Challenges And Solutions Of Elearning System

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

E-learning includes all forms of electronically supported learning and teaching, including educational technology. The information and communication systems, whether networked learning or not, serve as specific media to implement the learning process.[1] This often involves both out-of-classroom and in-classroom educational experiences via technology, even as advances continue in regard to devices and curriculum. Abbreviations like CBT (Computer-Based Training), IBT (Internet-Based Training) or WBT (Web-Based Training) have been used as synonyms to E-learning. E-learning is the computer and network-enabled transfer of skills and knowledge.[1]

E-learning applications and processes include Web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual education opportunities and digital collaboration. Content is delivered via the Internet, intranet/ extranet , audio or video tape, satellite TV, and CD-ROM. It can be self-paced or instructor-led and includes media in the form of text, image, animation, streaming video and audio.

The students of rural areas adopted some approaches for their learning purpose. They have got good knowledge about computer to operate for their education and communication. In some of the rural area the schools are adopted by state and central government for conducting free computer training courses. Students of arts and science and engineering are aware of present learning system e-learning. This focused learning method is predominately followed by the rural area students for their education. [8]

E-Learning has now been adopted and used by various companies to inform & educate both their employees and customers. Companies with large and spread out distribution chains use it to educate their sales staff as to the latest product developments without the need of organizing physical courses. Compliance has also been a big field of growth with banks using it to keep their staff's CPD's level up. [3]

2. Advantages to E-learning services

2.1 Potential to overcome existing barriers (SCHULMEISTER, 2006) [1]:

• Time barriers: Reducing the time it takes to access learning materials, solving time conflicts through a-synchronic communication, using technologies to change the flow of time (time lapse, slow-motion).

• Spatial barriers: The connection of learning communities and learning objects independent from their location. Contact of or between experts in distant locations. Study locations without travelling .The application of techniques and experimentation in virtual spaces.

• Analog-digital barriers: Combining any text, audio, video and animation. Animating learning content, Exploring and modifying learning objects, understanding, practicing and constructing without changing the device.

• Norm barriers: Being a parent, employment or physical handicaps are no barriers to participate in training courses shifting role of learners from pure consumers to active co-producers of learning content.

2.2 Substantial cost savings

However, the biggest benefit of e-learning is that it eliminates the expense and inconvenience of getting the instructor and learners in the same place. Today most companies are tired of paying high cost of training their staff. Each new version of operating system brings the cost of additional training for technical and end user staff. E-learning comes with a wide range of prices to fit different budget needs. [9]

2.3 Flexibility

Online learning accommodates your preferences and needs - it's student centered. When using e-learning, learners can skip over material they already know and focus on topics they'd like to learn. Learners can also choose the tools that best suit their learning styles. [9]

2.4 Learn anywhere, anytime and with anyone

The growth of the World Wide Web, high-capacity corporate networks, and high-speed desktop computers will make learning available to people 24 hours a day, seven days a week around the globe. This will enable businesses to easily and conveniently distribute training and critical information to multiple locations. Employees can then access training when it is convenient for them, at home or in the office. [9]

2.5 Just-in-time access to timely information

According to Howard, web-based products allow instructors to update lessons and materials across the entire network instantly. This keeps content fresh and consistent and gives learners immediate access to the most current data. Information can be retrieved just before it is required, rather than being learned once in a classroom and subsequently forgotten. Product and procedural changes can be updated and delivered in real-time. This increases the rate at which knowledge is acquired, which is especially important in the corporate market. [9]

2.6 Ability to measure the effectiveness of program

E-learning software empowers administrators to track performance and measure return on investment (ROI). In addition, monitoring usage by learners is simpler; i.e., the number of downloads per user can be measured. This helps training managers to evaluate cost-effectiveness and provides assistance with license negotiations based on estimated usage. [9]

2.7 Simpler data management and Greater storage capacity

According to Gundry, the rapid rate with which new learning products are introduced and older products become obsolete creates a challenge for individuals charged with updating libraries. However, if a single version of each product is kept on a host, users get instantaneous access to updated components. According to Daly, the Internet host has much greater capacity than most physical locations or a user’s hard drive. This allows learners access to more products and allows the advisor to mix and match courseware activities to fit specific needs. Learners can preview presentations of different courses prior to selecting one, or they can access a specific slide from thousands. [9]

2.8 Multi-cultural learning

This is fast becoming an important challenge for trainers. Again, using "streaming" techniques, e-learning can handle multiple languages and cultural idioms to ensure that the employee’s learning environment is made as "comfortable" as possible. [9]

2.9 Benefits for Farmers and Industries

Through E-learning, farmers which mainly live in rural area can learn new ways of farming, get market trends, weather conditions, rainfall predictions etc. through internet and analyze these facts, they will be decide that which crop will give maximum profit for them.

Industries can provide their services to rural people via E-learning tools. E.g. there are many shopping shows which are running on T.V. etc.

C:\Users\AP\Desktop\images.jpg

Figure 1: Benefits of E-learning

3. Approaches to E-learning services

E-learning services have evolved since computers were first used in education. There is a trend to move towards blended learning services, where computer-based activities are integrated with practical or classroom-based situations.

3.1 Computer-based learning

Computer-based learning (CBL) is the use of computers as key component of the educational environment. While this can include the use of computers in a classroom, the term more broadly refers to a structured environment in which computers are used for teaching purposes.

Cassandra B. Whyte researched about the ever increasing role that computers would play in higher education. This evolution, to include computer-supported collaborative learning, in addition to data management, has been realized. The type of computers has changed over the years from cumbersome, slow devices taking up much space in the classroom, home, and office to laptops and handheld devices that are more portable in form and size and this minimization of technology devices will continue. [4] [3]

3.2 Computer-based training

Computer-based trainings (CBTs) are self-paced learning activities accessible via a computer or handheld device. CBTs typically present content in a linear fashion, much like reading an online book or manual. For this reason they are often used to teach static processes, such as using software or completing mathematical equations. The term Computer-Based Training is often used interchangeably with Web-based training (WBT) with the primary difference being the delivery method. Where CBTs are typically delivered via CD-ROM, WBTs are delivered via the Internet using a web browser. Assessing learning in a CBT usually comes in form of multiple choice questions, or other assessments that can be easily scored by a computer such as drag-and-drop, radio button, simulation or other interactive means. Assessments are easily scored and recorded via online software, providing immediate end-user feedback and completion status. Users are often able to print completion records in the form of certificates. [3]

CBTs provide learning stimulus beyond traditional learning methodology from textbook, manual, or classroom-based instruction. For example, CBTs offer user-friendly solutions for satisfying continuing education requirements. Instead of limiting students to attending courses or reading printed manuals, students are able to acquire knowledge and skills through methods that are much more conducive to individual learning preferences. For example, CBTs offer visual learning benefits through animation or video, not typically offered by any other means. [3]

CBTs can be a good alternative to printed learning materials since rich media, including videos or animations, can easily be embedded to enhance the learning. Another advantage to CBTs is that they can be easily distributed to a wide audience at a relatively low cost once the initial development is completed.

However, CBTs pose some learning challenges as well. Typically the creation of effective CBTs requires enormous resources. The software for developing CBTs (such as Flash or Adobe Director) is often more complex than a subject matter expert or teacher is able to use. In addition, the lack of human interaction can limit both the type of content that can be presented as well as the type of assessment that can be performed. Many learning organizations are beginning to use smaller CBT/WBT activities as part of a broader online learning program which may include online discussion or other interactive elements. [3]

3.3 Computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL)

Computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) is one of the most promising innovations to improve teaching and learning with the help of modern information and communication technology. Most recent developments in CSCL have been called E-Learning 2.0, but the concept of collaborative or group learning whereby instructional methods are designed to encourage or require students to work together on learning tasks has existed much longer. It is widely agreed to distinguish collaborative learning from the traditional 'direct transfer' model in which the instructor is assumed to be the distributor of knowledge and skills, which is often given the neologism E-Learning 1.0, even though this direct transfer method most accurately reflects Computer-Based Learning systems (CBL). [3]

Blogs, wikis, and Google Docs are commonly used CSCL mediums within the teaching community. The ability to share information in an environment that is becoming easier for the lay person, has caused a major increase of use in the average classroom.[36] One of the main reasons for its usage states that it is "a breeding ground for creative and engaging educational endeavors. [5] [3]

Using Web 2.0 social tools in the classroom allows for students and teachers to work collaboratively, discuss ideas, and promote information. According to Sendall (2008), [6] [3]blogs, wikis, and social networking skills are found to be significantly useful in the classroom. After initial instruction on using the tools, students also reported an increase in knowledge and comfort level for using Web 2.0 tools. The collaborative tools additionally prepare students with technology skills necessary in today's workforce.

Locus of Control remains an important consideration in successful engagement of E-learners. According to the work of Cassandra B. Whyte, the continuing attention to aspects of motivation and success in regard to E-learning should be kept in context and concert with other educational efforts. Information about motivational tendencies can help educators, psychologists, and technologists develop insights to help students perform better academically. [7][3]

3.4 Technology-enhanced learning (TEL)

Technology enhanced learning (TEL) has the goal to provide socio-technical innovations (also improving efficiency and cost effectiveness) for e-learning practices, regarding individuals and organizations, independent of time, place and pace. The field of TEL therefore applies to the support of any learning activity through technology. [3]

C:\Users\AP\Desktop\image014.jpg

4. Challenges in Rural Area

4.1 Kroeker’s E-learning adoption barriers within the rural community

According to Kroeker, the following are some of the various E-learning adoption barriers within the rural community [9]:

· Computer and Internet access

· ICT Infrastructure

· Cost

All these e-learning barriers will now be discussed in detail in the following section : -

4.1.1 Computer and internet access

The degree of computer and Internet penetration within rural communities is still very low compared to the developed areas. Very few people living in rural areas own computers. Computers and Internet access are not available everywhere in rural areas .

According to Kroeker, another perception is that dialup Internet access (i.e. access through telephone lines) is not sufficient for E-learning. High-speed is the required delivery method for online learning. While there is some truth to this perception, software applications have made impressive strides in the last few years and are now capable of delivering high quality content very efficiently. [9]

4.1.2 ICT infrastructure

According to Stewart, V. Cruickshank, D Gail, S., the use of the Internet is a good indicator of the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), as such use requires the integration of many of individual components like electricity, telecommunications infrastructure, computers, and the skills to use them. The number of Internet users and the amount of bandwidth is still growing strongly across the rural communities. Due to high international tariffs and lack of circuit capacity, obtaining sufficient international bandwidth is a major problem in most rural communities. Since citizens in most developing countries are lacking the sufficient access to the net, they need to use community centers or private cyber cafes to access the Internet. Developing countries can establish such a network of centers across certain areas or countries. These centers can be learning centers which will provide the citizens in rural areas with access to the educational and learning materials as well as community services for the society. [9]

4.1.3 Cost

The main obstacle to rural communities for being engaged in E-learning is the costs of implementing and maintaining E-learning. E-learning does require many financial resources. At a starting point individuals should acquire E-learning hardware and software products; Internet costs are also relatively high. Thus only financially strong people can allow themselves to acquire PC and connection to the Internet. According to the focus group discussion results, the price that business and individual consumers pay for the Internet access, personal computer (both hardware and software) or for E-learning courses, is extremely high. As most of the residents from rural areas has a of low-income they cannot support high-priced E-learning programs. E-learning is susceptible to technological failures and barriers. Most online classes require substantial bandwidth and current browser versions. Instruction that includes video and audio may work well in one corporate location, but may be untenable from a dial-up connection. Until these barriers are eliminated, E-learning is unlikely to accommodate everyone’s natural learning style in rural areas. [9]

Quality of Material and Material Incompatibility

Some materials designed for one particular system will not function properly on another (for example, the Apple Macintosh and the Windows PC). It is too easy for some institutions to defer the photocopying costs onto the learner by placing all lecture notes and course handouts online. Such practices often mean that the course materials are in an inappropriate format for online learning.

Too Reliant on IT Skills

Learners of rural area may have limited IT skills, or be uncomfortable with electronic communication and need to learn how to use the medium effectively.

Disabilities of learner:

Students with visual or physical impairments may be disadvantaged. There is no way by which they can get educated through E-learning.

4.5 Security and Threats

Hackers can change or modify the authenticated E-Learning documents like learning materials, certificates, question papers, lecture materials, mark sheets etc. which are communicated from Manager to Students and from Authors to Students as and when required. [10] Natural threats may be caused by natural disasters like fire, storm, volcanic eruption, earthquake, floods etc. E-Learning system can be affected highly by those threats [10]. There may be some unavoidable threats like Computer bug, power outage, handling error etc. [10]

4.6 Disadvantages of Rural Area

Citizens of rural and remote areas have similar needs to those of urban areas, but are disadvantaged in a number of ways. For example:

· Low population density means a lower taxation base to support essential services;

· Geographical remoteness means transportation difficulties;

· Distance from markets can be a disincentive to new business growth, and

· Finally, remoteness usually means a lack of access to education, training and professional updating. [9]

4.7 Community’s resistance to E-learning

It shouldn’t be surprising that e-learning has not yet been wholeheartedly adopted by corporate management, training departments, and end users. Despite the increasing use of the Internet, many learners cannot imagine learning at a computer and are reluctant to try. Other learners worry about security and privacy. Some of the learners in rural areas has never used a computer and has never even seen a computer mouse. Resistance to e-learning shouldn’t be surprising because many learners’ very first experience with education have always involved an educator in the classroom. The classroom approach makes most of the learners more comfortable.

5. Some Solutions for above Disadvantages

5.1 Broadband

Broadband refers to a new generation of high-speed transmission services aimed at residential and small business users. It is a generic term used in relation to a number of technologies for delivering fast data communications services. Broadband technologies offer the potential to overcome many unique challenges and traditional limitations that characterize the rural economy, particularly those associated with distance and access. So broadband services will solve the problem of fast internet connection which is must for the E-learning system .The economic development benefits resulting from greater broadband deployment and use, would include:

· Job creation and retention,

· Reduced traffic congestion,

· More successful industrial growth, recruitment and retention,

· Improved education and health systems,

· More productive research and development,

· Increased start up and entrepreneurial activities,

· Urban core revitalization, and

· Improved government efficiencies and service delivery.

5.2 Community Centers

Government schools, buildings can be used as community centers where E-learning system can be established and people of that rural area get benefits from that community center. In this community center, E-learning should be done in local language for effective learning. E.g. in South Africa, MULTI PURPOSE COMMUNITY CENTER (MPCC) have been identified as the primary vehicle for the implementation of the development of communication and information programs as they can serve as a base from which a wide range of services and products can reach communities.

5.3 Government Policies and Funding

Educators spend their lives neck deep in the tactics of education, but like most who labor on the front lines, they don't get to devise grand strategy. Instead, the education students receive at tomorrow's public schools, colleges, and universities is being shaped today by legislators and agencies that create public policy. It's these policies that determine how technological tools will be used in education, the shape these tools will take, and how students will gain access to them. [11] E.g. UK government issues five-year eLearning strategy on March 2005 set out the following six priorities -

• an integrated online information service for all citizens

• integrated online personal support for children and learners

• a collaborative approach to transforming teaching and learning

• a good quality training and support package for practitioners

• a leadership and development package for organizational capability in ICT

•a common digital infrastructure to support transformation and reform

Government should fund for different courses and program which is delivered to people of rural area. This will increase their knowledge domain and they will get new job opportunities.

5.4 Common Format and Proper Management of E-learning material

Some materials designed for one particular system will not function properly on another so to overcome this problem, the all E-learning material should be in a common format which can be supported by every E-learning tools (Computers, Laptops, Mobiles, T.V. etc.). Quality of E-learning materials should be maintained by the organization which is providing this and its quality is also checked by 3rd party to make E-learning material more interactive and effective.

5.5 Workshops and Seminar about E-learning

As we know, some of the learners in rural areas has never used a computer and has never even seen a computer mouse. For them it is very difficult to use any electronic medium for E-learning. So there will be one and more days workshop where public and private agencies tell how to use E-learning tools to people of rural area.

5.6 Security Mechanism [10]

Participants of E-Learning system face different risks or threats as discussed in the previous section. Following tools or techniques may be imposed to minimize those risks :

5.6.1 Access control using Firewall

A firewall is a combination of hardware and software security system established to prevent unauthorized access to a corporate network from outside the organization.

5.6.2 Cryptography

The purpose of confidentiality is to ensure that information and data are not disclosed to any unauthorized person or entity. The main function of this is encryption of data or message.

5.6.3 Biometric Authentication

Among all authentication techniques like passwords, smart card, Digital signature and digital certificate, there is no guarantee that dishonest Students will keep their password secret. Password might be misused at the time of submission of assignment, receiving question papers, downloading of course materials, etc. where biometric authenticity would give better security. But this needs a bit more capital investment.

5.6.4 Digital Watermarking

This technique allows an individual to add hidden copyright notices, audio, video, image signals. So, multimedia database server of E-Learning system may be protected against unauthorized use by the way of digital watermarking. When also E-Learning information like question papers, important study materials, etc. will invisible to the viewer ,the chances of hacking will be nil or less.

5.7 Solar Energy can use to fulfill Energy Requirements

Every electronic device which is used for E-learning needs energy to operate it. Some rural area has electricity problems, in such areas energy can be provided for community center by solar energy.

6. CONCLUSIONS

E-Learning is a combination of learning services and technology to provide high value integrated learning ; anytime, anyplace. It is being accepted in the marketplace as the next evolution of training and the education industry and the next phase in digital revolution. E-learning has wide scope in developed as well as in developing countries. Overall, 48% providers found E-Learning is beneficial to rural gentry for knowledge, better job opportunities, and promotions and to learn new developing technologies in the market. Specially focusing towards rural areas it helps in developing people’s social and mental ability. Although some negative consequences are also observed in flourishing E-Learning in rural areas because of lack of awareness, unwillingness, illiteracy and lack of proper infrastructure, yet it has a broad scope in near future and we believe that it will definitely help poor gentry to fill the gap between educated developed cities and rural undeveloped areas. Although on-line learning offers real potential for the future, it will never replace the presence of a lecturer and the class dynamic that is important in the learning environment. It will, however, bring learning opportunities to areas where little was available in the past and this is a critical advantage for rural communities.