Developing And Maintaining Pakistans Strategic Partnership With China

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02 Nov 2017

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INTRODUCTION

China–Pakistan relations go as far back as 1950 when Pakistan was among the first countries to recognize and support the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). Since then, both the countries enjoy brotherly and very cordial relations. Since the 1962 Sino-Indian War, Pakistan has supported China on most issues of importance to the latter, especially those related to the question of China's sovereignty like Taiwan, Xinjiang, and Tibet and other sensitive issues like human rights etc. The two countries have regularly exchanged high-level visits resulting in a variety of defence and civil agreements. The PRC has always provided economic, military and technical assistance to Pakistan and each country considers the other a close strategic ally.

Bilateral relations have evolved from an initial Chinese policy of neutrality to a partnership that links a smaller but militarily powerful Pakistan, partially dependent on China for its economic and military strength, with China attempting to balance competing interests in the region. Diplomatic relations were established between the two countries in 1950, a strategic alliance was formed in 1972 and economic co-operation began in 1979. China has become Pakistan’s largest supplier of arms and its third-largest trading partner. Moreover, both nations have decided to cooperate in improving Pakistan's civil nuclear power sector.

A strong and favorable relation with China is a pillar of Pakistan's foreign policy. China supported Pakistan's opposition to the Soviet Union's intervention in Afghanistan and is perceived by Pakistan as a regional counterweight to NATO and the United States. China supports Pakistan's stance on Kashmir while Pakistan supports China on the issues of Xinjiang, Tibet, and Taiwan. China and Pakistan also share close military relations, with China supplying a range of modern armaments to the Pakistani defense forces. Military cooperation has deepened with joint projects producing armaments ranging from fighter jets to guided missile frigates.

Chinese cooperation with Pakistan has reached economic high points, with substantial Chinese investment in Pakistani infrastructural expansion including the Pakistani deep-water port at Gwadar. Both countries have an ongoing free trade agreement. Pakistan has served as China's main bridge between Muslim countries. Pakistan also played an important role in bridging the communication gap between China and the West by facilitating the 1972 Nixon visit to China. Recently, the relations between Pakistan and China have been described by Pakistan's ambassador to China as higher than the mountains, deeper than the oceans, stronger than steel, dearer than eyesight, sweeter than honey, and so on.

DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS

Diplomatic relations between Pakistan and China were established on 21 May 1951, shortly after the defeat of the Republic of China in 1949. While initially ambivalent towards the idea of a Communist country on its borders, Pakistan hoped that China would serve as a counterweight to Indian influence. India had recognized China a year before, and Indian Prime Minister Nehru also hoped for closer relations with the Chinese. However, with escalating border tensions leading to the 1962 Sino-Indian war, China and Pakistan aligned with each other in a joint effort to counter perceived Indian encroachment. One year after China's border war with India, Pakistan ceded the Trans-Karakoram Tract to China to end border disputes and improve diplomatic relations.

Since then, an informal alliance that initially consisted of joint Indian opposition has grown into a lasting relationship that has benefited both nations on the diplomatic, economic and military frontiers. Along with diplomatic support, Pakistan served as a conduit for China to open up to the West. China has in turn provided extensive economic aid and political support towards Pakistan.

Pakistan's military initially depended almost entirely on Western armaments and aid, which was increased during the covert U.S. support of Islamic militants in the Soviet war in Afghanistan. America under US President Richard Nixon extended limited support to Pakistan in the 1971 Indo-Pak War. However, the period following the Soviet withdrawal and the dissolution of the Soviet Union led indirectly to the increasing realignment of America with the previously pro-Soviet India. The Pressler Amendment in 1990 suspended all American military assistance and any new economic aid amidst concerns that Pakistan was attempting to develop a nuclear weapon. Given the support that Pakistan had given them during the War in Afghanistan, many Pakistanis saw this as a betrayal that sold out Pakistani interests in favor of India. This belief was further strengthened as India had developed a nuclear weapon without significant American opposition, and Pakistan felt obligated to do the same. Consequently, the geopolitical alliance between Pakistan and China since 1990 branched out into military and economic cooperation, due to Pakistan's belief that America's influence and support in the region should be counterbalanced by the Chinese. Should discuss events like disintegration of USSR, resultantly mono polar world and USA interest in India to enter China through India.

With the U.S.-led war in Afghanistan, there is a general sentiment in Pakistan to adopt a foreign policy which favors China over the United States. Washington has been accused of deserting Pakistan in favor of a policy that favors stronger relations with India, while Pakistan sees China as a more reliable ally over the long term.

Since 9/11, Pakistan has increased the scope of Chinese influence and support by agreeing to a number of military projects, combined with extensive economic support and investment from the Chinese. This is partially due to Pakistan's strategy of playing off the two powers against each other, but also a genuine effort to prevent America's influence in the region from becoming too strong. In return, the Chinese hope to strengthen Pakistan as a counterbalance to American and Indian influence.

ECONOMIC RELATIONS

Economic trade between Pakistan and China is increasing at a rapid pace and a free trade agreement has recently been signed. Military and technological transactions continue to dominate the economic relationship between the two nations, although in recent years China has pledged to vastly increase their investment in Pakistan's economy and infrastructure. Among other things, China has been helping to develop Pakistan's infrastructure through the building of power plants, roads and communication nodes. Current trade between both countries is at $9 billion, making China the second largest trade partner of Pakistan.

Both countries are keen on strengthening the economic ties between the two, and have promised to 'propel' cross-border trade. This has led to investment in Pakistan's nascent financial and energy sectors, amidst a surge of Chinese investment designed to strengthen ties. Pakistan has in turn been granted free trade zones in China.

The economic relationship between Pakistan and China is composed primarily of Chinese investment in Pakistani interests. China's increasing economic clout has enabled a wide variety of projects to be sponsored in Pakistan through Chinese credit. Pakistani investment in China is also encouraged and cross-border trade remains fluid.

PAK-CHINA STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP

There were a few realities such as absence of territorial or political conflict, no clash of interests and no competition which helped both to establish a strong bond. The foremost concern for establishing diplomatic ties was to seek strategic support.

For Pakistan, one of the key factors that necessitated its strategic partnership with China is the fragile security environment resulting from the complicated equation between Pakistan and India and the challenges posed by the support system that India managed to fetch from the major powers in the wake of Pakistan-India crisis following the partition. As the Kashmir Question arose between Pakistan and India, the former sought China's support to its stance on the Kashmir issue in particular.

From China’s perspective, the geostrategic location of Pakistan and the foreign policy challenge in South Asia that China developed with India in early 1960s are the basis of its interests towards Pakistan. Over the years, along with other considerations, the foreign policy challenges to China have also multiplied. The regional security environment posed a number of challenges emanating from the economic and political advancement of China's immediate or peripheral neighbours. On the one hand, there are India and Russia as strategic competitors, Japan and South Korea and ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian Nations) as economic competitors and on the other hand  the strategic and economic alliances between the US and India exerts constant pressure on China's foreign policy moves.  China has largely pursued a policy of easing out the US from the South Asian security arena ever since the end of the cold war. To this end, Pakistan has been presented as a strategic pressure point against the US.

Keeping in view the challenges this scenario poses to Pakistan's strategic and security system, China has always been considered a security guarantor. China has not only supported Pakistan in its wars with India but also helped the country develop a strong defense mechanism. The key feature of the Pakistan-China robust strategic partnership is the technological and material assistance that China has extended to Pakistan military over the years. China is Pakistan's largest defense supplier. The two important nuclear reactors that Pakistan has at Chashma were built with Chinese support and assistance. Regular joint military exercises have also been a prominent feature of their strategic alliance.

China has not only supported Pakistan in its wars with India but also helped the country develop a strong defense mechanism. The key feature of the Pakistan-China robust strategic partnership is the technological and material assistance that China has extended to Pakistan military over the years.

China's unconditional support to Pakistan began with the conclusion of border agreement between the two countries in 1963 and the same year the two countries signed the first bilateral trade agreement. Earlier, Pakistan had voted for China's legitimate rights in the United Nations in 1961. Their relationship grew with the changing international and regional security dynamics and Pakistan and China developed an 'all weather friendship' from 1960s-1980s. Following the withdrawal of Soviets from Afghanistan and later disintegration of USSR, US distant itself from Pakistan. These development led further bolstered itself from ever rising relation of Pak China ties disintegration of the Soviet Union and the emergence of the US as the sole super power, in the early 1990s, Us restated to distant China equipped Pakistan's military with more sophisticated weapons' technology, including missiles. May be taken under taken under diplomatic relations.

The most intriguing aspect of the assistance that Pakistan has received from China in all the years is the deep-sea port at Gwadar in the province of Balochistan. The port has been constructed at the apex of the Arabian Sea. The Gwadar Port translates China's long-term interests and makes it a major stakeholder in the region extending its influence to the Indian Ocean politics. The port will further enable China to gain access to the oil and gas that is regularly traded through the Indian Ocean from the Persian Gulf.

The strategic and defense ties have been complimented with robust economic cooperation and promotion of cultural understanding between two nations. China has not only extended unrelenting support to Pakistan through its thick and thin, including the aid and assistance after the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan, but has also facilitated people-to-people contact in many ways. For instance, Urdu is being taught at one of the best universities in China-the Peking University. There has been a profound interest among Chinese people in learning Urdu languageThe long-term strategic and economic partnership between Pakistan and China was further consolidated with the signing of the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Good Neighborly Relations, during the Chinese Premier's visit to Islamabad in 2005. The joint statement termed the treaty a step forward in promoting the strategic ties between China and Pakistan in future. Lately, the two countries have celebrated the 60th anniversary of their diplomatic ties in 2011. Both the countries conducted a range of joint military exercises which were evident of their continued strategic and defense partnership. 

The presence of US forces in South Asian region and the influence the country seems to exert in regional politics, pose even a greater challenge to Chinese foreign policy in one way or the other and for that maintaining the momentum of its long-term ties with Pakistan is still a priority foreign policy option for China. A range of agreements and joint ventures undertaken by China with Pakistan are not only a step towards further cementing their multidimensional relationship but also are the manifestation of China's inexhaustible interest in maintaining its ties with Pakistan. In the world of contemporary international politics, Sino-Pak relations stand out as one of the few enduring friendships that have withstood the pressures of time and shifting geo-strategic conditions. The two countries established diplomatic ties in 1951 and have never looked back. In 2011, they commemorated 60 years of diplomatic ties, which was also designated as the China-Pakistan Year of Friendship. As staunch allies and strategic partners for the past few decades, China and Pakistan have shared a friendship which has proved of great value in furtherance of their geo-political and strategic objectives. Their strong convergence in security interests has led to a multi-faceted strategic relationship which is reflected in a strong show of support for each other’s positions across a wide spectrum of bilateral, regional and international issues. In 2006, Chinese President Hu Jintao had declared that ‘China can leave gold but not friendship with Pakistan’. The statement accurately captures the essence of the two countries’ long-standing partnership based on mutual trust and understanding.

IMPLICATIONS

From China’s perspective, Pakistan serves many of its vital geo-strategic objectives in the region. The advantages and implications for China are as follows:

Friendship with Pakistan provides a useful counterbalance to India’s pre-eminence in South Asia, helping to check India’s growing presence and clout in the region. Second.

Pakistan serves as an important gateway to the Muslim world. It also provides China an access to energy rich countries in Western Asia, helping China meet its growing energy requirements.

It also provides a quick physical channel to China’s relatively less developed Western parts, particularly spurring development in the restive province of Xinjiang, which is crucial to China’s internal security.

It helps China in its long-term strategy of keeping US preponderant influence in the region at bay.

Strong and strategic relations of China with Pakistan are not taken positively by India which has considerably enhanced its economic relations with China.

Advantages and implications for Pakistan are appended below:

China is an indispensable ally in helping Pakistan counter India with which it has had an acrimonious and unequal relationship for the last six decades.

In addition, given US fickle track record as an ally in the past, Pakistan has a stake in reducing its dependence on the US and cultivating China as a reliable strategic partner in the regional security scenario.

Pakistan is also heavily dependent on China for its vital defence supplies and critical help in augmenting its technological and nuclear capabilities.

Though Pakistan receives substantial material support from China, however, Pakistan gets significant aid from US as well. Having closer ties with China also translates to colder ties with US. In addition, Pakistan has huge foreign debt from organizations like World Bank, IMF and Asian Development Bank etc which are heavily influenced by US.

Healthy bilateral relations between Pakistan and China also result in conducting various huge projects in Pakistan which are not taken positively by the anti China lobby. For example, the Gawadar port project is not liked by many countries like Iran, India and Gulf countries like UAE etc as highly developed Gawadar port will have substantial economic effect on these countries.

Japan and China do not enjoy cordial relations since long. Closer ties with China would also effect our relations with Japan.

Last, but not the least, China provides it crucial moral and diplomatic support in the international arena in its time of need.

DEFENCE COOPERATION

The most consistent and enduring pillar of Sino-Pak relationship is the defence and nuclear cooperation between the two countries. Sino-Pak defence cooperation goes back to 1965, when, following an arms embargo imposed by the US in the wake of 1965 Indo-Pak war, China stepped in as a replacement for the US to supply arms to Pakistan. In 1966, China had supplied weapons to the tune of US$250 million that included Chinese made F-6 fighter planes, T-59 tanks and anti-aircraft guns.5 China has not looked back since and over the past few decades, in addition to continuing with T-59 battle tanks and Chinese made A-5 and F-6 aircrafts, its armaments also included naval vessels, portable surface to air missiles and the Red Arrow anti-tank missiles. It may be noted here that although Chinese arms did not match the range and sophistication of US weaponry, the sheer size and magnitude of Chinese delivery of weapons played a significant role in augmenting Pakistan’s military capabilities. From 1978-2008, the Chinese had sold US$7 billion worth of equipment to Pakistan. Today, China has emerged as Pakistan’s biggest arms supplier with almost 40 per cent of China’s arms exports headed for Pakistan.

In addition to supplying arms to Pakistan, China has played an important role in the modernization of its army, navy and air force. China has provided critical investment and technological support for Pakistan’s military-industrial complex helping it to build defence industries and factories, shipyards, power plants and communication infrastructure. China and Pakistan have jointly developed fighter planes such as the FC-1 fighter planes (the equivalent of the F-16) China’s Chengdu Aircraft Industry Cooperation and Pakistan’s Aeronautical Complex are also co-producing the JF-17 single-engine, multi-role combat aircrafts which are considered more economical than the European/American models. The first consignment was released in 2007 and it is anticipated that a total of 250 aircrafts may be in the pipeline. The closeness of Sino-Pak strategic and defence ties was proved yet again recently when Pakistan vulnerable in the wake of US unilateral action to strike at Osama Bin Laden’s hideout, felt compelled to boost its military capabilities. China brought forward the delivery date of 50 JF-17 aircrafts to shore Pakistan’s air defence. In addition to the JF-17, it also agreed to deliver 36 CAC J-10 multipurpose fighter aircrafts to Pakistan. Both countries have also collaborated on projects such as the K-8 Karakorum advance training aircraft, Al Khalid Tanks, Babur cruise missiles, and AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control System).

Besides this, the navies of the two countries have also been working closely with each other. Following an agreement signed by both countries in 2005, China agreed to supply four frigate ships to the Pakistan navy; three have been delivered since and the last is to be delivered by 2013. The agreement also envisaged the upgrading of the Karachi dockyard, assistance in the modernization of Pakistan’s surface fleet and transfer of technology. Pakistan is also in the process of buying six new submarines from China. China is also assisting Pakistan with space technology and has helped launch its first communications satellite PAKSAT-IR) in August 2011.Pakistan also has a functioning space communication facility in Karachi.

THE NUCLEAR PERSPECTIVE

Nuclear cooperation is a significant part of the ongoing Sino-Pak defence cooperation and China has contributed significantly to the development of Pakistan’s nuclear capability. Chinese nuclear assistance to Pakistan started in the 1970s and grew steadily in the 1980s and 1990s. India’s nuclear explosion in 1974 served as a further catalyst in Pakistan’s quest for nuclear prowess to counter India’s potential dominance in the region.

China’s help in the development of missiles and transfer of technology to Pakistan. Pakistan has an indigenously developed missile programme. ‘Pakistan has an indigenous missile development programme which is part of our nuclear deterrent and indispensable to our security. This programme will be maintained and will not be affected by any discriminatory regimes such as MTCR’. Both Pakistan and China have also steadfastly maintained that all missile technology transfer from China has been within the ambit of Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR).

In addition to transfer of technology and materials, China has also contributed to the development of nuclear power plants in Pakistan. That it chose to go ahead with the deal, despite international pressure, underlines its unwavering commitment to Pakistan’s security in the overall framework of its own strategic vision for the region.

ENERGY COOPERATION AND GAWADR PORT

Given its critical and spiraling demand for energy resources, energy security has emerged as a top priority concern for China in its regional strategic vision. By some accounts, China is expected to become the largest consumer of the global supplies of oil and gas in the coming years. Pakistan’s strategic location at the gateway to energy rich regions and along the major sea lanes is thus an important factor for China seeking close cooperation with it. China’s heavy investment in the deep sea port of Gwadar that was inaugurated with great fanfare by former Pakistani President General Pervez Musharraf in 2007 highlights growing Sino-Pak cooperation in this sector. Gwadar is important by virtue of its unique strategic location, straddling Central, Western and South Asia, and is envisioned as a major trade and energy hub for the region. Through a rich overlay of roads, railways, and oil and gas pipelines, it is expected to become a conduit for trade and energy to the landlocked Central Asian states, as well as Iran and China. This will in the process open up tremendous opportunities for both Pakistan and China.

As a key transit actor, Pakistan can amass huge revenues in transit fees. Also, as a third port, (the other two being Karachi and Qasim) Gwadar would allow Pakistan to diversify its options in the event of a naval blockade from India, as it occurred during the 1971 crisis, and as it was feared during the Kargil crisis in 1999. From China’s perspective, Gwadar could serve an alternative energy supply route from the Middle East to western China. Presently, most of Chinese supplies flow through the Malacca Straits, which is vulnerable to piracy. The Gwadar port could open another route for movement of energy and other resources to China, circumventing Indian and US influence in the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. Shipments carrying oil from the Persian Gulf to China via Gwadar (only 400 km away from the Straits of Hormuz where 80% of the world’s energy supplies pass) are also expected greatly to benefit China in terms of cutting down considerably on travel time and costs.

Pakistan on 18 Feb 2013 formally awarded a multi-billion dollars contract for construction and operation of Gwadar Port to China. Under the contract, the port which will remain the property of Pakistan but would be operated by the state-run Chinese firm — China Overseas Port Holding Company (COPHC)

The contract signing ceremony was held on 18 Feb, 2013 in Islamabad and was attended by President Asif Ali Zardari, Chinese Ambassador Liu Jian, some federal ministers, members of parliament and senior government officials. The ceremony was actually held to mark the transfer of the concession agreement from the PSA (Port of Singapore Authority) to the COPHC

IMPORTANT TIMELINE

Important events:

1950 – Pakistan becomes the third non-communist country, and first Muslim one, to recognize the People's Republic of China.

1951 – Beijing and Karachi establish diplomatic relations.

1963 – Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract to China, ending border disputes.

1970 – Pakistan helps the U.S. arrange the 1972 Nixon visit to China.

1978 – The Karakoram Highway linking the mountainous Northern Pakistan with Western China officially opens.

1980s – China and the U.S. provide support through Pakistan to the Afghan guerrillas fighting Soviet occupational forces.

1986 – China and Pakistan reach a comprehensive nuclear co-operation agreement.

1996 – Chinese President Jiang Zemin pays a state visit to Pakistan.

1999 – A 300-megawatt nuclear power plant, built with Chinese help in Punjab province, is completed.

2001 – A joint-ventured Chinese-Pakistani tank, the MBT-2000 (Al-Khalid) MBT is completed.

2002 – The building of the Gwadar deep sea port begins, with China as the primary investor.

2003 – Pakistan and China signed a $110 million contract for the construction of a housing project on Multan Road in Lahore

2007 – The Sino-Pakistani joint-ventured multirole fighter aircraft – the JF-17 Thunder (FC-1 Fierce Dragon) is formally rolled out.

2008 – Pakistan welcomes the Chinese Olympic Torch in an Islamabad sports stadium, under heavy guard amidst security concerns.

– China and Pakistan sign a free trade agreement.

– Pakistan and China to build a railway through the Karakoram Highway, in order to link China's rail network to Gwadar Port.

– The F-22P frigate comes into service with the Pakistani Navy.

2009 – The ISI arrest several suspected Uyghur terrorists seeking refuge in Pakistan.

2010 – Pakistan and China conduct a joint anti-terrorism drill.

– China donates $260 million in dollars to flood hit Pakistan and sends 4 military rescue helicopters to assist in rescue operations.

– Wen Jiabao visits Pakistan. More than 30 billion dollars worth of deals were signed.

2011 – Pakistan is expected to buy air to air SD 10 missiles from China for its 250 JF 17 thunder fighter fleet

2013 - Management of Gwadar port is handed over to state-run Chinese Overseas Port Holdings after previously being managed by Singapore’s PSA International and it becomes a matter of great concern for India.

CONCLUSION

Shared strategic interests and geopolitical goals will continue to be the most important cementing factor in Sino-Pak security and defence relations. The trajectory of Indo-US strategic ties and the downward spiraling of US-Pak relations will also trigger its own logic on Sino-Pak security dynamics. China’s support for Pakistan from its long-term strategic perspectives would primarily be in three broad areas:

Pakistan’s geo-strategic significance in ensuring access to the vast emerging resources in West Asia and Central Asia.

Its value in containing India’s power and influence.

Its usefulness to China in its long-term bid to counter US global dominance in the context of changing strategic alignments in South Asia and South-west Asia.

For Pakistan, friendship with China will remain the keystone of its foreign policy, impacting as it does on the promotion of its vital national interest vis-a-vis India. China is today its largest benefactor in the economic, strategic and geo-political spheres which has effectively bolstered Pakistan’s regional strategic capabilities.

As long as India-Pakistan peace process remains grounded on the issue of terrorism and Kashmir, Pakistan’s relations with US are a downward spiral, and Sino-Indian relations remain a mix of cooperation and contest, Pakistan would continue to view China as its most strategic ally. Pakistan would need Chinese support in counterbalancing India’s regional predominance and also to some extent the US growing influence in power profile in the region to some extent the US in the South, Central and Western Asian region.

The only potential challenge to the close relationship between the two countries could not come so much from external environment as from the growing Islamist fundamentalism and the looming threat of political instability in Pakistan. This, however, does not seem to be on the cards any time in the near future. First, Pakistan although facing grave political uncertainties, is not anywhere near a political and economic meltdown as feared by some. Second, the Pakistani government has an inherent stake in not allowing radicalism within its borders to affect its ties with China and will do everything in its means to keep the relationship on an even keel. The most important, both China and Pakistan share a symbiotically advantageous relationship - with China having the military and economic muscle and Pakistan the geo-strategic advantage - to further their security interests. Given the fact that the strategic advantages that Pakistan and China derive from each other would far outweigh any negative developments. This bodes well for Sino-Pak strategic entente in the foreseeable future. Sino-Pakistan relations stand out as one of the few enduring friendships that have withstood the pressures of time and shifting geo-strategic conditions. It analyses some of the important political and geo-strategic issues affecting this relationship. It examines the trajectory of Indo-US strategic ties and the downward spiraling of US-Pak relations which triggers its own logic on Sino-Pak security dynamics. Pakistan would continue to view China as its most strategic ally in counterbalancing India, and to some extent the US. China will also have an inherent stake in shoring Pakistan’s political and military stability in terms of its long-term security interests in the South, Central and Western Asian region, and checking the rising presence and power profile of the US. Finally it is concluded that notwithstanding some strains and pressures in the relationship, Sino-Pak friendship will endure in the foreseeable future.

Nom de Plume: DOLPHIN

Nom de Plume: DOLPHIN

LT CDR SAIF UR REHMAN PN

P NO. 5423

MEO

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