisation it has internal and external threats. Threats are generate by less concern about the task management of the mangers and other workers. The problems which happen from organisation make the whole organisation process down and managers must always take some action for solve the threats.

SWOT analysis is strong tool for strategic planning. It use as guide for success strategic planning. All success businessman keep strengths, protect against internal weakness and external threats. They always keep look for overall business and realize new opportunities very quickly rather than its competitors.

Porter Competitive Forces Model strategic plan

The threat of new entrants

The market always need to understand its position because it helps for get the ideas of the market and the company must adjust according to plan. The plane which they launch for business can plan.

We need to do research which products is cheaper or which products is easy to buy in the market, therefore we need to plan everything for decrease threats of new entrants.

The bargaining power of suppliers

The suppliers need to understand the cost of the materials and the other equipment may influence for suppliers demand.

We need to know properly about supplier that he is supplying good raw material and it is reasonable cost for raw material while we doing planning. If more suppliers same in market it may affect our cost. Therefore we need to know well about suppliers.

The bargaining power of customers

The customer need to bargain the price for his or her satisfaction. The customer have power to ask about price reduce before purchase soothing.

We need to concentrate about customer satisfaction at first , because product price may depend on demand of customers. Therefore we need to supply proper products according to customer satisfaction and then we can control product price in the market while we keep demand of products in the market.

The threat of substitutes

The customer must have some knowledge for strategic planning for understand the price is compare to each level customer satisfaction

Usually all customers look for cheap price and good quality in the market, therefore we need to plan always supplying good quality products for reasonable price in the market such way we can keep control threat of substitutes.

The rivalry among existing firms in the industry

The organisation has understand the completion with another organisation. The industry which use strategic plan may out put the product by better quality with reasonable price.

Before we introduce our products to market we need to understand competition of other firms in the market, then we can compare with others and plan for supply better product to market than other firms.

(Turban, Mclean & Wetherbe, 2004)

2.4 Explain two methods of short term planning for information system.

Plan maintenance

When we design short term strategic information system plan maintenance sometimes company need to change the company structure, policy and system requirement therefore while the management change we need to concentrate about information system in the company because if they going to change IS department centralize to decentralize or even different way according to changers we need to prepare all facilities such as network facilities, computer availability ,human resource and other electronic equipment use for inside the company. While we planning we need to concentrate about those factors. Sometimes they need to use new IS application due to changers they need to consider about application cost and access time for new software application as well. Therefore while we planning we need to concentrate about plan maintenance factor which I mentioned above.

(Contingency Planning Guide for Information Technology Systems,2002)

Risk management process

The management of the organization must always consider about the unexpected risk which coming towards to the company. The department of the organization have many risk to handle. for example the IS department take the risk like network failed and other network equipment out of order make major issues for drop down the continues methods of every department. The risk must solve at few attempt and otherwise it harm full for organization future development.

(Contingency Planning Guide for Information Technology Systems,2002)

Task 3

3.1 Implications of rapid obsolescence and new emerging technology

There have many effects of rapid obsolescence and new and emerging technology.

According to this emerging technology, lot of companies manufacture the lot of new computers. Because of this reason there use a lot of chemical things. It is not good for the environment and human, Because of that latest product.

Because of obsolescence old computers are going to rubbish. Then also have happened pollution. But there also have solutions. That old one can recycle. And also this old one can give to the poor people and poor schools. Example: In Sri Lanka there have poor schools. In there IT Section There have 1 or 2 computers to use. Then we can donate the old computers to them.

Because of emerging the technology there creates more gob opportunities. Because of that create varies kind of job opportunities. Example: It good for the software developer’s hardware developers, Tran’s port system, training schools etc. Then many people can do the job. It is a Good thing for the economy.

Because of emerging technology everyone can doing work easily and time saves. Then everyone can do a lot of work. And it’s good for the company. Then they can earn lot of profits. Example: Windows 2007 good than Windows 2000. In Windows 2007 there have lot of tools and facilities. It will Can do work fast and accurately. Another Example In Windows 2007 it have option to when we going to formatting. But in Windows 95 there haven’t a like that options it want to go to Dos Mood for a formatting. That is a time wasting thing and difficult thing.

Because of obsolescence technology we can use old hardware parts for a new one. Because some parts are same then we can save our money. Example: we need a extra RAM for Fast our computer then we can use the old one as well. And we can give the hardware parts to the hardware schools then t good for the education also.

Some people do not like to work with new technology. Because there are like to work with old technologies. Because difficult to use new technology. Then organization needs to give training for them. It is also money and time wastage thinks.

(Computer HADWARE ENGINEERING course Note book, 2008)

Policies

Organisation data (THE NEW CIO LEADER /Page 91,95)

If any date get first time then they have responsibility to its potential benefits beyond directly responsible for his capture should be considered.

Business processes and systems should ensure that financial and sales data keep together and save this data properly.

Mobile uses have responsibility to keep the true data in their desktop. If any movement they Will to access it.

They should have to know how information is gathered, stored, accesses, and use.

Any organisation should want to keep data backup. For the backup should need to make a password. Then other one can’t get this data.

No one can’t access the data without permission from there CEO or manager. Private details should want keep their personal settings. No one allow to taking personal details.

In the organisation they should want to security system. No one to allow to take official details to out. In the office time can’t get the personal calls. Because then any one can give the official details to the out. Do not allow to use external emails and can use only internal emails. Then any one can transfer the details to the others.

Telecommunication (THE NEW CIO LEADER /page 95)

Telecommunication should have to wide range of facilities then they can access any time and can give the service for the customers.

The network system should have high bandwidth applications such as imaging and videoconferencing.

According to streamline business. Telecommunication should need to get penetration about that.

According to this telecommunication police in the organisation cannot use the telephone for the external calls. If anyone needs to get the external call, they should want to get the approval from managers. Everyone can use only the internal calls. Then any department have code for the calls.

Everyone can fax only the official details to the relevant companies’. Every one cannot use the Fax. Managers give the permeation for the relevant person. They have a code. If anyone wants to fax then they should want to go to the relevant person.

Printing also can use the relevant person. They have responsibility to it. In organisation they can print only official documents. Each PC’s haven’t a each printer. The entire PC combine with one or two printers.

Emails can use only internal emails. Each one has an each new email address. According to company name.

In the organisation cannot log the unnecessary web side. Some website was block. And each PC have wires guard and fire wall. The manager or CEO can see what their workers doing with internat.

Human Resources

Human resources policies, organization administrative duties of personnel, performance management, labour relations and resource planning solutions to support the established system are encoded.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resource_policies)

Create conditions to maximize intellectual productivity.

Maintain a high level of professional and technical specialists.

"Identifying and facilitating the movement of talented people"

(THE NEW CIO LEADER /Page 87)

If we are hiring person for the organisation. First we should want to check that person qualification and give perfect job according to their qualification. According to their qualification organisation should want to give perfect salary to them. Most of the person hiring the contract base. It will be a 3 month or 1 year. All this think should be include in the agreement. Firing details should want to include that agreement. If organisation is not satisfied about employee work, organisation has a right to firing him/her. That point must include their agreement.

If employee work well according to organisation expects. Organisation can give promotion for their employee. Then organisation should want to search whether they give a promotion, how can effect for their organisation.

If they give the promotion, organisation should want to increment the employee salary. If they increase the salary it is good or bad for the organisation. Organisation should want to concern about that.

Always organisation will be get the profit then according to this profit organisation should want to increment their salary.

Training must want give for everyone. Organisation should want to give a free tanning according to employee field. Employee should want to get the more benefit through there tanning section. Around the tanning section organisation didn’t pay for their employee.

In the organisation there workers do a some course inside their organisation. Organisation should want to give a certificate to their workers. If employee work hard and correctly and they help to increase organisation product, organisation should want to certifications to them any time.

End-user computing (End-user computing by top executive, n.d.)

"Information computing is defined as an information processing activity how controls the stage of activities. They can use directly personal computers and its does not want a technical experiences and training in the managing information area". Executive use this End- user computing police for their EUC activities in their organisation. They always exchange data and develop programs for other users. Data should be accurate and correct Because of that end using computing police is important part for support and control.

In a network a person who’s using a PC is called the end User. We need to some security system for the end users. Every one need a password to log in to PC’s. Because of that any one cannot use the other one setting.

End user computing should want a consider some think.

They need a cooperate user account.

Separate email address and password.

Example: in a school they need a separate user setting. Student needs a separate user account and administrators need a separate user account. Then student can use only there student account. Then they cannot access the administrators account. Then administrator’s official information can secure.

Some time in an organisation change their software and computers. Then someone difficult to use this thing. Then they want a give training for them.

Some department like web designer they need a dream viewer, photo shop like soft ware’s. Programmers want program soft wares. Then each End-user computer want separate soft wares.

Budgets (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities,n.d. )

The budget police made in 1974.each year they develop the "budget resolution" it is a requirement of budgets policy. This budget resolution creates like a "pay-as-you-go" rule. And apply the all tax or all legislation to develop the individual committees. The budget police develop by the president’s office of management and Budget (OMB). There have a 3 federal components

That is the how much money should spend for a public purpose.

How much take in as tax revenues.

How much government need to run.

The budget typically sketches out fiscal policy and budget priorities. According to the budgets police president want to know how much want spend for a protect agriculture, education, health, and so on. In the budget government cut the txt for protect these things. It also includes the budget policy.

if doing any project or some other thing we need a budget. How much we hope to spend the money for any project. That we called budget. Example: if we plane to develop a project, we make a plan that how much of cost allocate for that project. that’s what we call budget. Before make a project we need to have a idea about that. Always we need to try to do everything inside a budget. If we exceed our budget it will be a advantage for the project.

Quality

In information system data should be a correct,. In the company any one can access official data. Each department have a separate data. Then this data should be a accurate. Example: let’s we think IT department. That department has several kinds of data. Cost of computers, printing cost, damage ones etc. like that data should be a include different folders. All the data should want a backup.

In the organisation hardware and software should be a quality. Because in the information system they want a quality and legal think. Monitors, CPU, printers, Fax mashing etc. this everything should be perfect. Because without this thin organisation cannot access the dates. If there have damage, organisation faces big problems. Because of that problem some time company will lose the dates. The company should want to maintain the hardware parts quality.

Software quality also very important for the organisation. Every time they should want to installed legal soft ware’s. Otherwise all the information system will be corrupted. Then data also will be lost. Then all the software’s quality should be 100%.

Cost allocation

Basically it about managers cost. Which explain what need to be Spend on and what’s need to be not decide that when allocating cost you need to consider factor. Whether it’s important company or not.

After deciding the budget manager does a cost allocation. They divide a each departments what they expect. Some department need allocate more cost. Some department doesn’t want like that. It’s depends on a budget.

Each department are not same then company should want to allocate different cost. Example: Graphic designer want a more graphical computer and good new soft wares. Dream viewer, photo shop like that. Then organisation should want to allocate more cost for that. But accountant don’t want like that facility, they want a office package. Then organisation dont wan’t allocate a too much money for them.

3.3 Change Models

Judson Model

Judson proposed a five step model of change management in 1991(Small business 2009). The five steps involved in the Judson model are:

Planning and Analyzing a Change: It is very important to do research before doing anything so that the output can be successful. Likewise initially we will analyze the importance of the change and make the plan accordingly so that it can turn out to be a successful change. In the change is an organizational change the planning is generally done by the executive officer’s of the organization.

Communicating: After planning everything we will communicate about the upcoming change throughout the organization so that awareness can be created among the people about the new process that should be followed. It can be done by sending e-mails, updating g internet websites, intranet etc.

Getting acceptance of new behaviours: After communicating every one about the change we need to make sure that the acceptance percentage of the change is high. In general cases a potential resistance is seen while implementing any change which should be reduced and finished eventually by counselling people about the change and showing them the long term benefits of the change. It is very important to have acceptance throughout the organization for the upcoming change so that it can sustain in long run and turn out to be a successful change.

Implementing the change: Now that the people in the organization have almost accepted the change we can implement the change or the new process so that everyone can follow it. Initially it will be a challenge for few employees to follow the new process and retain their productivity as it was earlier but eventually once every one will get in routine of following the new process the productivity will reach up to the mark.

Consolidating and Institutionalizing the new State: This is the final stage to formalize the change by getting feedback from the employees about the change process, letting them know about the achievements after the changed process rewarding and recognizing the employees following the correct procedure, introducing new incentive plans to motivate the staff or the employees of the organization. Providing them with written documentation of the changed procedure and introducing new software’s, hardware etc required to sustain the change in long run so that it becomes the core standard throughout the organization.

b) Lewin's Change Management Model

Understanding Lewin's Model

If you have a large cube of ice, but realize that what you want is a cone of ice, what do you do? First you must melt the ice to make it amenable to change (unfreeze). Then you must mold the iced water into the shape you want (change). Finally, you must solidify the new shape (refreeze).

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By looking at change as process with distinct stages, you can prepare yourself for what is coming and make a plan to manage the transition – looking before you leap, so to speak.

To begin any successful change process, you must first start by understanding why the change must take place. As Lewin put it, "Motivation for change must be generated before change can occur. One must be helped to re-examine assumptions about oneself and one's relations to others.

This first stage of change involves preparing the organization to accept that change is necessary, so you can change what you want.

This is easiest to frame when you can point to declining sales figures, poor financial results, worrying customer satisfaction surveys, These show that things have to change in a way that everyone can understand.

To prepare the organization successfully, you need to start at its core – you need to challenge the beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviours that currently define it.

This first part of the change process is usually the most difficult and stressful. When you start cutting down the "way things are done", you put everyone and everything off balance. You may strong reactions in people, and that's exactly what needs to done.

The organization to re-examine its core, which turn can build a strong motivation to seek out a new equilibrium. Without this motivation, you won't get the buy-in and participation necessary to effect any meaningful change.

Change

After the uncertainty created in the unfreeze stage, the change stage is where people begin to resolve their uncertainty and look for new ways to do things. People start to believe and act in ways that support the new direction.

A related change model, the Change Curve, focuses on the specific issue of personal transitions in a changing environment and is useful for understanding this specific aspect in more detail.

In order to accept the change and contribute to making the change successful, people need to understand how the changes will benefit them. Not everyone will fall in line just because the change is necessary and will benefit the company.

Time and communication are the two keys to success for the changes to occur. People need time to understand the changes and they also need to feel highly connected to the organization throughout the transition period.

When the changes are taking shape and people have embraced the new ways of working, the organization is ready to refreeze. The outward signs of the refreeze are a stable organization chart, consistent job descriptions, and so on. The refreeze stage also needs to help people and the organization internalize or institutionalize the changes. This means making sure that the changes are used all the time; and that they are incorporated into everyday business.

Even though change is a constant in many organizations, this refreezing stage is still important. Without it, employees get caught in a transition trap where they aren't sure how things should be done, so nothing ever gets done to full capacity. In the absence of a new frozen state, it is very difficult to tackle the next change initiative effectively. How do you go about convincing people that something needs changing if you haven't allowed the most recent changes to sink in? Change will be perceived as change for change's sake, and the motivation required to implement new changes simply won't be there.

As part of the Refreezing process, make sure that you celebrate the success of the change – this helps people to find closure, thanks them for enduring a painful time, and helps them believe that future change will be successful.