Control The Space Debris Population

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02 Nov 2017

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limitation of debris released during normal operations;

minimization of the potential for on-orbit break-ups during and after space operations;

post-mission disposal recommendations for vehicles in low Earth orbit (LEO; below 2000 km altitude), geosynchronous orbit (GEO), and other orbital regimes;

prevention of on-orbit collisions.

At the 38th meeting of the UN COPUOS Scientific and Technical Subcommittee (STSC) in Vienna, Austria, during February 2001, a new multi-year work plan on space debris was adopted. A key question of the work plan was the acceptance of the IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines by the February 2003 meeting of the STSC. This work was completed in February 2006. The document, contains seven guidelines:

Guideline 1: Limit debris released during normal operations

Guideline 2: Minimize the potential for break-ups during operational phases

Guideline 3: Limit the probability of accidental collision in orbit

Guideline 4: Avoid intentional destruction and other harmful activities

Guideline 5: Minimize potential for post-mission break-ups resulting from stored energy

Guideline 6: Limit the long-term presence of spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital stages in the low Earth orbit region after the end of their mission

Guideline 7: Limit the long-term interference of spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital stages with geosynchronous region after the end of their mission

In addition to these guidelines, three other international efforts have recently produced valuable contributions to space debris mitigation. The International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) produces a new position paper on space debris mitigation: Implementing Zero Debris Creation Zones. The report contains separate sections regarding to space debris mitigation for spacecraft and launch vehicles.

A few national space agencies include in their guidelines the risks associated to re-entry of objects in the atmosphere. Overall, the full control the near-Earth space debris environment are very difficult.

Other countries: China

In the last years also countries developing have had a growth in space field. The China will be more active. In particularly: launched 15 time in 2010, launched 20 time in 2011, more than 20 spacecraft will be launched into space every year and their space activities will increase of 50% every year in the future.

Since 1990s China has begun to develop the space debris mitigation guidelines. Mitigation in spacecraft including:

Spacecraft passivation

Spacecraft passive de-orbit

Design and practice of lifetime 25 years limit of LEO space system

Active removing of spacecraft and orbital stages that have reached the end of their mission operations in protected regions

Accurate measure and depletion technique of the residual propellants

Safety assessment for re-entry of space debris

The steps most important in development of mitigation debris guidelines are:

1993: installation of Chinese national space debris office and Chinese space debris advisory group of expert, coordination of space debris research activities in China

1999: formation of Chinese national expert committee of space debris research

2000: started special budget for Chinese space debris research

Since 1999: always actively taking part in the IADC activities; presented status report on space debris activities of China at IADC annual meeting. Already implementing practical steps on space debris mitigation on a voluntary basis within its own national mechanisms

2000: first Chinese conference on space debris was held. The conference was opened and was held every two year

2006: china national industry standard " requirements on space debris mitigation" promulgated and came into force

The result of these efforts had led to write of:

2006: China national industry standards "orbital debris mitigation requirements (QJ3221-2005)"came into force. All china flight projects are required to provide debris assessments and end-of mission planning as a normal part of the project development

2010: the integrated system of space debris mitigation design of China. To minimize or eliminate generation of debris in every steps of space activities, during planning, design operation, end of mission of spacecraft and launch vehicles

2010: safety assessment for re-entry of space debris of China

documentations structure dor debris mitigation.PNG

Documentation structure for debris mitigation

Figure 5. : Structure for debris mitigation guidelines

The highest level rules are the IADC guidelines. They provides guidelines to: avoid operational debris, prevent explosions and protect the two sensitive regions with the GEO re-orbiting rule and the 25 year rule for LEO. These guidelines have been presented to UNCOPUOS and are under review. Once this phase is exceeded, the corresponding document will have to be internationally distributed, explained and justified.

Inter-agency debris coordination committee (IADC)

The Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) is an international governmental forum for the worldwide coordination of activities related to the issues of man-made and natural debris in space that was formed in 1993.

The primary purposes of the IADC are to exchange information on space debris research activities between member space agencies, to promote opportunities for cooperation in space debris research, to review the progress of ongoing cooperative activities, and to identify debris mitigation options.

The IADC member agencies include the following:

Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI, Italia)

Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES, Francia)

Agenzia Nazionale Cinese per lo Spazio (CNSA)

Canadian Space Agency (CSA, Canada)

Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR, Germania)

European Space Agency (ESA)

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO, India)

Agenzia Spaziale Giapponese (JAXA, Giappone)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Stati Uniti)

Agenzia Spaziale Ucraina (NSAU)

Agenzia Russa per l'aviazione e lo spazio (ROSCOSMOS)

Agenzia Spaziale del Regno Unito (UKSA, Regno Unito)

The international organization for standardization (ISO)

The international organization for standardization known as ISO, is an international standard setting body composed of representatives from various national standard organizations. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates industrial and commercial standards. It has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. ISO has 162 national members, out of the 205 total countries in the world. ISO has three membership categories:

Member bodies are national bodies considered the most representative standards in each country. These are the only members of ISO that have voting rights.

Correspondent members are countries that do not have their own standards organization. These members are informed about the ISO work, but do not participate in standards promulgation.

Subscriber members are countries with small economies. They pay reduced membership fees, but can follow the development of standards.

Figure 5. : Members of ISO591.png

Legend:

Green: members

Red: correspondent members

Yellow: subscriber members

Black: other places

The International Standards Organization Technical Committee "aircraft and space vehicles" sub-committee "space system and operations" (known as ISO TC20/SC14) is engaged in the development of standards to address implementation of measures associated with debris mitigation. ISO TC20/SC14 discussions on this topic were initiated in 2001. The tasks of the working group include:

Establishing and maintaining contacts with a range of agencies involved in space debris mitigation (IADC, UN COPUOS,IAA)

Developing and maintaining links within TC20/SC14 with the working group conveners who are responsible for the development of the standards and with the TC20/SC14 head of delegation

The first draft of the programs of work for the development of standard for orbital debris mitigation (debris standard plan) was released internally to TC20/SC14 in October 2004, and include a preliminary analysis of the IADC guidelines to identify:

internationally measures that could be translated into measurable and verifiable requirements in standards;

topics noted in the IADC guidelines that might need standards for their implementation

In Figure (5.3) it’s possible to see the International Standards Organization Technical Committee "aircraft and space vehicles" sub-committee "space system and operations" organization. The technical commission that work on the space debris mitigation is called Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group (ODCWG).organigramma_2.JPG

Figure 5. : Structure of ISO TC20/SC14

European co-operation for space standardization (ECSS)

The purpose of ECSS is develops a single set of consistent space standards accepted by the European space community.

The ECSS objective are:

increase the effectiveness of all space programmers in Europe through the application of a single, integrated set of standards and requirements;

facilitate clear communication between all parties involved;

improve the quality and safety of space projects and products;

reduce risk and guarantee the interface compatibility.;

ensure that space system do not cause, during their complete life cycle, a hazard to human life, the environment, public and private property;

allow industry to be ready to meet these requirements;

improve the competiveness of the European space industry;

facilitate standardization.

ECSS set of documents divided into 3 types:

Standards: normative document written specifically for implementing space activities.

Handbook: non normative documents that provide a background information, orientation, technical data, guidelines, recommendations, in order to implement space activities.

Technical memorandum: non normative document that provide to useful information to the space community on a specific subject.

Figure 5. : Structure of ECSS standardsECSS documents (standard, handbook and technical Memorandum) are organized in four branches: space engineering, space project management, space product assurance, space sustainability. The branches are themselves organized in several disciplines, as shown in Figure (5.4).organigramma.JPG

Committee of the peaceful uses of outer space (COPUOS)

The Committee On the Peaceful Uses of the Outer Space is committed to promoting the practices for the reduction of space debris. COPUOS works with IADC promotes the IADC space debris mitigation guidelines.

international academy of astronautics (IAA)

The International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) was founded in Stockholm on august 16, 1960. It is a no-governmental organization. The purposes of the IAA are:

to encourage the development of astronautics for peaceful purposes;

to recognize individuals who have distinguished themselves in a branch of science or technology related to astronautics;

to provide a program through which the membership can contribute to international endeavors and cooperation in the advancement of aerospace science.

The members are all over the world, approximately 65 countries.

Federal Communication Commission (FCC)

The Federal Communication Commission is an independent agency of the United State government. The FCC mission is to "make available so far as possible, to all the people of the unites states, without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex, rapid, efficient, nation-wide, and world-wide wire radio communication services with adequate facilities at reasonable charges".

The FCC has written a set of debris mitigation rules on June 24, 2004. The FCC Rule 04-130 identify what mitigation activities are required, or recommended. The FCC actions were of three types:

Operational requirements

Disclosure requirements

Licensing policy

Adoption of these rules will help to conserve the United States access to space. Adoption of these rules will help to minimize the creation of orbital debris.

The US government standard practices try to control the creation of orbital debris by:

control of debris during normal operations;

minimizing debris generated by accidental explosions;

selection of a safe flight profile and operational configuration;

post mission disposal of space structures.

International Intercommunication Union (ITU)

The International Intercommunication Union is the specialized agency of the United Nation which is responsible for information and communication technologies. ITU coordinates the global use of the radio spectrum, encourage international cooperation in choosing satellite orbits, works to improve telecommunication infrastructure and establishes worldwide standards. ITU is based in Geneva, Switzerland, is a member of the United Nations development group and its membership includes 193 member states.

Recommendation ITU-R S.1003-1

From ITU radio communication assembly, the recommendation ITU-R S.1003-1 considers:

that the GSO is a unique resource that offers significant benefits to operators from the standpoint of station-keeping requirements, ground visibility and coverage, the absence of the need for tracking facilities in small earth station antennas and a relatively benign orbital environment;

that satellites have little survivability in case of a collision in orbit;

that telecommunications functions of a satellite would be lost or at least degraded by a collision in orbit;

that satellite breakup due to a collision or explosion would create a cloud of orbital debris that would dissipate around the orbit, increasing the collision probability within that orbit region;

that a satellite drifting in GSO after the end of its life may block RF links of active satellites,

The ITU recommends:

that as little debris as possible should be released into the GSO region during the placement of a satellite in orbit;

that every reasonable effort should be made to shorten the lifetime of debris in elliptical transfer orbits with the apogees at or near GSO altitude;

that before complete exhaustion of its propellant, a geostationary satellite at the end of its life should be removed from the GSO region such that under the influence of perturbing forces on its trajectory, it would subsequently remain in an orbit with a perigee no less than 200 km above the geostationary altitude ;

that the transfer to the graveyard orbit removal should be carried out with particular caution in order to avoid RF interference with active satellites.



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