The First Internal Combustion Engine Car

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02 Nov 2017

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Introduction:

Hydrogen gas inventor, generally it can be explain by the inventor electrolyze the water compounds into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. The hydrogen gas is pump into the gasoline engine for better combustion to get better output energy. Basically the hydrogen gas are more flammable that oxygen gas.

Diagram 1 : Hydrogen Gasoline Engine

The diagram 1 showed the operation of a hydrogen engine and its major components, its benefits, drawbacks and how components can be modified or redesigned to reduce the drawbacks. In general, getting an internal combustion engine to run on hydrogen is not difficult. Getting an internal combustion engine to run well, however, is more of a challenge. This section points out the key components and techniques required to make the difference between a hydrogen engine that just runs and one that runs well. The earliest attempt at developing a hydrogen engine was reported by Reverend W. Cecil in 1820. Cecil presented his work before the Cambridge Philosophical Society in a paper entitled "On the Application of Hydrogen Gas to Produce Moving Power in Machinery." The engine itself operated on the vacuum principle, in which atmospheric pressure drives a piston back against a vacuum to produce power. The vacuum is created by burning a hydrogen-air mixture, allowing it to expand and then cool. Although the engine ran satisfactorily, vacuum engines never became practical.

Sixty years later, during his work with combustion engines Key Points & Notes in the 1860s and 1870s, N. A. Otto (the inventor of the Otto cycle) reportedly used a synthetic producer gas for fuel, which probably had a hydrogen content of over 50%. Otto also experimented with gasoline, but found it dangerous to work with, prompting him to return to using gaseous fuels. The development of the carburetor, however, initiated a new era in which gasoline could be used both practically and safely, and interest in other fuels subsided. Hydrogen has since been used extensively in the space program since it has the best energy-to-weight ratio of any fuel. Liquid hydrogen is the fuel of choice for rocket engines, and has been utilized in the upper stages of launch vehicles on many space missions including the Apollo missions to the moon, Skylab, the Viking missions to Mars and the Voyager mission to Saturn. In recent years, the concern for cleaner air, along with stricter air pollution regulation and the desire to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels have rekindled the interest in hydrogen as a vehicular fuel.

Contents:

1. History

In year 1806:

Francois Isaac de Rivaz (born in Paris, December 19, 1752; Died in Sion, July 30, 1828) was a Swiss inventor, credited with inventing and constructing the first successful internal combustion engine in 1806. The engine was powered by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. A year later, Isaac de Rivaz built one of the first automobiles – of course, powered by his new engine. NOTE: Gasoline was not used for internal combustion engines until 1870.

In year 1908:

The first internal combustion engine car powered by hydrogen from water.

In year 1935:

Inventor Henry Garrett patented a electrolytic carburetor and let a car run on tap water. The late Henry "Dad" Garrett was a multi-talented Dallas inventor with a bent for electrical contrivances, and in 1935, he and his son, C.H. Garrett, patented and exhibited an automobile that ran on water — actually, on hydrogen after the water was broken down by electrolysis. Dad Garrett was already famous for his work. In 1920 he set up WRR in Dallas, the world’s first municipal radio station, and was its first announcer. He was the first man to build a radio in his car, and he developed radio transmission from the car for police use. He also invented an automatic electric traffic signal, possibly the nation’s first. On September 8, 1935, The Dallas Morning News first announced that the water-fuel concept worked — at least it worked for "several minutes," the article reported. A few months later, Pathe’ News filmed the car driving along Garland Road with the driver stopping at White Rock Lake to fill the fuel tank with water before cruising off.

In year 1942 :

In 1942, U.S. Vice President, Henry Wallace, while on a Good Will Tour of South America, saw the Pacheco generator run an automobile engine and shortly thereafter, the president of Bolivia, General Enrique Penaranda, observed the same phenomena. Both men encouraged Francisco to bring his invention to the United States.

In year 1944:

Pacheco received a letter from the patent office stating that because of the high cost of aluminum and magnesium (the two metals used in his invention) that his patent was impractical.

In year 1970’s:

When air pollution and oil shortage became a problem, Francisco ‘unshelved’ his generator believing that the time was finally right. He secured a U.S. patent and a few years later, he received patents from Germany, Brazil and Japan.

Archie Blue, from Christchurch, New Zealand, was a competent inventor. In the 1970s he wanted to find a way to provide heat or cooking fuel for a camper by converting water into hydrogen and oxygen. He ended up with a device that produced enough gas to run a motor vehicle, using a 12V air pump to force air through his electrolyzer. He patented it and demonstrated it before experts.

In 1974 John Houseman and D.J. Cerini of the Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology produced a report for the Society of Automotive Engineers entitled "On-Board Hydrogen Generator for a Partial Hydrogen Injection Internal Combustion Engine".

In 1974 F.W. Hoehn and M.W. Dowy of the Jet Propulsion Lab, prepared a report for the 9th Inter society Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, entitled "Feasibility Demonstration of a Road Vehicle Fueled with Hydrogen Enriched Gasoline."

Andrija (Henry Karl) Puharich was a visionary U.S. scientist, a medical doctor-turned-researcher extraordinaire. Among the many projects that he undertook during his unusual career was to find a way to efficiently decompose water into clean-burning fuel. His motive in doing so was to preserve a healthy atmosphere. As a physician, he was well aware of the harmful effects of fossil fuel pollution. He actually accomplished his goal in the late 1970′s, as indicated by his U.S. patent. He converted a motorhome to run on the gas that his electrolytic resonance device produced.

Yul Brown was a Bulgarian scientist who immigrated to Australia, where he developed a welder that used the hydrogen and oxygen from water as fuel. Because of this the gases that come from water are commonly referred to as "Brown’s Gas". But others had been using the component gases of water as fuel long before Yul came along. However, he was the first to popularize this unusual mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, and he noted strange results in his research. For instance, he found that this gas was capable of neutralizing radioactive waste! He also ran a car on the gas.

2. Combustive Properties of Hydrogen

The properties that contribute to its use as a combustible fuel are its:

• wide range of flammability

• low ignition energy

• small quenching distance

• high auto ignition temperature

• high flame speed at stoichiometric ratios

• high diffusivity

• very low density

Wide Range of Flammability

Hydrogen has a wide flammability range in comparison with all other fuels. As a result, hydrogen can be combusted in an internal combustion engine over a wide range of fuel-air mixtures. A significant advantage of this is that hydrogen can run on a lean mixture. A lean mixture is one in which the amount of fuel is less than the theoretical, stoichiometric or chemically ideal amount needed for combustion with a given amount of air. This is why it is fairly easy to get an engine to start on hydrogen.

Generally, fuel economy is greater and the combustion reaction is more complete when a vehicle is run on a lean mixture. Additionally, the final combustion temperature is generally lower, reducing the amount of pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, emitted in the exhaust. There is a limit to how lean the engine can be run, as lean operation can significantly reduce the power output due to a reduction in the volumetric heating value of the air/fuel mixture.

Low Ignition Energy

Hydrogen has very low ignition energy. The amount of energy needed to ignite hydrogen is about one order of magnitude less than that required for gasoline. This enables hydrogen engines to ignite lean mixtures and ensures prompt ignition. Unfortunately, the low ignition energy means that hot gases and hot spots on the cylinder can serve as sources of ignition, creating problems of premature ignition and flashback. Preventing this is one of the challenges associated with running an engine on hydrogen. The wide flammability range of hydrogen means that almost any mixture can be ignited by a Key Points & Notes hot spot.

Small Quenching Distance

Hydrogen has a small quenching distance, smaller than gasoline. Consequently, hydrogen flames travel closer to the cylinder wall than other fuels before they extinguish. Thus, it is more difficult to quench a hydrogen flame than a gasoline flame. The smaller quenching distance can also increase the tendency for backfire since the flame from a hydrogen-air mixture more readily passes a nearly closed intake valve, than a hydrocarbon-air flame.

High Auto ignition Temperature

Hydrogen has a relatively high auto ignition temperature. This has important implications when a hydrogen-air mixture is compressed. In fact, the auto ignition temperature is an important factor in determining what compression ratio an engine can use, since the temperature rise during compression is related to the compression ratio. The temperature rise is shown by the equation:

The temperature may not exceed hydrogen’s auto ignition temperature without causing premature ignition. Thus, the absolute final temperature limits the compression ratio. The high auto ignition temperature of hydrogen allows larger compression ratios to be used in a hydrogen engine than in a hydrocarbon engine. This higher compression ratio is important because it is related to the thermal efficiency of the system. On the other hand, hydrogen is difficult to ignite in a compression ignition or diesel configuration, because the temperatures needed for those types of ignition are relatively high.

High Flame Speed

Hydrogen has high flame speed at stoichiometric ratios. Under these conditions, the hydrogen flame speed is nearly an order Key Points & Notes of magnitude higher (faster) than that of gasoline. This means that hydrogen engines can more closely approach the thermodynamically ideal engine cycle. At leaner mixtures, however, the flame velocity decreases significantly.

High Diffusivity

Hydrogen has very high diffusivity. This ability to disperse in air is considerably greater than gasoline and is advantageous for two main reasons. Firstly, it facilitates the formation of a uniform mixture of fuel and air. Secondly, if a hydrogen leak develops, the hydrogen disperses rapidly. Thus, unsafe conditions can either be avoided or minimized.

Low Density

Hydrogen has very low density. This results in two problems when used in an internal combustion engine. Firstly, a very large volume is necessary to store enough hydrogen to give a vehicle an adequate driving range. Secondly, the energy density of a hydrogen-air mixture, and hence the power output, is reduced.

3. Calculation

Mass induced per cycle = m =pV/RT kg

VolEff = ṁ/(m*N/120)

For simplicity, assume VolEff = 100 %

Then ṁ = m*N/120 kg/s

x

0%

Eff Ind

0.292

N

6000

RPM

V

1

litre

0.001

m^3

T

30

degC

303

KJ/kmol K

UR

8.314

KJ/kmol K

pv = RT

pV/m = ƦT/M

p = mƦT/VM

p = ƦT/V [(m/M)1 + (m/M)2 + (m/M)3 + (m/M)4]

Formula :

x(2H2+O2)+(1-x)[C6H18+12.59O2+79/21N2)]=x(2H2O)+(1-x)(8CO2+9H2O+12.5*79/21N2)

Electrolysis Power:

237 kW to generate 1 mole per sec or 2gm/s of H2

4. Future Trend

Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle

A hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle (HICEV) is a type of hydrogen vehicle using an internal combustion engine. Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles are different from hydrogen-fuel cell vehicles (which use hydrogen + oxygen rather than hydrogen + air); the hydrogen internal combustion engine is simply a modified version of the traditional gasoline-powered internal combustion engine.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wasserstoffeinf%C3%BCllstutzen_eines_BMW.jpg/220px-Wasserstoffeinf%C3%BCllstutzen_eines_BMW.jpg

Diagram 2 : Filler neck for hydrogen of a BMW

Like current gasoline-powered vehicles, the design of each hydrogen-powered vehicle will most likely vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and model to model. One model may be simple in design and operation, for example, a lean burning fuel metering strategy using no emission control systems such as EGR, catalytic converter, evaporate fuel canister, etc. Another model may be very sophisticated in design and operation, for example, using an EGR fuel metering strategy with a catalytic converter, multiple spark plugs, etc.

Until such time that a hydrogen infrastructure exists, hydrogen/natural gas fuel blends provide a logical transition to fully hydrogen-powered vehicles. These vehicles can operate on either fuel, depending on availability.

Gasoline-electric Hybrid

A hybrid electric engine is a type of engine that combine hybrid engine and the electric engine mean its combines a traditional conventional internal combustion engine propulsion system with a newer eco-friendly technology electric propulsion system. The presence of the electric power train is intended to achieve better fuel economy, more eco-friendly and create more power for most of the vehicles nowadays. The most common hybrid electric car brand in Malaysia such as Toyota, Honda and Nissan was launched few type of hybrid cars, although hybrid electric trucks (pickups and tractors) and buses also exist in other country.

http://www.2carpros.com/images/articles/hybrid/engine/honda_hybrid_motor.jpg

Diagram 3: Electric Motor Gasoline Engine

http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2002/10/28/149613.1-lg.jpg

Diagram 4 : Electric Motor Gasoline Engine

Conclusion:

In a conclusion, although the hydrogen have high flammable properties but from the calculation from Figure 1 to 6, we can see that the nett engine power was reduce when the hydrogen gas percentage increases. From the figure 1 to 6, we calculated out when hydrogen gas percentage increases, the engine power increases. At the end, we can see that the electrolysis the hydrogen gas from the water is not the way to increase the engine output. The technology further improved to direct pump in the hydrogen gas in a gas tank in the car, this prevent the electrolysis process in the car and by this way, it can increases in engine power output. So the direct electrolysis from the water in the car is not usable and this makes the engine less power at the end.



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