02 Nov 2017
RFID (Radio-frequency identification) is an automatic identification method to retrieving data using devices called RFID tags. RFID tags can be read from some distance by identification and tracking using radio waves. RFID is an advance technology and one of the most rapidly growing segments of today’s automatic identification data collection industry. Nowadays, industry experts view RFID is a complement to bar code technology; in many cases, such as tracking pallets, cartons, and cases in a warehouse, both technologies are used. RFID technology overcomes certain limitations found in some bar code applications. Besides, RFID transmits data remotely wit read and write technology, which can transfer the encoded data in the RFID tag to the RFID module during the tracking cycle. Most of the attendance system is using the Bar-coding system. And for now, the new technology RFID was introduced to read thought material without the infrared line. RFID tags can be read with the RFID reader which can reduce the time of scanning. Furthermore, RFID tags can be easily encoded with the detail data and greater data capacity. Bar-coding system can easily damage but RFID are more invulnerable to damage because it often designed directly attached to metal surfaces.
There are 3 main components in a basic RFID system:
Antenna
Transponder (RFID tag)
Transceiver (RFID Module)
The antenna is function as transmitting and receiving radio frequency waves for the communication. The antenna release the radio signals to sense the RFID tag and transmit the data t. Antennas are the passages between the tag and the transceiver for controls the system's data acquisition. Antennas can be install on door frame side to receive the data from any persons get inside the door, or mounted on an interstate highway to monitor road traffic. Antenna can produced the electromagnetic field and be constantly present when multiple tags are detected. A sensor device can activate the field if constant interrogation is not required. The sensor detects the reader's activation signal when an RFID tag passes through the electromagnetic zone. The RFID reader can decodes the data in the RFID tag’s integrated circuit (silicon chip) and transfers the data to computer for processing.
The antenna also works as the energy transformer to power up the integrated circuit chip by the reader’s antenna. The Integrated circuit is powered by the energy that received by the radio frequency wave which transmitted from the reader’s antenna. Then, antenna will accumulate the energy and send it to the integrated circuit rectifier to convert it into direct current (DC).
Figure 1: Internal diagram of RFID antenna
An RFID tag is made up by a microchip containing data which an antenna can transmits this data wirelessly to a RFID reader. The microchip will contain a serialized number that identifies that item just like bar codes. RFID tags also have a higher data capacity than bar code system.
There are three types of tags:-
Read-only tags
"Write once" tags
Full "read-write" tags
Read-only tags consist of a serialized number data, which is pre-written by the manufacturer. These are cheapest tags in market because they cannot have any additional information. Any update to that information is maintained by the application software that tracks stock-keeping unit activity.
"Write once" tags are the tags that allow the user to write the data into the tag only one time in distribution processes. This tags may include a serial number and other data such as a lot or batch number.
Full "read-write" tags permit the data to be written to the tag and written to the existing data. This tags are the most expensive and are not practical for tracking cheap items.
In this project, Mifare MF1 IC S50 have been chosen. In the Mifare system, the MF1 IC S50 is connected to a coil with several turns and then embedded in plastic to make the passive contactless smart card. When the card is positioned in the proximity of the Read Write Device (RWD) antenna, communication interface with radio frequency transmit the data with. This tags also have an intelligent anti-collision function which allows to operate multiple card in the sense field together. The anti-collision algorithm selects each card individually and check the transaction with a selected card is performed correctly without data corruption. Data capacity in this Mifare MF1 IC S50 tags is 16 bits CRC per block. This is to ensure the reliability data transmission contactless communication link between RWD and card.
Figure 2 Physical view of Mifare MF1 IC S50 RFID Tag
Figure 3: Block diagram of Mifare MF1 IC S50 RFID Tag
The tag and antenna structure is come in a many physical form factors and can either be self-contained or embedded as part of a traditional label structure. Companies should choose the suitable form factors for the tag and should expect to use multiple form factors to suit the tagging needs of different physical products of measure. For example, a pallet may have an RFID tag fitted only to an area of protected placement on the pallet itself. Thus, cartons on the pallet must have RFID tags inside bar code labels that also provide operators human-readable information and a back-up should the tag fail or pass-through non RFID-capable supply chain links.
Passive tags have no battery and "broadcast" their data only when energized by a reader. That means they must be actively polled to send information. Active tags are capable of broadcasting their data using their own battery power. This means that the read ranges are much greater for active tags than they are for passive tags. Therefore, the extra capability and read ranges of active tags are more expensive than passive tags. Most traditional supply chain applications, such as the RFID-based tracking and compliance programs emerging in the consumer goods retail chain, will use the less expensive passive tags.
There are variety of frequencies or spectra through which RFID tags can communicate with readers. Low-frequency tags are cheaper than ultra-high-frequency (UHF) tags, use less power and are better able to penetrate non-metallic substances. They are ideal for scanning objects with high water content. UHF frequencies offer better range and can transfer data with high speed. But they use more power and are less likely to pass through some materials. UHF tags are typically best suited for use with or near wood, paper, clothing products. Besides, UHF tags might be better for scanning boxes of goods as they pass through a conveyor. While the tag requirements for compliance mandates may be narrowly
defined, it is likely that a variety of tag types will be required to solve specific operational issues.
RFID kits are categorized based on the basis of their frequency ranges such as:-
Low-frequency (30-500kHz)
Mid-frequency (900kHz-1500MHz)
High-frequency (2.4-2.5GHz).
RFID tags are interrogated by readers, which in turn are connected to a host computer. In a passive system, the RFID reader transmits an energy field that wakes up the tag and powers its chip, enabling it to transmit or store data. Active tags may periodically transmit a signal, much like a lighthouse beacon, so that data can be captured by multiple readers distributed throughout a facility. Readers may be portable handheld terminals or fixed devices positioned at strategic points, such as a store entrance, assembly line, or toll booth (gate readers.) In addition, readers/interrogators can be mobile; they can have PCMCIA cards to connect to laptop PCs, usually are powered from their own power source (battery) or by the vehicle they are mounted on, and typically have wireless connectivity. The reader is equipped with antennas for sending and receiving signals, a transceiver, and a processor to decode data. Companies may need many readers to cover all of their factories, warehouses, and stores. Readers typically operate at one radio frequency, so if tags from three different manufacturers used three different frequencies, a retailer might have to have multiple readers in some locations, increasing the costs further.
The transceiver is the source of the radio frequency energy which used to activate the passive RFID tags. The radio frequency transceiver may be enclosed in the same cabinet as the reader or it may be a separate piece of equipment. When provided as a separate piece of equipment, the transceiver is commonly referred to as an RF module. The RF transceiver controls and modulates the radio frequencies that the antenna transmits and receives. The transceiver filters and amplifies the backscatter signal from a passive RFID tag.
The transceiver used in this project is MFRC522 Contactless Reader IC. The MFRC522 ishighly integrated reader/writer for contactless communication at 13.56 MHz. The MFRC522’s internal transmitter part is able to drive a reader antenna designed to communicate with Mifare MF1 IC S50 RFID Tag. This reader can transfer with speeds up to 848 kbit/s. Various host interfaces are implemented in this reader such as Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) and Inter-Integrated Circuit interface (I2C).
Figure 4: Block Diagram of MFRC522 Contactless Reader IC
The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is developed by Motorola. It is a three-wire synchronous serial link that has developed into standard interface due to its held by many semiconductor vendors. Figure 5 shows an SPI connection between a Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) and a peripheral device. An SPI port achieves full-duplex communication by shifting in data via the serial data input (SDI) pin while shifting out data through the serial data output (SDO) pin. In master mode, the PIC initiates all transactions by supplying the clock via the SCK pin. Data is written to the SSPBUF register to initiate either transmit or receive. For receive (PIC from peripheral) operation, dummy data is written to SSPBUF if the peripheral device does not care about incoming data on its SDI pin. For transmit (PIC to peripheral) operation, the PIC can ignore the new data shifted into the SSPBUF register if no valid data is expected. The SSPIF (Master Synchronous Serial Port Interrupt Flag), PIR1 is automatically set when a transaction is complete; it must be manually reset before the next transaction is initiated.
The serial peripheral interface bus, also called a "four-wire" serial bus, is a synchronous serial data link that operates in full duplex mode where the devices are configured as either a master or a slave. This interface can support clock rates of up to 70 MHz. This is a general-purpose interface that can be used to control numerous peripheral devices but is commonly used for controlling external display equipment. Configuration bits CKE (clock edge select, SSPSTAT[6]), CKP (clock polarity select, SSPCON1[4]), and SMP (input sample select, SSPSTAT[7]) provide considerable flexibility for data transmit and receive. The CKE and CKP bits are used for transmit; CKE selects the active clock edge for SDO valid data while CKP selects the clock polarity, either idle high or idle low. Figure 11.4 shows the four cases for the CKE and CKP bit settings. Observe that for CKP = 0 (clock idle low), CKE = 0 has SDO stable on the falling clock edge, while CKE = 1 provides valid SD0 data on the rising clock edge. For CKP = 1 (clock idle high) this is reversed, with CKE = 0 providing stable SD0 data on the rising clock edge and CKE = 1 makes SDO valid on the falling clock edge. The SMP bit determines where the SDI input is sampled during receive, either in the middle of the SCK period (SMP = 0) or at the end of the SCK period (SMP = 1) as shown in Figure 11.4. The required settings for the CKE, CKP, and SMP bits depend upon the target peripheral.
(FOSC/4). Table 11.3 summarizes the configuration bits used for SPI mode transfers. Observe that SCK, SDI, and SDO are shared with the PORTC pins and that TRISC must be used to configure these pins as inputs or outputs as shown in Table 11.3.
Figure 5: Serial Peripheral Interface
universal asynchronous receiver and transmitter (UART) is a circuit that sends parallel data through a serial line. UARTs are frequently used in conjunction with the EIA (Electronic Industries Alliance) RS-232 standard, which specifies the electrical, mechanical, functional, and procedural characteristics of two data communication equipment. Because the voltage level defined in RS-232 is different from that of FPGA 110, a voltage converter chip is needed between a serial port and an FPGA's 110 pins. The S3 board has an RS-232 port with a standard nine-pin connector. The board contains the necessary voltage converter chip and configures the various RS-232's control signals to automatically generate acknowledgment for the PC's serial port. A standard straightthrough serial cable can be used to connect the S3 board and PC's serial port. The S3 board basically handles the RS-232 standard and we only need to concentrate on design of the UART circuit. A UART includes a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter is essentially a special shift register that loads data in parallel and then shifts it out bit by bit at a specific rate. The receiver, on the other hand, shifts in data bit by bit and then reassembles the data. The serial line is 1 when it is idle. The transmission starts with a start bit, which is 0, followed by data bits and an optional parity bit, and ends with stop bits, which are 1. The number of data bits can be 6, 7, or 8. The optional parity bit is used for error detection. For odd parity, it is set to 0 when the data bits have an odd number of I 's. For even parity, it is set to 0 when the data bits have an even number of 1 's. The number of stop bits can be 1, 1.5, or 2. Transmission with 8 data bits, no parity, and 1 stop bit is shown in Figure 8.1. Note that the LSB of the data word is transmitted first. No clock information is conveyed through the serial line. Before the transmission starts, the transmitter and receiver must agree on a set of parameters in advance, which include the baud rate (i.e., number of bits per second), the number of data bits and stop bits, and use of the parity bit. The commonly used baud rates are 2400,4800, 9600, and 19,200 bauds. We illustrate the design of the receiving and transmitting subsystems in the following sections. The design is customized for a UART with a 19,200 baud rate, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, and no parity bit.
Similar to the SPI interface but slower, the Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) interface, also called the "two-wire" interface, is a synchronous serial data link with a multi-master bus. The transfer rate of the I2C bus can be as high as 400 Kbps. This is a general-purpose interface that can be used to control numerous peripheral devices but is commonly used for controlling external displays, reading sensors or storage peripherals.
The I2C bus is a bidirectional two-wire bus that is used to transport data between IC (integrated circuit). Unlike RS-232, the I2C bus doesn’t need any voltage converters or special interface parts. If an IC is I2C-bus compatible, everything needed to operate on the I2C bus is incorporated on-chip within the IC. I2C consists a serial data line (SDA) and a serial clock line (SCL). The SDA and SCL bus lines make up the I 2 C interface, and since these lines are designated as an integral part of the PIC18F452 (Peripheral Interface Controller microchip) that makes the PIC18F452 an I2C-compatible device. Being I 2 C-compatible, the PIC18F452 has provisions for a unique I2C bus address. Using the built-in I2C functionality, the PIC18F452 can act as either the master or slave on an I2C network. If the PIC18F452 is configured as an I2C master, it can act as a master-transmitter or master-receiver. Conversely, if the PIC18F452 is chosen to be a slave on the I2C bus, its internal I 2 C electronics can act in either slave-receiver or slave-transmitter mode. I2C is a true multi-master bus that includes arbitration safeguards against data collisions, which prevents data corruption on the I2C bus. Like RS232, I2C is an 8-bit bidirectional serial communications method. I2C operate at a speed of 100 kbs in standard-mode, 400 kbs in fast-mode and up to 3.4 Mbps in high-speed mode. The only limitation as to how many devices can exist on a single I2C bus is the total capacitance the devices place on the bus. Advantages of using I2C are numerous, and there are a multitude of various IC building blocks to choose from. By employing I2C in a design, it can be eliminate much of the auxiliary support circuitry such as address decoders and standard logic gates needed for other communications methods.
Bar code reads have some problem due to the need to have a direct line of sight between a scanner and a bar code but RFID tags can be read through materials without line of sight. RFID tags also can be read automatically when a tagged product comes near a reader. It will reducing the manpower required to scan product and allowing more proactive, real-time tracking. Improved read rates: RFID tags ultimately offer the promise of higher read rates than barcodes, especially in high-speed operations such as carton sortation. Greater data capacity: RFID tags can be easily encoded with item details such as lot and batch, weight, etc. "Write" capabilities: Because RFID tags can be rewritten with new data as supply chain activities are completed, tagged products carry updated informationas they move throughout the supply chain.
RFID Tags
(Arduino)
Email sent to notify the owner
NO
NO
Door Open
(Arduino)
Duplicate card use (lost card)?
Door Closed (Arduino)
YES
RFID Module
(Arduino)
NO
Does the Card ID match the system?
(Excel & VB)
Data Collect (Excel & Visual Basic)
Name
Quantity
Arduino Uno R3 Board
1
128 * 64 LCD
1
RFID module
1
Rectangle tag
2
Round tag
1
bundles Breadboard jumper wires
severals
Breadboard
1
5V Buzzer
1
L293D IC
1
Green 3mm LEDs
1
Red 3mm LEDs
1
220 ohm Resistors
2
1K ohm Resistors
1
3V-6V DC motor
1
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board designed to make the process of using electronics in multidisciplinary projects which makes it easy to receive inputs and drive outputs. It has 14 digital input/output pins 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, an ICSP header, a power jack, a USB connection and a reset button. It can support the microcontroller by connect it to a computer with a USB cable.
This board can work on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. The power pins VIN is the input voltage to the Arduino board to supply voltage through this pin. The 3.3V and 5V power pin in Arduino board are the supply generated by the on-board regulator. This board also provides the grounding pins (GND). The IOREF pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs for working with the 5V or 3.3V. This board also provides AREF pins which functions as reference voltage for the analog inputs.
The Arduino board has 14 digital pins operate at 5 volts which can be used as an input or output, by using Arduino programs (C++ based programming). Each pin can receive and provide 40 mA at maximum and has an internal pull-up resistor of 20-50 kΩ, Some of this digital pins have specialized functions. Digital pin 0 is the RX pins used to receive data while Digital pin 1 is used to transmit TTL serial data. The External Interrupts function in on pin 2 and 3. These pins are configured to trigger an interrupt on any change in value. The Arduino board also provides Pulse-width modulation (PWM) function which on digital pins: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. It can provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function. Pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK) are the digital pins support SPI communication using the SPI library. There also have a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When this pin is LOW value, the LED is off, when the pin is HIGH, it is on.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs with labeled A0 to A5 which provide 10 bits of resolution. In addition, some pins have specialized functionality. Pin A4 and A5 are the SDA and SCL pins which support TWI communication using the Wire library.
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus and SPI communication, which allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.
Figure 5: Arduino Circuit Diagram
A machine that converts Direct Current (DC) power into mechanical power is known as a DC motor. Its operation is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor experiences a mechanical force. The direction of this force is given by Fleming’s left hand rule and magnitude is given by:
F is force measured in Newton (N)
B is flux density (the strength of a magnetic field) measured in Tesla
I is current measured in amps (A)
L is the length of conductor in the magnetic field measured in meter
DC motors are not often used in applications because major electric supply companies furnish alternating current (AC). Nevertheless, DC motor is often use at electric trains, mines and steel mills for special application to convert AC into DC to use for DC motors. Therefore, the speed and torque characteristics of DC motors are more advantages to compare to AC motors. DC motors can acts like generator and there are of three famous types of generator such as viz., series-wound, shunt-wound and compound wound.
This circuit is known as H-Bridge because it looks like" H". If switch (A1 and A2) are on and switch (B1 and B2) are off then motor rotates in clockwise direction. If switch (B1 and B2 )are on and switch (A1 and A2) are off then motor rotates in Anti clockwise direction. We can use Transistor, MOSFAT as a switch (Study the transistor as a switch)
L293D is an H-Bridge I.C. Its contain two H-Bridge pair.
Note:-
ï‚· Connect motors pins on output 1 and output 2 and control signal at input 1 and input 2 will control the motion
ï‚· Connect another motor pins on output 3 and output 4 and control signal at input3and input 4
ï‚· Truth table for i/p 3 and i/p 4 is same as above shown
ï‚· 0 means 0 V or Low
ï‚· 1 means High or +5V
ï‚· In Enable 1 and Enable 2 if you give high then you observe hard stop in condition 0 0 and 11. Unless slow stop of motor on low signal
 Required Motor voltage has given on pin 8 (Vs) i.e 12V DC – 24V DC
The liquid crystal display (LCD) consist of a liquid crystal material that will flow like a liquid but whose molecular structure has some properties normally associated with solids. The LCD does not generate its own light but depends on an external or internal source. Under dark conditions, it would be necessary for the unit to have its own internal light source either behind or to the side of the LCD. During the day, or in the lighted areas, a reflector can be put behind the LCD to reflect the light back through the display for maximum intensity. The LCD has the distinct advantage of having the lower power requirement than the LED. It is typical in the order of microwatts for the display, as compared to the same order of miliwatts for LEDs. LCD is limited to a temperature range of about 0Ëš to 60Ëš C. Lifetime is an area of concern because LCDs can chemically degrade. LCDs can add a lot to out applications in terms of providing an useful interface for the user, debugging an application or just giving it a "professional" look. The advantages of LCD over LED are the declining prices of LCD and the ability to display numbers, characters and graphics.
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