History Of African Americans

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02 Nov 2017

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(1619) First Slaves: The first slaves arrived in Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. Slave labor was extremely inexpensive and helped grow American agriculture. This started the slave trade in America, as hundreds of thousands of slaves in the next century would be imported.

(1793) Fugitive Slave Act: The Fugitive Slave Act empowered bounty hunters to look for runaway or missing slaves. However, the act was not enforced in many areas of the North because of Northern opposition.

(1800) Prosser’s rebellion: Gabriel Prosser was a young Christian man who was inspired by the bible to help free the slaves. Amassing slaves to help with his plan was near completion when a rainstorm postponed the expected rebellion. Prosser was soon informed on by one of the slaves and was later hung for his attempted rebellion. This was important because it was the first major attempted rebellion by a white man and black slaves.

(1808) Congress ban importation of slaves: America had over four million slaves that were self-sustaining. This led to the abolishment of the importation of slaves from Africa. The trading of slaves within America was not banned though.

(1820) Missouri Compromise: The Missouri Compromise was hatched out of a discrepancy in admitting new states as either free or slave, in an attempt to preserve the balance of power. As the Missourians admitted for statehood, the Congress was turned over as both pro-slavery and anti-slavery congressmen argued over what to do. The final decision was to disallow all slavery above the 36* 30’ parallel for all new states. This had an impact on African Americans because it should that there were people who were anti-slavery and were willing to fight for them and in the future things could change.

(1822) Denmark Vesey Rebellion: The second failed rebellion was going to be instrumented by Denmark Vesey. Once the attempt was discovered a savage retaliation occurred and 37 slaves were executed. This gruesome act was a preview to what the South was turning into and the debate over the freedom of slaves was igniting.

(1831) Nat Turner’s Rebellion: Under Nat Turner, a successful rebellion was finally made as he led his revolt in Virginia. 57 whites were killed in return for the growing amount of horrific killings of escaped slaves in the South. This did not end the killings of escaped slaves though, it enflamed white Southerners and when escaped slaves were captured, they were brutally beaten. This rebellion led the Southern states to increase the difficulty in trying to free a slave.

(1846) William Lloyd Garrison and presidency: William Lloyd Garrison was an extreme white abolitionist who wanted the immediate release of all slaves. He wrote the newspaper, The Liberator, which was anti-slavery. He also supported James g. Birney, who in 1849 ran for president under a universal emancipation platform. Although Birney only received 7,000 votes, this was the first time that anyone had ever ran under a universal emancipation platform and vowed for slave freedom.

(1846) The Wilmot Proviso: New land was coming out of the Mexican War and David Wilmot hoped to stop it from being infested with slavery. Under the Republican party in 1954 he proposed the Wilmot Proviso, which would ban slavery from any newly acquired land from the Mexican War. This proviso never passed, but initiated intense debate over slavery in the future of America.

(1850) Compromise of 1850: Once again Clay saved the union when he perfected the Compromise of 1850 which banished the slave trade in District of Columbia, made a more powerful Fugitive Slave Act, and solved the territorial matters of the Mexican-American war. However, this deal also laid the groundwork’s for the Civil War and the eventual freedom for slaves because it was not a permanent solution for future new states.

(1852) Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which added fuel to already dangerous topic of slavery. Both the North and South responded much differently to this novel, which depicted the cruelty of slavery and advocated for the freedom of slaves. The North praised it and South scolded it, this book set a ripple for freedom and transported people throughout the world into the terrible lives of being a slave. The novel helped to push America one step closer to freeing the slaves.

(1854) Kansas Nebraska Act: The Kansas Nebraska act repealed the Missouri Compromise by allowing the slave question in Kansas and Nebraska to be settled by popular sovereignty. The North was angered by Senator Douglas’s decision to look past the Missouri Compromise and to all popular sovereignty to decide the fate of two territories. After this passed there was a rapid dash for the new territories as Northerners and Southerners competed to get the state to be either pro-slavery or anti-slavery. This was the single greatest step towards the Civil War, which put the abolitionist up against the southern salve owners.

(1857) Dred Scott Case: The Supreme Court ruled that no slave could sue in court. They also concluded that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and that slavery was equal all throughout America. President Buchanan took a neutral stance and tried to calm the country down by not taking a side. After this case blacks had lost even more than what they had started with, but it helped fuel the abolitionist movement by empowering whites to stand up against pro-slavery.

(1859) John Brown: John Brown led a raid on Harpers Ferry, when he went up against Federal Troops, while holding up a rifle factory and an arsenal. He was later killed by Robert E. Lee’s troops after a two day standoff. This single event led Brown to be a martyr for the abolitionist movement, although throughout his life he was a mentally unstable extremist. John Brown’s raid did, however, help slaves getting closer to slavery by putting the North and South more against each other.

(1863) Emancipation Proclamation: After Antietam President Lincoln decided to hurt the Confederacy once more by announcing the freedom of all slaves still occupied by the Confederacy. Though it was not direct freedom for all in the Union, it did free the many still incarcerated by the South as Northern troops inched closer to victory.

(1865) 13th Amendment: The final freedom of all slaves in America was under the 13th Amendment, which banned all slavery and indentured servitude. Ratified in 1865, it was a joint resolution in the Republican run Congress. This was the final freedom that the slaves had been waiting and what so many abolitionist had dreamed for.

(1866) Black Codes: Although the 13th Amendment freed the slaves, the South instituted new black codes, which deprived the African Americans of their basic freedoms as citizens. Black codes were instituted to stop blacks from voting by implementing literacy tests and poll taxes.

(1866) 14th Amendment: The Fourteenth Amendment was mainly instituted to help blacks gain political freedom in the South. It was passed by Congress in 1866 and broadened the powers that were gained as being an American Citizen. The 14th Amendment also stated that no male citizen could be denied the vote and that any federal officials in the South were barred from participating in politics. This helped to add further security to blacks and the north.

(1868) Reconstruction Acts: The Reconstruction Acts protected blacks because of the military control that was used over the South. The South was split up into five military districts until new governments were in control and the 14th Amendment was instituted. While the South was under military control whites could not as easily abuse blacks of their basic rights as American citizens.

(1870) 15th Amendment: Radical Republicans continued to empower blacks by passing the 15th Amendment through Congress. The 15th Amendment broadened on the 14th Amendment by denying states the right to refute anyone the vote even because of their skin tone or past condition of servitude.

(1881) Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute: The Tuskegee Institute prepared African Americans for lives as farmers and craftsmen it was widely associated with Booker T. Washington. It was supported by the Peabody Fund and the Slater Fund for black schools. It was an experiment to train African Americans with a focus on "pulling oneself up from their bootstraps", although it prepared students for a second-class citizenship. However this was the first institute to train blacks at all for vocational training, which would help further them in American society.

(1896) Plessy v. Ferguson: Louisiana passed the Separate Car Act, which implemented a system of segregation on railroad cars. The Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that public places were allowed to be segregated. The segregation was only legal if they were equal quality and there were equal places for both races.

(1905) Niagara movement: Du Bois arranged a meeting in Niagara falls to discuss unrestricted right to vote, end to segregation, economic opportunity, higher education, equal just, and end to union discrimination against blacks. This was the first time that such a movement had been called on, but did not gain much support. It did make an impression on abolitionist who wanted to help out in African American cause, while hoping to encourage black opportunity in the future.

(1909) NAACP founded: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was created by Oswald Garrison Villard, Jane Addams, John Dewey, and William Howells. The creators were not black and its first leaders were mainly white; its first black leader was Du Bois. It was created to eliminate racial discrimination. The creation of the NAACP was profound because it helped push the black cause to forefront of by forming a black association prioritized for the black cause, in addition it would later help to found the legal defense fund which would further the black cause in the courts.

(1914) Marcus Garvey: Marcus Garvey was an extreme African American who wanted to return blacks back to Africa. He organized the Star Line Steamship Company, which later on became bankrupt and Garvey was also charged with defrauding his many supporters. This event still changed the African American as a whole because it empowered them to stand up for themselves against the many racist whites.

(1914’s-1920’s) The Great Migration: During WWI America had a lack of workers in the North and with no work in the South, thousands of blacks migrated to the North. The blacks were not well received and lived in small sectors of the cities called ghettos.

(1936) Division of Negro Affairs in the National Youth Administration (NYA): Mary Bethune helped integrate blacks into jobs during the Great Depression. She was aided by Forman, who was assigned to aid minorities during the Great Depression. Together they made the "Black Cabinet", which lobbied for change and helped blacks get jobs in America during a time of great hardship.

(1939) Eleanor Roosevelt and Anderson: Anderson was a black musician who was going to play in the Washington auditorium, which was owned by the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). DAR refused to allow him too, and in protest Eleanor resigned from DAR and also asked Franklin Roosevelt to allow Anderson to play at the Lincoln Memorial. Upon his approval the she organized a group of dignitaries to sponsor the event. She was later praised by Chicago Defender for her helping the blacks.

(1952) "Freedom Ride": New laws enacted by the Federal Government excluded segregation on interstate transportation. 13 volunteers, who were both black and white, set off across the country, but when reaching Alabama their bus was set on fire; as they fled the burning vehicle they were beaten. This did not stop other integrated groups from trying the same and hoping to break the barrier of segregation, the freedom ride helped to gain national attention for the cause of desegregation.

(1954) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans.: In this case, Chief Justice Warren declared that separate but equal was not possible because the mere fact that the races were separated was unequal. The case was sponsored by the NAACP, argued by future justice Thurgood Marshall and caused the eventual collapse of legal segregation. It overruled the decision of Plessy v. Ferguson, which had enacted segregation as legal.

(1955) Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat: Rosa Parks started what later would be a boycott of the public transportation of Alabama. After a long day at work, Rosa Parks refused to get up from her seat at the back of a bus for a white man. Once being imprisoned, her act gave way to a Montgomery boycott of busses as black leaders refused to let this act go un-noticed. Rosa Parks backed by the NAACP, set the flame to the civil rights movement as the thousands of blacks in Alabama were empowered to defy the law.

(1957) Little Rock: When 9 African Americans students enrolled in Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas Governor Fabuas of Arkansas had summoned the national guard to refuse to allow them to enter. President Eisenhower had to protect the equality for blacks and the desegregation of schools. He did so by sending 1,000 paratroopers and summoned the 10,000 national guards to allow the students to enter to school. This single event was the start of desegregation of American public education.

(1963) "I Have a Dream" speech: President Kennedy had changed his policy because of the many protests for civil rights. President Kennedy was reluctant to encourage black voting in the South. Blacks soon rallied a group of 200,000 people in front of the Lincoln Memorial, which was where Martin Luther King Jr. said his "I have a Dream" speech. The speech had an everlasting impact on the public and on Kennedy with its content view racial freedom in the future.

(1964) Civil Rights Act: President Johnson set out to push the Civil Rights Act through Congress, which would stop discrimination in work places against blacks and women. Johnson was hoping to be a reformer like Franklin Roosevelt, but also aided in giving blacks more security. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the first piece of legislation about a century to help solidify the 14th and 15th amendments and ensure equal rights for African Americans, women, and other minorities. It also made racial segregation in public accommodations illegal.

(1972) Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment: The CDC conducted an illegal study about syphilis through the Tuskegee Institute. Participants were not informed and they were not given the proper treatment. This experiment was a backlash at black rights because the U.S. government went behind its own citizens it also exemplifies the racial resentment which continued to perpetuate America far after the civil rights era.



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