Reality In The Kite Runner

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

The Linguistic Manipulation: A Powerful Instrument for the Construction of the Version of

Reality in The Kite Runner

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the present research was to analyse the linguistic manipulation in the novel, The

Kite Runner, according to the agenda of Critical Discourse Analysis. The research made it clear how

the author manipulated the text in favour of his objectives. The researcher employed Huckinâ€™s

analytic tools of CDA for the text interpretation of the said novel. It was analyzed how the social

relations, identity, knowledge, and power were constructed through the use of linguistic devices in the

text of the novel. The results of the present research revealed that the writer used specific linguistic

devices to influence the readers to make them accept ideological message contained in the text. He

used the text of the novel as a tool of propaganda in order to support the Western Agenda in

Afghanistan. He employed linguistic manipulation as a powerful instrument for the construction of

his version of reality. This study is an effort to unfold power relations, dominance, oppression,

repression, and marginalization in The Kite Runner. It will help the readers in decoding the text

manipulation by applying CDA.

Keywords: The Kite Runner, text interpretation, CDA, power relations, propaganda, critical thinking

1. Introduction:

In the present research, the text of Khaled Hosseiniâ€™s novel, The Kite Runner, was interpreted

according to the agenda of Critical Discourse Analysis. This novel had the foremost impact on

millions of people across America and abroad. The present research attempted to unravel the power

behind the text of the novel. It was explored what exactly Khaled Hosseini said to the readers. For

this purpose, I analyzed why The Kite Runner attracted so powerfully the American readers. I

examined the social and political context in which the text of the novel was produced (Fairclough,

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1995a) keeping in view the current issues of the time, like Islamic fundamentalism and Taliban. It

was investigated how the writer employed text manipulation as an instrument of propaganda to

illustrate the atrocities of the Taliban.

The Kite Runner received numerous positive and negative reviews (Al-Sudeary, 2007; Edwards,

2009; Lidyawati, 2010; Luckhardt, 2010). However, linguistic analysis of the text of the novel

was the area which was yet to be explored. I analysed the linguistic manipulation which the writer

used to materialize his objectives. He employed certain linguistic devices which played a vital role in

exchanging ideas between the writer and the reader in natural communication. These devices were

designed to control the ebb and flow of knowledge, belief, narration, and assertion during both

planned and unplanned discourse. Instead of employing conventional tools of stylistics and

pragmatics (Widdowson, 1975; Iwamoto, 2002), the linguistic analysis of the text of the novel was

conducted with reference to CDA (Huckin, 1997). In the present research, by using analytic tools of

CDA, it was made visible the way in which the novel and its discourse shaped the mind of the reader.

It was analyzed how the choice of specific linguistic structures influenced the readers and made them

receive ideological message (Guerin, 2007) conveyed in the text of The Kite Runner.

The focus of the present study was on how social relations, identity, knowledge, and power were

constructed through text manipulation in The Kite Runner. By using Huckinâ€™s (1997) analytic tools of

CDA, it was analysed how the writer of the novel influenced the cognitive structure of the readers

(Van Dijk, 2006). For the text interpretation, the insight was sought from the works of major Critical

Discourse Analysts (Fairclough, 1992, 1995a, 1995b; Wodak, 2006; Van Dijk, 1993; Lakoff

and Johnson, 1980). Most of prominent critical discourse analysts believe that CDA should not be

considered only a theory. It is an electric approach for the data analysis. It revealed the techniques

which the writer used to influence cognitive structure of the readers. For text analysis, the chief

assumption of Critical Discourse Analysis that makes the approach different from that of others is that

it decodes not only propositional meaning of the text but also its ideological assumptions. The writer

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chooses specific linguistic structures to influence the readers in order to make them receive the

ideological message conveyed in the text. Sheyholislamic (2001) thinks that text is not arbitrary. It is

purposeful whether the choices are conscious or unconscious. Fairclough (1995a) argues that people

exert power through conversation. Foucault (1989) considers power as a prevalent force which

establishes symmetrical relationships. It prevails over the entire society and is not controlled by any

particular group. But, contrary to this, Fairclough (1995a) believes in the relationship of power as

asymmetrical, unequal, and empowering. It belongs to a particular group or class.

Van Dijk (2006) thinks that CDA analysts must have a clear socio-political position. Their works are

based on political criticism of those who are responsible for the production of ascendency and social

inequalities. They discuss elite groups who are in power, ordain social inequalities and injustices.

They continue and legitimize them. On the basis of his interdisciplinary attitude, he labels his

methodology as socio-cognitive discourse analysis. Wodak (2006) considers written and spoken

language as a form of social behaviour. She acknowledges the intricacy of the relationship between

language and society. Zhao (2011) says that CDA not only describes and explains texts but also helps

to root out a particular kind of delusion. He believes that texts, as elements of social events, bring

about changes in the society. Guerin (2007) also realizes the importance of social context for the

study of linguistic devices. He favours the ways to integrate linguistic and social analysis.

The present study will not only develop an awareness of forms of language but also explore a wider

range of language uses in our daily lives. It provides an analytical way of learning about Afghan

history and culture in the context of story. In the present research, Huckinâ€™s (1997) analytic tools of

CDA were used for the text interpretation of the novel, The Kite Runner. I selected Huckinâ€™s (1997)

analytic tools for text analysis because they provide a framework of text analysis according to the

agenda of CDA. Moreover, they provide data which was used both at macro level to reveal the â€˜big

pictureâ€™ of asymmetrical power relationship and at micro level to analyze the role of the linguistic

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devices in the novel. In this research, the data collected from the detailed analysis of the text of the

said novel, were used to answer the following research questions of the present research:

1. Does the writer use the text of the novel as a tool of propaganda?

2. Does the writer maneuver the facts for the propagation of the Western angle of interpretation

of the situation in Afghanistan in the novel?

3. How do the dominant forces construct versions of reality in favour of their interests in the

novel?

4. What are the levels of power relationship in The Kite Runner?

5. What are the objectives of the writer in representing ethnicity in the novel, The Kite Runner.?

This study will help in developing critical thinking of the readers by enabling them to decode text

manipulation. The findings of this study provide the CDA practitioners with an insight to text

analysis. It will benefit them to analyze their existing problems and tackle with them in order to

introduce the way for better way of teaching CDA. This research is also an attempt to highlight the

scope of Critical Discourse Analysis for the text analysis of fiction. It helps to know how CDA

techniques can assist in the formulation of appropriate strategies for reading. This research invites

researchers to explore new horizons of text analysis by using agenda of CDA. It motivates related

researches, for instance, applying CDA to the texts of poetry, drama and fiction.

2. Methodology

In the present research, I attempted to disclose the strategy which the writer used to manipulate the

text of the novel, The Kite Runner, in favour of his objectives. The research problem is to investigate

how the writer employed the linguistic devices to influence the opinion of the readers of the said

novel.

In the present research, Huckinâ€™s (1997) analytic tools of CDA were used for the text interpretation of

the novel, The Kite Runner. The text analysis was conducted at three levels: the text as a whole, a

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sentence, and a word. The salient features of the procedure of the present research are mentioned as

under:

2.1 The text as a whole

The genre of the text under analysis was analyzed in order to observe that the text of the

novel conforms to its type or the author has included features of other genres to fulfill his

own purposes. This genre-orientation helped to know how to manipulate a genre and how

to go beyond its normal boundaries to produce special effects.

Framing of text production was analyzed. It was evaluated how the content of the text has

been presented and what sort of perspective (angle, slant) the writer has taken.

The techniques of foregrounding and backgrounding were analyzed to explore how they

have been used to emphasize or de-emphasize certain concepts in the text under analysis.

The technique of omission was analyzed to explore how the writer has used to keep

certain things completely out of a text. If the writer does not discuss some particular

point, it often will not even enter the reader's mind. Thus, it is not subjected to readerâ€™s

scrutiny.

The technique of presupposition was analyzed to explore how the writer has used to

manipulate readers. Ideas are presented in such a way as to be accepted without

questioning.

Another form of presuppositions is insinuations. It is used in the comments of a

suggestive nature and not directly indicated by the writer.

2.2 Sentence Level Analysis

After the analysis of the genre and framing of the text, the research proceeded to the sentence

level as mentioned under:

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1. Topicalization: It is a sort of foregrounding at the sentence level. This type of analysis was

conducted to reveal the objective of the writerâ€™s decision to put something in the topic

position. This linguistic device is employed to make readers notice certain pieces of

information as more important than others.

2. Deletion or omission of agents: The focus is on the victims and not on those guilty of the

crime. Agent-deletion takes place most often through the use of passive verbs and

nominalization.

3. Presupposition: Presupposition was analyzed at the sentence level.

2.3 Words and Phrases Level Analysis

1. Connotations: Critical discourse analysis of the text was conducted on the level of

individual words to analyze certain connotations that they carry with themselves.

2. Register: This type of analysis was conducted to reveal the textâ€™s level of formality or

informality. It also points out its degree of technicality and its subject field.

3. The quantitative methodology of Corpus linguistics was used as a supplement to

determine the frequencies of certain lexical items.

3. DISCUSSION

In the present research, the text of the novel, The Kite Runner, was analyzed, at macro and micro

level, by using Huckinâ€™s (1997) analytic tools of CDA. The analysis was conducted on three levels:

the text as a whole, a sentence, and a word. In this research, the data collected from the detailed

analysis of linguistic devices of the text of the said novel, were used to answer the research questions

of the present research.

3.1 Text Manipulation and Linguistic Devices

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is an effective approach for the study of the text. It studies language

as a form of social practice and explores the ways how social and political domination are visible in

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the text (Fairclough, 1989). The author, Khaled Hosseini, employed the linguistic devices as a

powerful tool to manipulate the text in favour of his objectives. His effective use of linguistic devices

acted as a catalyst to stimulate the readerâ€™s emotions and curiosity about ethnicity.

It is notable that the main readers of The Kite Runner are not the Afghans. The novel clicks so

powerfully with American readers. It pays particular attention to the â€˜hot topicsâ€™ such as extremism,

fundamentalism, Taliban, and womenâ€™s rights in Afghanistan. The writer introduces his readers with

life in Afghanistan by explaining some basic facts with a particular tilt of mind. After analysis, it has

been found that the writer of the novel, Khaled Hosseini, uses the linguistic devices of foregrounding,

backgrounding, presupposition and omission to frame the contents of the text in favour of his

objectives. He uses the characters of Baba, Amir, Ali and Hassan to frame economic, ethnic, and

religious divisions in Afghanistan. Baba and Amir, for example, are rich and live in a large house,

while Ali and Hassan are poor and live in a small quarter on Babaâ€™s property. Baba and Amir are both

physically fit, but Ali and Hassan both suffer from problems of physical deformation. Furthermore,

Baba and Amir represent the Pashtun population, whereas Ali and Hassan represent Hazara minority

who are the victim of racism in Afghanistan. Like most Pashtuns, Baba and Amir represent Sunni

Muslim, while Ali and Hassan, like most Hazaras represent Shia Muslim.

The Kite Runner deals with the issue of ethnic discrimination in Afghanistan. There is a particular

example of the relationship between Pashtuns and Hazaras. The writer presents another frame of

division between Islamic fundamentalists, like Amirâ€™s teacher, Mullah Fatiullah Khan, and liberal

Afghans like Baba. Babaâ€™s words, in Chapter 3, predict the future takeover of Afghanistan by the

orthodox fundamentalists, the Taliban. Baba says: "God help us all if Afghanistan ever falls into their

hands." The writer uses extremely harsh words for Mullah Fatiullah Khan and those like him and

declares them "self-righteous monkeys" (p. 17).

The writer uses the first-person point of view in the novel. He makes readers feel as though they are

experiencing narratorâ€™s personal feeling and thoughts about certain people or particular scenes. For

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example, when Amir attends the inaugural ceremony of his fatherâ€™s orphanage, he says that he

"wished theyâ€™d all died along with their parents" (p.19), and this personal emotion clearly reveals his

strong desire for his fatherâ€™s love and attention. The reader is made to feel that his thoughts are

flowing directly through the characters brain. It seems that the character and the reader are thinking in

the same direction. The first-person point of view deeply connects the emotions of the characters and

the readers. In contrast, the third-person point of view lets the writer keep distance and achieve some

measure of objectivity.

Another effective linguistic device that the author employs in the novel is the usage of Farsi words

(Huckin, 1997). Throughout the entire novel, Farsi is woven in the plot naturally, especially in

conversations. For example, Amir calls his father "Baba (12) or Baba Jan (18)" instead of "dad" or

"father," but the reader is able to interpret these words by context. The words such as "Inshallah" (36)

or "Naan" (29) have also been used. It appears more natural to use Farsi in conversation. It enhances

informal level of the text (Huckin, 1997). This technique provides a realistic aspect. Furthermore,

most of the events occur in a foreign country where English is not the characters' native language.

Therefore, using Farsi in conversation seems more natural. As a result, this device gives the reader

a much more vivid experience, as though the reader has participated in the scenes and met the

characters themselves.

In his novel, the writer has employed the linguistic device of omission or deletion in order to present

certain characters with a particular objective of representing ethnicity. The writer has framed the

character of Assef as an embodiment of evil by eliminating every positive trait of a human being. He

is the main â€˜Antagonistâ€™ of the novel. Ironically, he has been presented as a mixed product- his father

is Afghan and his mother is German. It seems very awkward that an individual of mixed origin has

been presented as an advocate of Pashtun dominance over the Hazara. As a teenager, Assef is a bully

and Amir describes him as a â€˜sociopathâ€™. As a child, he commits the heinous action of raping Hassan

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and he gives Amir a biography of â€˜Adolf Hitlerâ€™ as a birthday present. As an adult, he joins the

Taliban and has become like his ideal, Adolf Hitler. He feels pleasure in murdering innocent people

in the name of purity and supremacy. The writer presents Assef as a chain of heinous crimes. He

raped Hassan in childhood, and he is now raping and degrading Hassan's son.

3.2 A tool of propaganda

Propaganda means to spread ideas or rumors to favour or disfavour a person or group of people. In

the novel, The Kite Runner, the writer paints a vivid picture of the Taliban as violent bodies

responsible for all the wrongs in Afghanis. Assef appears in pre-Taliban times as a symbol of evil and

then emerges as a leading Talib.

Before the regime of the Taliban, Assef commits the crime of rape, and as a leader of the Taliban,

compels Sohrab to dance to music for his enjoyment but the Taliban has banned dancing and listening

to music. Amir criticizes by saying, "I guessed music wasn't sinful as long as it played to Taliban

ears." The writer shows that the Taliban's oppression of the Hazaras and the Shiites is not new. It is a

greatly intensified outcome of long-held discrimination. The writer frames the characters of the

Taliban and the Hazara in order to point out the nature of their power relationship as asymmetrical,

unequal and empowering (Fairclough, 1995b).

The writer depicts one-dimensional characterization of the Taliban as stereotyped characters. He

presents them as inhumane and tyrannical. The novel has been written with the technique of first-

person viewpoint. Amir is the narrator for 24 chapters, while Rahim Khan narrates the events of the

past in only one chapter, chapter 16. Both narrators can express only their own personal experiences,

and both paint a terrible picture of atrocities of Taliban. Decades later, Hassan's rape is echoed by

Sohrab's rape symbolically. One of the most striking references is of the stoning at Ghazi Stadium.

This event also symbolizes the devastation of Afghanistan as a whole, like the rapes of Hassan and

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Sohrab. Another very fierce event is Amir's fight with Assef. In chapter 21, the reference of â€˜Mullah

Nasruddinâ€™ is to laugh at plans of the Taliban.

The writer, with the help of linguistic devices, manipulates the text of the novel for the Propagation of

the Western angle of the Afghan issue. It is an effort to influence the readers and to justify the

Western Agenda of international commitment in Afghanistan. In the last scene of the novel, Sohrab's

faint smile is an indication that he is secure and happy with his new guardians (Van Dijk, 2005,

2006).

The writer also uses powerful and multi-layered imagery with rich meanings. For example, Sohrab

hits Assef with slingshot fire. It is an appropriate image that shows the triumph of the weak and

depressed over the high and mighty.

In Chapter eleven, after the arrival of Amir and Baba in America, Amir explains that Baba loved â€˜the

idea of Americaâ€™ very much. He believes that the only valuable countries are America, Israel and

Britain. Even though his support of Israel drew allegations of his being anti-Islam from other

Afghanis.

"There are only three real men in this world, Amir," heâ€™d say. Heâ€™d count them off on his fingers:

America the brash savior, Britain, and Israel. "The rest of them--" he used to wave his hand and make

a phht sound "--theyâ€™re like gossiping old women" (Ch.11).

In chapter 21, the writer presents a vivid picture of fundamentalism, extremism and intolerance of the

Taliban. Amir attended a soccer match at Ghazi Stadium. There was entirely different scene. The

lush green playing field had now turned into barren field with two deep holes behind the goalpost.

The Taliban walked up and down the lanes. They whipped anyone who made too much noise. During

halftime, Amir knew the shocking reason for the two deep holes in the ground. They were to be the

graves of two accused adulterers. They would be stoned in front of thousands of the people. A Talib

announced to the crowd that the â€˜will of Allah and the word of the Prophet Muhammadâ€™ said death by

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stoning was a just punishment for adulterers. As Amir listened to this distortion of Islam, he recalls

the words of Baba: "God help us all if Afghanistan ever falls into their hands."

The writer makes the point that the Taliban are responsible for social inequalities and injustices. They

continue and legitimize them in the name of Islam (Van Dijk, 2005).

The writer has tried to establish the idea that the United States is an escape route from all of the

problems. He feels that the United States is like an outlet from injustice, cruelty and ethnicity. His

attitude is negative throughout the whole story and uses the escape of Amir and Baba to America as a

symbol of change and a rout of emancipation. The writer is trying to justify that only America can

play role in the line of changing, amending and removing inequalities from the Afghan society (Van

Dijk, 2006).

The writer very skillfully talks about dominant American culture in the country. Amir and Hassan

like the Western movies, American actors, especially John Wayne and Charles Bronson. They watch

movies dubbed into Farsi. The boys spend their money on imported snacks like rosewater ice cream

and pistachios. Baba drives a black Ford Mustang, which is the same car that the actor Steve

McQueen has used in the American movie "Bullitt." On the other side, Assef never speaks of these

things. He talks about purity of Afghanistan. Assef and others like him demand not only ethnic purity

but also cultural purity. The purpose is domination of a pure Pashtun people and culture in

Afghanistan. As a consequence, the influence of American culture in Afghanistan will be eliminated,

almost entirely, during the period that Amir calls the end of Afghanistan.

3.3. Versions of Reality & Power Relationship

In the novel, The Kite Runner, power, dominance, inequality, bias sources have been initiated,

maintained and reproduced. (Van Dijk, 2006). Much of the text of The Kite Runner can be explained

through CDA. One of the best examples of Oppression, repression, marginalization (Luke, 1997) is

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Hassanâ€™s rape in the passage on pages 76 to 77. The power struggle in this passage is established on

many levels. The Assefâ€™s domination of Hassan is the most obvious level. There are, however,

numerous instances of a power relationship in the passage, e.g., between Amir and Hassan, between

the Mullah and the sheep and between Amir and himself. The writer compares the facial expression

of Hassan to that of a lamb in "saw the resignation in. It was a look I had seen before. It was the look

of the lamb" (p.76). The same symbol of lamb is later explained, through Amirâ€™s flashback as a

ceremonial sacrifice made on Eid Al-Adha. This use of metaphors and symbolism makes the

language effective and admirable (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980). Hassan is entirely powerless against

Assef. There is another example of the power struggle between Amir and Hassan. Amir is constantly

struggling for his fatherâ€™s love. He feels that Hassan is standing in his way. In the end of the passage,

Amir says:

"I actually aspired to cowardice, because the real reason I was running, was that Asseff was right.

Nothing was free in this world. Maybe Hassan was the price I had to pay, the lamb I had to slay to

win Baba. Was it a fair price? The answer floated to my conscious mind before I could thwart it:

"He was just a Hazara, was not he?"(p.77)

It is clear that Babaâ€™s love is a form of power and Amir is willing to gain this power at any cost even

by losing his friend.

3.4 Objectives of the writer

The writer of the novel, Khalid Husseini, indirectly describes his objective of writing the novel, The

Kite Runner, in chapter 19, through the mouth of Wahid: "tell the rest of the world what the Taliban

are doing to [Afghanistan.]."

Reference to sexual violence against a member of one ethnic group- the Hazara- at the thematic

position of the novel indicates the objective of the writer to highlight the frame of ethnicity in the

very beginning of the novel. Foregrounding of ethnicity shows ethnic orientation of the text.

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Khaled Hosseini uses the linguistic device of deletion/omission for the depiction of certain

characters in order to influence the mind of the readers. By doing so, he makes the readers see a

particular reality through the glasses of the writer. From beginning to the end, the writer frames and

presents an entirely negative, heinous and cruel picture of the Taliban.

In chapter 3, the writer begins to develop the negative impression of Mullah, Taliban and Islamic

convictions. He makes extensive use of foreshadowing in The Kite Runner. For instance Baba's

statement, which anticipates the Taliban's takeover decades later: "God help us all if Afghanistan ever

falls into their hands (Ch.3)." In chapter 16 & 17, the writer also uses some incidents of abuses of

women to paint the distorted image of the Taliban. The Taliban has enforced strict rules of dress for

men and women Soccer players have to wear pants, and loud cheering is not allowed at games.

However, worst of all is the fierceness that the Taliban show in the general population.

The hidden objective of the writer is to paint a distorted picture of Afghan culture by maneuvering

facts and highlighting the ethnic tensions between the Pashtun and the Hazara. By rescuing Sohrab,

the writer tries to justify American task to rescue the oppressed people of Afghanistan (Fairclough,

1995a).

Another objective of the writer is to make the readers acknowledge the American supremacy in the

world. In chapter 21, the writer tries to establish American supremacy of technology and culture.

Before going to bed, Farid tells stories about fighting the Soviets, while Amir tells Farid about

American services, such as being able to enjoy over five hundred television channels.

Foregrounding of ethnicity shows ethnic orientation of the text. The writer maneuvers the facts in

order to establish that the Pashtun majority of the Taliban hate the Hazara population. Thus, the

Taliban massacred many Hazaras. They burned down their schools and houses. Assef praises the

Pashtun history and relates it to that of the Nazis in Germany. This is an example of the use of

linguistic device of presupposition (Huckin, 1997) by referring a remarkably accurate historical

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observation that the writer points out on several occasions. Khalid Hosseini is a remarkable writer

and knows how to influence the reader by the ethos and make him accept a particular ideology.

4. Conclusion

The objective of the present study was to identify the role of the linguistic devices in the construction

of the version of reality in The Kite Runner. The detailed analysis of the text of the novel, both at the

macro level and the micro level, revealed that the linguistic devices played significant role in

linguistic manipulation of the said novel. The writer manipulated the text for the construction of

reality to materialize political objectives of supporting Western Agenda in Afghanistan. He used the

linguistic devices of foregrounding, backgrounding, presupposition and omission to frame the

contents of the text in favour of his objectives. These linguistic devices proved an influential

instrument to touch the cognitive structure of the reader. The writer maneuvered the facts for the

propagation of the Western angle of interpretation of situation in Afghanistan. By way of a subtle

manipulation of language, he successfully wielded great influence on the preconceptions, beliefs, and

ideologies of the readers. The results of this study indicate that behind the apparent text of The Kite

Runner, there is a careful use of linguistic devices. They are certainly the product of prior

consideration and thoughtful discourse elaboration.

The writer used the language of the novel as a typical instrument of persuasion. He employed the

appropriate linguistic devices according to the specific requirements of each communicative situation

for the achievement of personal objectives. With the help of a subtle manipulation of language, he

caused the readers to accept false claims as true assumptions. He persuaded them to favour policies

contrary to their interests. Linguistic manipulation is, thus, a valuable tool in politics. It is a vital

element in securing the public support which is essential not only to legitimize political policies, but

also to materialize implied political objective in democratic systems. The effective use of linguistic

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devices is a key factor in accomplishing personal and public objectives and succeeding in public

debates and negotiations.

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Reality In The Kite Runner

ABSTRACT

1. Introduction:

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2. Methodology

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3. DISCUSSION

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4. Conclusion

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