The Use Of Medical Facilities

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

Associate professor

Department of applied economics, University of lucknow

Lucknow,Uttar pradesh

Dr. Jyotsna Singh

Assistant professor

Department of Physics,University of lucknow

Lucknow,Uttar Pradesh

Dr.Punit Kumar Dwivedi

Assistant Professor

Prestige Institute of Management and Research, Indore, M.P

Email: [email protected]

Abstract

All societies in different parts of the world have been making endeavours to promote peace and prosperity of their members. In this endeavour the "Human" is considered to be supreme and to safeguard the supremacy of humans, Human Rights are the most essential and even supreme rights which a society; a group or a member should be endowed with. Human Rights; as they are perceived in the present era are the outcome of rational and analytic thinking of the societies. The scientific and technological advancements in the last century have been a very vital tool to not only understand the need of human rights in terms of the welfare of supreme humans but also has been used to achieve the dignity of human beings and worked towards the welfare of this society. Here is a very brief account of the scientific and technological advancements which has been or being used for the welfare of the human being and thus contributing to the realization of human rights.

Introduction

With the adoption of Universal Declaration of Human Rights way back on 10th December, 1948 by the United Nations Organisation, now the world body of 191 nation states throughout the globe, the era of human rights started.[1] In our country also which was primarily duty oriented enjoining upon every householder to perform five types of Yagnas (sacrifices) and pay to three debts to God, teachers and parents, when the constitution of India was framed in 1949, Part III – Human Rights was made its inherent part, and since then much water has flown under the bridge culminating into the creation of National Human Rights Commission which is the overall national watchdog assisted by several National Commissions on women, SCs,STs,OBCs etc. The latest being the National Commission for protection of Childs Rights with Ms. Shanta Sinha as its chair-person.[2]

Human rights are the universal and the alienable rights of people which accrue by the virtue of birth of a person and continue to remain the with him/her throughout life. These rights ensure that a person should live life with dignity, happiness and peace without being subjected to any kind of injustice.[3]

The fundamental rights of [humanity] can be summarized to be a consortium of the below mentioned basic rights:

First: the right of habitation;

Second: the right to move freely;

Third: the right to the soil and subsoil, and to the use of it;

Fourth: the right of freedom of labor and of exchange;

Fifth: the right to justice;

Sixth: the right to live within a natural national organization;

Seventh: the right to education.[4] Albert Schweitzer

Relation of Science and Human Rights, Ethics and Science need to shake hands. Richard Clarke Cabot. Science is the attempt to make the chaotic diversity of our sense-experience

correspond to a logically uniform system of thought. Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) .Scientific and Technological development relation with fundamental rights

We can divide the total concept of human rights in four broad sections. These sections need to be knitted carefully in order to give an environment where human rights can be nurtured.

Humans

social System

Eco System

Cultural System

Science has revolution the entire human life and played a commendable role. Its contributions in above mentioned areas are discussed below.

1. Humans:-

Procreation of children:- With the scientific developments and technological innovation for test tube babies and surrogate mothers most of the females can have the pleasure of motherhood who were deprived of this due to medical or some other problems.

Safe motherhood:- Every year worldwide, an estimated 515,000 women die of complications of Pregnancy and childbirth,[5] a rate of over 1,400 maternal deaths each day. At least 7 million women who survive childbirth suffer serious health problems, and a further 50 million women suffer adverse health consequences after childbirth.[6] The overwhelming majority of these deaths and complications occur in developing countries. Most of the deaths and some of the severe complications could be prevented by cost-effective health interventions.[7] The probability of maternal death faced by an average woman over her reproductive life-span varies from 1 in 7 women in Ethiopia, to 1 in 130 in Brazil, to 1 in 90 in the Philippines, to 1 in 8,700 women in Canada . Globally, maternal mortality ratios present the largest discrepancy in any public health statistics between developed and developing countries.[8] The failure to address preventable maternal disability and death represents one of the greatest social injustices of our times. A human rights approach shows those women’s maternal mortality and morbidity result not simply from their disadvantages but frequently from cumulative denials of their human rights; that is, failure to address their preventable death and sickness is a result of injustices that women experience. A human rights approach to safe motherhood identifies forums to acknowledge the wrongs women suffer through the neglect of their basic health care needs as denials of their human rights, and seeks means by which these denials can be remedied.

Compliance to these human rights can be achieved by the use of medical facilities which includes not only immunization but also a method of safe and painless delivery and the safety of neonatal child. These are the resultant of the scientific and technological advancements.

Nutrition:- Human rights and nutrition advocates share a primary concern for the individual human being and an interest in the role of public action in supporting a full and active life of dignity for all human beings. To date, nutrition advocates interested in exploring humans rights have focused on how they can use human rights law and institutions more systematically to underpin efforts aimed at bettering human nutrition, as a moral imperative and as a precondition for sustainable social, economic, and human development. This goal is in line with the United Nations Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and subsequent conventions on human rights derived from these.[10]

Education: - Education is a fundamental human right and essential for the exercise of all other human rights. It promotes individual freedom and empowerment and yields important development benefits. Education is a powerful tool by which economically and socially marginalized adults and children can lift themselves out of poverty and participate as citizens [11] It would seem almost impossible to setup efficient educational systems without technological revolution. With the advent of the internet and World Wide Web, and already existing knowledge bases, many educational institutions will be able to make use of the same resource thus further minimizing the cost requirement. The internet opens up a way of exponentially expanding the physical limits of the school, giving students and teachers access to each other, experts and resource around the world. Information technologies help create more equitable and accessible education systems. Students can use technologies to access courses not available at their school; rural students can complete their studies without leaving their communities, and adults can take advantage of a more flexible study schedule. Cultural development will also benefit as knowledge-bases of art, culture and history can be easily created, made widely accessible and easily updated.

On 10 December 2004, the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed the World Programme for Human Rights Education (2005-ongoing) to advance the implementation of human rights education programmes in all sectors. The World Programme was established by the General Assembly’s resolution 59/113 (10 December 2004). OHCHR provides global coordination of the World Programme.[12]

Employment: Minimum amount of money is required to spend life with dignity. In order to achieve this many opportunities have been created with the development of science and technology where a person can contribute and earn a handsome amount. At present the major contribution of the GDP of developed or developing countries comes from the service sector. This service sector is thriving on the technological developments only. Technological advancements have not only contributed in the creation of the largest number of employments but also have contributed to the efficiency of an individual or group.

Coducive working condition and humane condition of work:- Work environment must be conducive to working. It must provide an environment conducive for doing innovative work and for working on challenging projects. Working conditions pertains to the workers' job environment, such as hours of work, safety, paid holidays and vacations, rest periods, free clothing or uniforms, possibilities of advancement, etc. The working conditions of an organization shall be such that workers or employees are able to contribute their best efforts and bring about quality output. Workers should feel safe and comfortable while working. Working conditions should be such that workers do not feel burdened with the work, instead they should be encouraged and motivated to work with pleasure. In other words, they should do their job in a similar manner as they do their personal work. Along with work, the workers must be engaged in fun activities both inside and outside the office such as partying at office, picnic or weekend triplet. Temperature control devices, designing of table and chair to maintain good posture, sufficient lighting in the rooms, clean toilets , good and healthy food, indoor games and lot more have been facilitated by science and technology.

Social System:-

Health System: This is one of the most important system for which we are seeing geometrical rapid growth and appreciate its efficiency and effectiveness in our day to day life. All these growth have been made possible only with the advent of science and technology. At present the diagnosis and cure of almost all short of ailments is possible with the due use of scientific knowledge and technology. A few uses of technical and scientific discoveries and knowledge are described below.

Telemedicine’s:- It is an important force in the transformation of health care. Telemedicine is a broad term within Health Information Technology that encompasses methods for electronically transmitting medical information to sustain and/ or improve a patient’s health status[An Important force in the transformation of Health Care. Matthew A. Hein].Few privileges given to society or individual by telemedicine’s are:

Cure of rare disease

Help to physically disabled

Reduces travel cost and time

Chance to consult with world level expertise at low cost and without bearing the travel expenditure

Reduces adverse events

Immunisation and Vaccines:- Immunisation is the most effective weapon to stimulate individuals and community immune system. The introduction of widespread use of vaccines has profoundly affected the occurrence of several infectious diseases.

Discoveries of new medicines and diagnostic tools: Diagnostic tools like ECG,USG,NMR,computerised blood analysis, blood transfusion machine, CT scan etc. have made the world of medicine accurate and speedy.

Easy access to rare literature: Electronic media has revolutionized the world by easy online access of rare literature.

Immunisation and Vaccines:- Immunisation is the most effective weapon to stimulate individuals and community immune system. The introduction of widespread use of vaccines has profoundly affected the occurrence of several infectious diseases.

Coping with climate changes: - Due to global climate change there is increase in temperature, rise in frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events. When the global temperature rises and precipitation pattern changes, consequences on ecosystem is expected, such as an increase in the spread of exotic species, redistribution of plants, animals, energy, water and nutrients, alteration of natural processes and the structure and function of the ecosystems. Mitigation and adaptation strategies help in coping up with the climate change.

Mitigation strategies can reduce ecosystem vulnerability. Few mitigation strategies are alternative energy sources and technologies. If these thing are not taken into consideration existence of human on this planet will become more and more difficult.

Global Food Production:- Every living being on this earth needs a minimum amount of food for its survival. Population is growing exponentially so with the every passing day we have to equip you to feed more and more living being. So there is alarming need to improve conventional plant breeding in order to create new verities of crop whose per hectare production is many fold greater than the conventional crops and they are resistant to local conditions.

Political System: An educated society will help in building a political system which is more sensitized towards the human dignity and will move towards the good governance based on the principles of equity, justice and protection of human rights.

Quick and pain free movement throughout the Globe:- Free movement is one of the basic needs of human life and science has facilitated it in numerous ways i.e. bicycle, car ,aeroplane ,helicopters. By using these modes even physically disable person can also move without taking anyone’s help.

Communication: In our everyday life, we owe mass media and technology for our modern way of life. When we use a cellular phone to call our friend, watch a DVD on our TV sets or the widespread uniform fashion trends, we enjoy the benefits of information communications technology.[13] The decade has seen a revolution in information technology which is also reflected in terms of advancements communication technology. The communication technology has made the globe an universal village. This tool has turned the society from unitary to multitarian with the advancements in IT. The human rights can be safe guarded with real time transmission of information from one place to another. Further the mixing in the society, due to high speed and dependable real time communication is turning the society into a state of "uniformity", which in turns will give way to the mixing of the identities of the groups or ethnicities. Since the perception of different identities of the groups or societies has been one of the main reasons of violence at global level, it can be said very safely that the decrease in the difference of identities will result into lesser volume of violence in the societies which were the foremost reasons of human sufferings in the past and present.

Ecosystem and Environment:

Science and technology is the only tool available today to fight against one of the greatest challenges facing not only by human rights but also the bare existence of humanity. This challenge is environmental degradation, including deforestation, desertification, pollution, and climate change – an issue of increasing concern for the international community. Environmental degradation increases the vulnerability of the societies it affects and contributes to the scarcity of resources.

Climate change will lead to an increase in the intensity and frequency of weather extremes, such as heat waves, floods, droughts and tropical cyclones. The people hardest hit by climate change and environmental degradation are those living in the most vulnerable areas, including coastal communities, small island nations, Sub-Saharan Africa and Asian delta regions. It is the poorest of the poor, who lack the resources to prepare, adapt and rebuild, that are most affected. Environmental degradation can lead to a scarcity of resources, such as water and farmable. Extreme weather events, such as severe flooding, increase the spread of waterborne diseases, such as malaria and diarrhoea.[14] The effects of the major environmental problems on both health and productivity are:

a. Water pollution and water scarcity: As per the estimation of UN, more than two million deaths and billions of illnesses a year are attributable to water pollution. Water scarcity compounds these health problems. Productivity is affected by the costs of providing safe water, by constraints on economic activity caused by water shortages, and by the adverse effects of water pollution and shortages on other environmental resources such as, declining fisheries and aquifer depletion leading to irreversible compaction.

b. Air pollution: As per the estimation of UN, urban air pollution is responsible for 300,000—700,000 deaths annually and creates chronic health problems for many more people. Restrictions on vehicles and industrial activity during critical periods affect productivity, as does the effect of acid rain on forests and water bodies.

c. Solid and hazardous wastes: Diseases are spread by uncollected garbage and blocked drains; the health risks from hazardous wastes are typically more localized, but often acute. Wastes affect productivity through the pollution of groundwater resources.

d. Soil degradation: Depleted soils increase the risks of malnutrition for farmers. Productivity losses on tropical soils are estimated to be in the range of 0.5-1.5 per cent of GNP, while secondary productivity losses are due to siltation of reservoirs, transportation channels and other hydrologic investments.

e. Deforestation: Death and disease can result from the localized flooding caused by deforestation. Loss of sustainable logging potential and of erosion prevention, watershed stability and carbon sequestration provided by forests are among the productivity impacts of deforestation.

f. Loss of biodiversity: The extinction of plant and animal species will potentially affect the development of new drugs; it will reduce ecosystem adaptability and lead to the loss of genetic resources.

g. Atmospheric changes: Ozone depletion is responsible for perhaps 300,000 additional cases of skin cancer a year and 1.7 million cases of cataracts. Global warming may lead to increase in the risk of climatic natural disasters. Productivity impacts may include sea-rise damage to coastal investments, regional changes in agricultural productivity and disruption of the marine food chain.

The impact of environmental disasters can be devastating on the social, economic, and environmental systems of a country or region as well as the global ecosystem. Environmental disasters do not recognise man-made borders, and threaten the legacy left to future generations of a clean and supportive environment. Because of the interdependency of earth ecosystems international co-operation is paramount to prevent, and when disaster strikes, respond to relieve quickly and effectively the effects of environmental disasters. Thus, Governments, International organizations and communities must work together – at all levels – to lessen the risks associated with environmental degradation and its contributing factors, such as climate change, and ensure that vulnerable people are prepared to survive and adapt. At the same time, companies, organizations and individuals must also ensure that their work is environmentally friendly and sustainable. The use of modern scientific knowledge and technological advancements are the only hope for providing tools for environmentally friendly and sustainable development.

Cultural System:

Values and Ethics: Though Shakespeare once said, and I paraphrase, "Nothing is either good or bad, but thinking makes it so." Technological innovations abound, yet they may lurk in the shadows for quite a while, given the inertia for a start of the scientific community - Thomas S. Kuhn's "The structure of scientific revolutions" should be a salutary lesson on this as is equally Thomas Popper's take on it and their subsequent debates. But a technological advance is both informed by the ethics and values in place at the time of the advance and also influences future views about ethics and values. Health care is a great example of this: what was once viewed as playing God is now commonplace treatment. Agree with the thought that the choice of a particular technology and its usage impinge upon human values and ethics. Technology is an application of certain scientific principles and laws and helps in the fulfilment of certain anthropological needs, but it is ethics and a code of human values that guide us whether that particular technology should be used or to what use it should be. Use or misuse of a particular technology has a great impact on human values and ethics, as it has created more ethical dilemmas for us, for instance, GM crops are a technological marvel but impact human values and ethics when it raises questions about human health and farmer's autonomy. In order to emerge from the dilemma and take decision, training in the methods of ethical inquiry is required. Another question that arises is that are ethics/morals/human values universal or context dependent? [15]

Social behaviour: One aspect of modernization is the use of science-based technology in rule enforcement. In the "engineered society" an ethos of rationalization is seen in the application of means to ends, whether this involves manufacturing, agriculture or efforts to control human behaviour. Six social control strategies are discussed and illustrated: target removal, target devaluation, target insulation, offender incapacitation, offender exclusion and identification of offenses and offenders. In complex settings in a democratic society, relying primarily on technology to control human behaviour has clear social and ethical limitations. The technology’s narrowing of focus may come at a cost of failing to see larger systemic contexts, alternatives and longer range consequences. The complexity and fluidity of human situations makes this a rich area for the study of trade-off, irony and paradox. There are some parallels to iatrogenetic medical practices in which one problem is cured, but at a cost of creating another. Technical efforts to insure conformity may be hindered by conflicting goals, unintended consequences, displacement, lessened equity, complacency, neutralization, invalidity, escalation, system overload, a negative image of personal dignity and the danger of the means determining, or becoming ends. The last half of the 20th century has seen a significant increase in the use of science and technology for purposes of social control. Examples include video and audio surveillance, heat, light, motion, sound and olfactory sensors, electronic tagging of consumer items, animals and humans, biometric access codes, drug testing, DNA analysis and the use of computer techniques such as expert systems, matching and profiling, data mining, mapping, network analysis, and simulation. Control technologies have become available that previously existed only in the dystopia imaginations of science fiction writers. Many technologies developed for the military such as spy and global positioning satellites and night vision scopes have become commercially available. Six technology based strategies of control and some social and ethical issues they raise are briefly discussed here. As used here social control refers to efforts to enforce norms by preventing violations or discovering and apprehending violators, rather than to other aspects of social control such as the creation of norms, processes of adjudication and sanctioning, or the broad societal guidance and integration which was of concern to early theorists of industrialization and urbanization. The engineering of social control can be differentiated from related control forms such as the creation and manipulation of culture and socialization, the redistributive rewards of the welfare state and inter-personal influences. The increased prominence of social control via engineering is related to concerns over issues such as crime, terrorism, drug abuse, border controls, AIDS and economic competitiveness and to technical developments in electronics, computerization, artificial intelligence, bio-chemistry, architecture and materials science. The scale, mobility and anonymity of mass society and ironically, increased expectations of, an protections for privacy, have furthered reliance on external, impersonal, distance-mediated, secondary technical means and data-base memories that locate, identify, register, record, classify and validate or generate grounds for suspicion. The perception of catastrophic risks in an interdependent world relying on complex technologies and the entrepreneurial efforts of the security industry and governments such as the United States with its’ war on drugs; have helped spread the technologies internationally.

The ratio of machines as protectors, monitors and controllers relative to humans continues to increase. Control has become softer and less visible partly because it is built-in (e.g., software that sends an internet message or shuts down if it is misused or that monitors work –such as the number of keystrokes entered or the driving behaviour of truckers), and partly because of more sophisticated uses of deception (complex undercover operations and disguised video cameras). Much contemporary control is better symbolized by manipulation than coercion, by computer chips than prison bars, and by remote and invisible tethers and filters, than by handcuffs, straitjackets and physical walls. Being more covert embedded and remote, it is often involuntary, occurring without the awareness or consent of its subject. Controllers are increasingly able to know things about subjects that the latter do not know about them and to make decisions affecting their life chances of which they are unaware. [16]

Six Social Engineering Strategies

Target removal. The logic of prevention is clearest and most effective here. Something that is not there cannot be taken. The move toward a cashless society is one example. Merchants who only accept credit or debit cards, or whose registers never have more than a modest amount of cash are unlikely to be conventionally robbed. Furniture built into the wall cannot be stolen. Subway and bus exteriors built with graffiti resistant metals are hard to draw upon. Through software programming, computers and telephones can be blocked from sending or receiving messages to, or from, selected locations.

Target devaluation. Here the goal is to reduce or eliminate the value of a potential target to anyone but authorized users. The target remains, but its uselessness makes it unattractive to predators. Examples include products which self-destruct, as with some car radios when stolen, or which leave clear proof of theft, as with exploding red dye packs that stain money taken in bank robberies. Encrypted messages can often be easily intercepted, however absent the decryption code, the data are useless. Telephones, computers, automobiles and even guns are increasingly available which can only be used with access devices such as a unique biometric identifier (e.g., retinal, voice or geometric hand pattern), card or access code.

Target insulation. With this ancient technique the object of desire remains, but it is protected. Perimeter maintaining strategies such as fences, walls, moats, guards, and guard’s dogs can be separated from more specific protections surrounding an object such as safes, chastity belts, goods that are in locked cases or chained to an immovable object and the hiding or disguising of valuables. High security, gated communities in which access and egress is carefully controlled and the use of networked sensors, alarms, and in some cases even internet video of public areas, are becoming more common. The architectural development of "skywalks" linking downtown private buildings creates "sanitary zones" more subject to control than the potentially disorderly public streets below.

Offender incapacitation. This classic strategy seeks to render potential offenders harmless with respect to the will, or ability, to violate the norm in question. The means may act directly on the body by permanently altering it and making certain offenses impossible -- literal or chemical castration for sex offenders, cutting off the hands of thieves. Passivity may be created by tranquilizers and other medications such as Depo-Provera or psycho-surgery for the violent. A variety of non-lethal restraining or blocking devices from pepper spray to strait jackets to a net fired over a disruptive person are available. Related efforts deal not with the body of the offender but with the instrumentalities involved in the offense. The goal is to render useless or unavailable something that is essential for the violation. For example anti-drunk driving interlock systems which require passing a breath analyzer test attached to the automobile ignition system before a car will start, or limiting gun purchases to those who have undergone computer checks for purchase eligibility (e.g., no felony conviction) and not permitting adolescents to purchase magic markers that can be used for graffiti, or mixing a bad smelling chemical into a product to prevent it from being inhaled for its’ hallucinatory effects.

Exclusion. Potential offenders have traditionally been kept away from targets or tempting environments by exile, prison, curfew and place or activity exclusions (e.g., bars for juveniles or the home of an ex-spouse for an abusing husband). The ultimate form is capital punishment. A related form is the visible warning offered by a stigma such as the brand or clipped ear of offenders in medieval Europe, which encouraged others to stay away. Electronic monitoring or location devices based on Global Positioning Satellites are contemporary examples. In one form alarms go off and messages are sent to authorities if an adjudicated person wearing a transmitter gets too close to a prohibited person or area or leaves areas they are restricted to. With the human genome project completed, eugenics will become a contentious issue. For example the belief (which ignores interactions with the environment and the socially crafted character of most rules) that DNA is linked to violence and other anti-social behaviour could generate another ultimate form of exclusion --requiring a license indicating an "acceptable" genetic pattern before a child could be born.

Offense/offender/target identification. Where it is not actually possible to prevent the violation physically, or where that is too expensive, it may be possible to at least know that it took place and perhaps who is responsible and where they are. The goal is to document its occurrence, and identify the violator. A major goal of nineteenth century forensic science was to develop reliable biometric measures of identity based on the analysis of fingerprints, facial measurements, and chemical properties. One technique used by the former East Germany involved identifying individuals by their unique olfactory. Architectural design emphasizing visibility as a deterrent fits here, as do video, audio, motion, and heat detection means and access codes that are presumed to document who enters an area, or is using a resource such as a computer. Hand-activated personal alarm systems, or a luggage alarm that goes off if a purse or suitcase is illegitimately moved or opened and the electronic tagging of consumer items or expensive tools at work which give off an alarm if wrongly removed are other examples. New information technologies have made it possible not only to watch everyone, but for everyone to be a watcher. This greater ease of mobilizing the law by involving citizens in social control is one characteristic of the Anglo-American police tradition, although not in the rest of Europe. Citizens are encouraged to use hot lines to report infractions (e.g., erratic highway drivers, drug dealing, poaching or "whistle-blowing" regarding organizational malfeasance) via cell and traditional telephones and e-mail. The police use mass communications media to help identify and locate wanted persons via posting warrant information on web sites and crime re-enactments on television.

Conclusion

Though science has proved to be a great boon on the other hand it has also created unprecedented problems for the entire mankind, especially in terms of bombs, environmental degradation etc.

If the fruits of science are to be reaped for augmenting the peace and prosperity of the active race, it has to be backed by spiritualism. The need of the hour is "Spiritual scientism" or "scientific spiritualism" . Science without spirituality or social and humane ethics is blind and indexers for the progress and actualization of humans and human rights without science is lame. Both have to be so carefully weaved in a beautiful trepastrie of human life as to promote the maximum good of the largest numbers of people as envisaged by our great seers and saints -

ॐ सर्वे भवन्तु सुखिनः

सर्वे सन्तु निरामयाः ।

सर्वे भद्राणि पश्यन्तु

मा कश्चिद्दुःखभाग्भवेत् ।

ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः ॥

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