02 Nov 2017
The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), as a part of its 66th round survey programme during the period July 2009 - June 2010, carried out an all-India household survey on the subject of employment and unemployment in India. In this survey, the nation-wide enquiry was conducted to generate estimates of various characteristics pertaining to employment, unemployment and labour force characteristics at the national and state levels. Information on various facets of employment and unemployment in India was collected through a schedule of enquiry (Schedule 10) adopting the established concepts, definitions and procedures. Based on the data collected during the entire period of study i.e. since 1980’s, estimates pertaining to employment-unemployment in India along with various characteristics associated with them have been presented in this chapter.
NSSO therefore provides an opportunity to review the changes in size and structure of the workforce and in an unemployment situation in the country through a comparative analysis of the results of earlier large-scale quinquennial surveys. For the level of aggregation, we will consider separately the four segments differentiated by gender and rural-urban location: rural males; rural females; urban males and urban females. We will examine the changes in the size of the workforce, workforce participation rate and the underlying age specific workforce participation rates and changes in the extent of unemployment and underemployment in the country.
For the country as a whole we have in place table 4.1 showing per 1,000 distribution of population by the age groups during different NSS rounds. Age and sex are two important demographic characteristics. The distribution of population by age-group and sex as background information could improve the understanding of the results on employment-unemployment. In table 4.1, the distribution of rural and urban population by 5-year age-groups is presented for males and females separately. Comparable results based on the 50th round (1993-94), 55th round (1999-2000) and 61st round (2004-05) surveys are also presented in this table.
During these five years, excluding the present survey from the last quinquennial one, a shift among the younger groups in the population is visible. A slight decline in the share of youngest age-group (0-4 years) as well as of the children aged 5-9 years in both rural and urban areas are noticeable for all categories of persons.
Table 4.2 presents worker-population ratios (WPRs) for two categories of usual status workers viz. (a) usual principal status workers i.e. workers according to usual status (ps) and (b) usual subsidiary status workers i.e. persons working only in a subsidiary status (ss). In table 4.2, WPRs are presented for the years 1983, 1987-88, 1993-94, 1999-00, 2004-05 and 2009-10 separately for usual principal status (ps) and usual subsidiary status (ss). The two categories together i.e. (ps+ss) constitute the total usually employed (or ‘all’ workers) i.e. workers according to the usual status (ps+ss). The first category pertains to those with more or less stable employment. WPR figures corresponding to ‘all’ workers in table 4.2 show that 55 per cent of the males and 23 per cent of the females were workers. It is also seen from the table that WPR for rural male, from 2004-05 to 2009-10, was only 1 percentage point higher than that for urban male: WPR for rural male being 55 per cent and that for urban male being 54 per cent. But there was a wide gap in the WPR for females in rural and urban areas for the same time period. For rural females this was 26 per cent whereas in urban areas this was 14 per cent. The table 4.2 shows that, in rural areas, WPRs for males in 2009-10 and 2004-05 were same while for females, this was less by about 7 percentage points. The corresponding rates in 2009-10 as compared to 2004-05, were less by 1 percentage point and 3 percentage points respectively, in urban areas.
Table 4.1: Per 1000 distribution of population by five year age groups during 1993-94, 1999-2000, 2004-05 and 2009-10
Male
Female
Age Group (years)
50th round (1993-94)
55th round (1999-2000)
61st round (2004-05)
66th round (2009-10)
50th round (1993-94)
55th round (1999-2000)
61st round (2004-05)
66th round (2009-10)
0-4
129
117
111
93
127
119
110
95
5-9
132
137
126
117
126
129
120
106
10-14
120
128
127
124
107
117
113
111
15-19
102
99
101
109
90
88
91
91
20-24
81
77
80
79
91
86
88
88
25-29
74
75
72
72
85
84
79
84
30-34
68
66
66
70
74
75
79
79
35-39
64
66
68
70
62
67
73
77
40-44
50
54
57
60
52
52
56
61
45-49
45
46
51
54
48
45
48
52
50-54
38
37
38
41
37
36
37
40
55-59
29
28
30
34
32
30
31
35
60 & above
68
70
73
77
69
72
75
81
all
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
0-4
105
93
87
77
106
92
85
77
5-9
112
109
96
91
111
109
95
84
10-14
115
116
104
103
114
114
108
93
15-19
112
110
109
107
103
102
98
96
20-24
96
96
103
98
98
94
99
99
25-29
84
85
88
89
90
90
87
94
30-34
77
75
78
80
78
81
83
86
35-39
70
74
75
78
73
78
79
84
40-44
60
66
65
66
54
57
65
64
45-49
50
52
56
60
45
49
55
62
50-54
36
39
42
46
35
36
41
40
55-59
28
27
33
32
29
28
31
35
60 & above
55
58
64
73
64
70
74
86
all
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Source: Various Summary Reports of NSS Rounds
Table 4.2: Number of persons employed per 1000 persons (i.e., WFPR) according to usual status during 1983 to 2009-10
Category of workers
Usually employed
Rural
Urban
All
Round (year)
male
female
person
male
female
person
male
female
person
66th (2009-10)
Ps
537
202
374
539
119
339
538
180
365
ss only
10
59
34
4
19
11
8
48
27
all (ps+ss)
547
261
408
543
138
350
546
228
392
61st (2004-05)
Ps
535
242
391
541
135
346
536
215
380
ss only
11
85
48
8
31
19
11
72
40
all (ps+ss)
546
327
439
549
166
365
547
287
420
55th (1999-00)
Ps
522
231
380
513
117
324
520
203
365
ss only
9
68
37
5
22
13
7
56
32
all (ps+ss)
531
299
417
518
139
337
527
259
397
50th (1993-94)
Ps
538
234
390
513
121
327
532
206
375
ss only
15
94
54
8
34
20
13
80
45
all (ps+ss)
553
328
444
521
155
347
545
286
420
43rd (1987-88)
Ps
517
245
385
496
118
315
512
217
369
ss only
22
78
49
10
34
22
19
68
43
all (ps+ss)
539
323
434
506
152
337
531
285
412
38th (1983)
Ps
528
248
391
500
120
320
521
218
374
ss only
19
92
54
12
31
20
17
78
46
all (ps+ss)
547
340
445
512
151
340
538
296
420
Source: Various Summary Reports of NSS Rounds
A striking result is the near-stagnation in the number of female workers in the country as a whole and an absolute reduction in the number of women workers in rural India. The above is a consequence of a sharp reduction in the WPRs between 1993-94 and 1999-2000 for both rural and urban women. This decline in WPRs is, however, not confined to women. It is in fact present in each and all the four population-segments. This has an implication that, in every segment, the rate of growth of work force over six-year period will be lower than the rate of growth of population over the same period. Thus, in the country as a whole, while the population is projected to have grown at a little over 1.75 per cent per annum (pcpa) between 1994 and 2000, over the same period, the total (rural plus urban and males plus females) work force would have grown by just 0.81 pcpa. As per the estimates for female workers in 2000, it implies virtually no growth in the aggregate and negative growth for women workers in rural India. Even in urban India, the rate of growth of women workers, at 1.30 pcpa is much lower than the rate of growth of the population of women in urban India which is projected to have grown at 3.05 pcpa.
Following points need to be noted in connection with the decline in the (crude) worker-population ratios noted above.
First, the decline in WPRs are not offset by any significant rise in the ratio of unemployed in the population on the usual status (ps+ss) categorisation. For rural females this ratio is unchanged at 3 per 1,000, while for urban females there is a marginal decline from 10 per 1,000 in 1993-94 to 8 per 1,000 in 1999-2000. Increase in this ratio for rural males (from 8 per 1,000 to 9 per 1,000) and for urban males (from 22 to 24 per 1,000) are also marginal. So that, crude labour force participation rates (WPRs) would also show a decline between 1993-94 and 1999-2000 in all the four population segments. But moving ahead, from 1999-2000 to 2004-05 and further to 2009-10; between 2004-05 and 2009-10, in the rural areas, WPR in usual status approach remained almost the same for males and decreased by about 7 percentage points for females. In urban areas, the rates decreased by about 1 percentage point for males and 3 percentage points for females.
It is seen from the table 4.3 that for ‘all’ workers during year 2009-10, more than two-third of the usually employed were in the age-group of 15 to 44. The proportion of usually employed males in this age bracket is 67 per cent in rural and 71 per cent in urban areas. For the females, the corresponding percentages are 68 and 73. Further, during this period, about one-fifth of the usually employed belonged to the age-group 45-59. The oldest group (i.e. age-group 60 and above) accounted for about 4 to 5 per cent of the usually employed in urban areas. However, in rural areas, about 9 per cent of usually employed males and 7 per cent of usually employed females belonged to this group.
During 1993-94, 1999-2000 and 2004-05, the estimated proportions of the usually employed in the age-groups of 45-59 or 60 & above were broadly the same as those for 2009-10 – for males or females, in either rural or urban areas. This observation holds true for the age-group 15 to 44 considered as a whole. However, for the age-group 15-29, in the rural areas, a small decrease of about 1 percentage point for males and 2 percentage points for females is observed in the proportions between 1993-94 and 1999-2000 as well as between 1999-2000 and 2004-05 but between 2004-05 and 2009-10, there was a decrease of about 3 percentage points for both rural males and females in ‘all workers’ group. In urban areas, in the age group 15-29 years for males and females, a gradual decrease in the rates has been noticed during 1993-94 to 2009-10. On the other hand, for the age-group 30-44, a gradual increase in the proportions between 1993-94 and 2009-10 is observed in both rural and urban areas. Secondly we can say that the observed decline in crude worker-population ratios is not merely due to shifts in the age-structure of the population.
Third, to a significant extent, the reduction in worker-population ratios reflects a beneficial rise in the student-population ratios - not only in the 5-9 and the 10-14 age-groups covering the primary and middle-school system, but also in the 15-19 and the 20-24 age-groups indicating a rising participation in secondary and higher-level education.
As per the concepts and definitions, employed persons are categorised into three broad groups according to their status of employment. These broad groups are: (i) self-employed, (ii) regular employees and (iii) casual labour. Table 4.4 shows the per 1000 distribution of usually employed by these broad groups for all-India for both principal status (ps) workers and ‘all’ workers. The table also gives results on the corresponding distribution obtained from the earlier quinquennial surveys. Trends in the proportion (per 1000 workers according to usual status (ps+ss)) for different NSS rounds are presented in Figures 4.1 and 4.2, separately for the rural and urban areas. The discussion below, as before, pertains to ‘all’ workers.
During 2009-10, in rural India, among the usual status (ps+ss) workers (‘all’ workers), about 54 per cent of males and 56 per cent of females were self-employed. The corresponding figures for urban India were 41 per cent for both males and females. Proportion of regular employees was relatively lower among females as compared to males in both rural and urban India. On the other hand, proportion of casual labour was higher among female workers than that among male workers in both rural and urban areas.
For rural males, the proportion of self-employed had fallen from 61 per cent in 1983 to 54 per cent in 2009-10. For rural females, although the proportion of self-employed also showed a gradual fall, for a long period, from 62 per cent in 1983 to 57 per cent in 1999-2000. It showed a rise of 7 percentage points over 1999- 2000 during 2004-05 and then showed a fall of 8 percentage points during 2004-05 and 2009-10. Interestingly, compared to the self-employed, there has been a corresponding rise and fall in the proportion of casual labour over this period. During this period (i.e. from 1983 to 2009-10), though the proportion of regular employed among urban males had fallen by about 2 percentage points, among urban females, there had been an increase in this proportion – by about 13 percentage points.
Table 4.3: Age-Specific WPRs by Location and Gender In India, 1993-94, 1999-2000, 2004-05 and 2009-10 Per 1,000 Workforce Participation Rates on the Usual Status (ps+ss)
Age Group
50th round (1993-94)
55th round (1999-2000)
61st round (2004-05)
66th round (2009-10)
RM
RF
UM
UF
RM
RF
UM
UF
RM
RF
UM
UF
RM
RF
UM
UF
05-09
11
14
5
5
6
7
3
2
3
3
2
2
4
4
1
1
10-14
138
141
66
45
91
96
49
36
68
74
48
36
44
35
28
12
15-19
577
364
356
123
503
304
314
105
497
319
335
105
358
186
231
76
20-24
859
456
674
183
844
409
658
155
849
410
684
155
768
295
617
160
25-29
957
525
904
224
950
491
883
194
966
513
909
194
957
391
906
196
30-34
983
585
964
272
979
555
960
235
981
584
969
235
988
430
973
231
35-39
989
608
983
301
984
579
975
285
989
639
977
285
991
496
984
273
40-44
987
606
981
320
983
586
974
283
983
625
980
283
993
498
984
253
45-49
983
594
973
317
980
566
969
267
981
615
968
267
984
492
977
229
50-54
970
542
942
286
953
515
935
262
963
561
931
262
967
485
946
227
55-59
942
467
856
226
929
450
809
207
930
509
830
207
933
411
848
191
60 & above
699
247
442
113
639
218
402
94
644
253
366
94
646
226
341
70
all
553
328
521
155
531
299
518
139
546
327
549
139
547
261
543
138
Source: Various Summary Reports of NSS Rounds
Table 4.4: Per 1000 distribution of usually employed by category of employment during 1983 to 2009-10
Category of Employment
Usual Status (ps)
Usual Status (ps+ss)
Round (year)
Self Employed
Regular/ Wage Salaried Employees
Casual Labour
Self Employed
Regular/ Wage Salaried Employees
Casual Labour
66th (2009-10)
530
87
383
535
85
380
61st (2004-05)
576
91
333
581
90
329
55th (1999-00)
544
90
366
550
88
362
50th (1993-94)
567
87
346
577
85
338
43rd (1987-88)
575
104
321
586
100
314
38th (1983)
595
106
299
605
103
292
66th (2009-10)
503
55
442
557
44
399
61st (2004-05)
564
48
389
637
37
326
55th (1999-00)
500
39
461
573
31
396
50th (1993-94)
513
34
453
586
27
387
43rd (1987-88)
549
49
402
608
37
355
38th (1983)
541
37
422
619
28
353
66th (2009-10)
409
420
171
411
419
170
61st (2004-05)
446
408
146
448
406
146
55th (1999-00)
412
419
169
415
417
168
50th (1993-94)
411
427
162
417
420
163
43rd (1987-88)
410
444
146
417
437
146
38th (1983)
402
445
153
409
437
154
66th (2009-10)
354
444
202
411
393
196
61st (2004-05)
404
422
174
477
356
167
55th (1999-00)
384
385
231
453
333
214
50th (1993-94)
372
355
273
458
284
258
43rd (1987-88)
393
342
265
471
275
254
38th (1983)
373
318
309
458
258
284
Source: Various Summary Reports of NSS Rounds
To study the regional disparities in the usual status WPRs, the estimates based on the 66th round results on usual status worker- population ratio in terms of ‘principal status’ and also ‘principal as well as the subsidiary status taken together’ are presented for all the states and union territories in table 4.5 and 4.6 separately for males, females and persons by their rural-urban residency. The discussion below is restricted mostly to figures based on ‘all’ workers (i.e workers according to usual status (ps+ss)).
Rural males: During 2009-10, among the major states, the percentage of usual status
(ps+ss) workers (i.e. ‘all’ workers) among rural males was highest in Karnataka (62 per cent) followed by West Bengal (61 per cent), Andhra Pradesh (60 per cent), Tamil Nadu (60 per cent) and Gujarat (59 per cent). For seven other major states, WPRs were well above the national average of 55 per cent for rural males. The WPR for rural males was lowest in Uttarakhand (46 per cent) preceded by Bihar (48 per cent) and Jharkhand (49 per cent).
Rural females: Among the major states, Himachal Pradesh (47 per cent) reported the highest WPR followed by Andhra Pradesh (44 per cent), Tamil Nadu (41 per cent) and Maharashtra (40 per cent). Bihar (7 per cent) reported the lowest WPR for rural females and was preceded by West Bengal (15 per cent), Assam & Jharkhand (16 per cent each) and Uttar Pradesh (17 per cent). The percentage of female subsidiary status workers was relatively very high in Jammu & Kashmir (23 per cent), Punjab (19 per cent), Rajasthan (14 per cent), Uattarakhand (13 per cent) and Haryana (11 per cent).
Urban males: In urban areas, among the major states, male WPR was higher than 54 per cent (national level WPR) for West Bengal, Karnataka and Maharashtra (58 per cent each), Tamil Nadu, Punjab and Orissa (57 per cent each), Gujarat, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh (56 per cent each) and Kerala (55 per cent).
Urban females: Among the major states, female WPR was higher than 14 per cent (national level WPR) in Tamil Nadu and Kerala (19 per cent each), Andhra Pradesh (18 per cent), Karnataka (17 per cent), Himachal Pradesh and Maharashtra (16 per cent each). The proportion of subsidiary status workers among urban females was relatively higher for Rajasthan, Haryana, Kerala and Uttar Pradesh as compared to other major states.
Table 4.5: Number of persons usually employed in the principal status (ps) and in the principal as well as subsidiary status (all) per 1000 persons for each state
Male
Female
Person
States
ps
all (ps+ss)
ps
all (ps+ss)
ps
all (ps+ss)
Andhra Pradesh
594
598
413
443
504
521
Assam
548
553
128
158
351
368
Bihar
478
481
43
65
271
283
Delhi
601
601
28
28
301
301
Gujarat
579
585
247
320
421
459
Haryana
512
522
135
250
338
396
Karnataka
619
624
359
370
489
497
Kerala
550
564
176
218
354
383
Maharashtra
566
576
354
396
463
488
Madhya Pradesh
555
556
266
282
418
426
Orissa
575
578
164
243
370
410
Punjab
525
531
45
240
293
391
Rajasthan
503
510
220
357
365
436
Tamil Nadu
602
603
391
405
493
501
Uttar Pradesh
481
504
90
174
292
344
West Bengal
594
608
91
152
356
392
537
547
202
261
374
408
Source: Various Summary Reports of NSS Rounds
Table 4.6: Number of persons usually employed in the principal status (ps) and in the principal as well as subsidiary status (all) per 1000 persons for each state
Male
Female
Person
States
ps
all (ps+ss)
ps
all (ps+ss)
ps
all (ps+ss)
Andhra Pradesh
539
542
167
176
358
364
Assam
522
528
81
93
312
322
Bihar
428
431
28
47
242
252
Delhi
535
535
54
58
331
333
Gujarat
561
563
125
143
361
370
Haryana
552
557
106
130
347
361
Karnataka
575
576
167
170
380
382
Kerala
534
547
171
194
344
363
Maharashtra
569
575
141
159
368
380
Madhya Pradesh
503
503
118
131
319
326
Orissa
568
568
97
119
339
350
Punjab
566
568
81
124
344
365
Rajasthan
507
510
81
120
302
323
Tamil Nadu
568
569
181
191
377
383
Uttar Pradesh
496
501
58
80
287
300
West Bengal
578
584
106
141
350
370
539
543
119
138
339
350
Source: Various Summary Reports of NSS Rounds
Rural areas: In rural areas, self-employment was the major activity of the households in many of the major states. Among the major states, the proportion of self-employed households was highest in Assam (66 per cent), followed by Rajasthan (65 per cent) and Uttar Pradesh (61 per cent).
Urban areas: Regular wage or salaried employment was the main activity of urban households in most of the major states. About 52 per cent of the urban households in Maharashtra were found to depend on regular wage/salaried employment followed by Haryana (50 per cent), Jammu & Kashmir (44 per cent), Gujarat (43 per cent), Punjab and Himachal Pradesh (42 per cent each) and Assam (41 per cent). In urban areas, among the major states, the percentage of self-employed households was higher in Bihar (50 per cent), Uttar Pradesh (44 per cent), and Rajasthan (41 per cent) than that in other major states. The percentage of casual labour households was much higher in Kerala (25 per cent) and Tamil Nadu (23 per cent) than that in other major states.
Table 4.7: Per 1000 distribution of usually employed by category of employment for different states
Category of Employment
Usual Status (ps)
Usual Status (ps+ss)
States
Self Employed
Regular/ Wage Salaried Employees
Casual Labour
Self Employed
Regular/ Wage Salaried Employees
Casual Labour
61st
66th
61st
66th
61st
66th
61st
66th
61st
66th
61st
66th
Andhra Pradesh
269
418
59
94
286
488
272
419
60
93
287
488
Assam
395
715
64
92
95
193
403
718
65
91
96
191
Bihar
257
519
19
33
195
448
263
520
19
33
196
447
Delhi
178
81
312
620
25
299
178
81
312
620
25
299
Gujarat
309
526
76
89
211
386
314
531
76
88
212
382
Haryana
281
543
71
204
136
253
288
549
72
200
138
251
Karnataka
287
480
46
69
267
451
290
484
46
69
269
447
Kerala
196
380
90
180
244
440
216
388
91
176
249
435
Maharashtra
289
479
71
104
220
417
296
479
72
102
225
419
Madhya Pradesh
316
553
26
60
205
388
319
553
26
60
206
387
Orissa
325
558
37
72
219
370
331
559
37
71
220
369
Punjab
266
480
96
137
183
383
270
484
96
136
184
380
Rajasthan
331
675
48
85
115
241
336
677
49
84
116
239
Tamil Nadu
217
333
84
122
294
545
218
332
85
122
295
545
Uttar Pradesh
323
657
31
55
123
287
337
668
31
53
124
279
West Bengal
260
450
43
85
274
466
270
452
44
83
276
464
295
530
50
87
193
383
303
535
50
85
194
380
Source: Various Summary Reports of NSS Rounds
Table 4.8: Per 1000 distribution of usually employed by category of employment for different states
Category of Employment
Usual Status (ps)
Usual Status (ps+ss)
States
Self Employed
Regular/ Wage Salaried Employees
Casual Labour
Self Employed
Regular/ Wage Salaried Employees
Casual Labour
61st
66th
61st
66th
61st
66th
61st
66th
61st
66th
61st
66th
Andhra Pradesh
168
388
14
39
244
573
193
395
15
37
263
569
Assam
50
590
17
133
33
277
98
653
17
108
38
239
Bihar
42
412
2
40
54
548
67
479
3
26
79
495
Delhi
4
0
20
131
5
879
4
0
20
131
5
879
Gujarat
117
571
8
29
118
400
216
598
9
25
134
377
Haryana
112
732
8
130
14
137
223
754
9
71
46
175
Karnataka
166
415
15
58
196
527
180
428
15
56
197
516
Kerala
58
341
49
285
64
374
100
421
52
238
70
342
Maharashtra
164
465
13
20
201
515
208
499
13
18
215
483
Madhya Pradesh
130
486
5
18
139
496
159
496
5
17
156
487
Orissa
90
468
5
55
91
477
170
554
6
43
118
404
Punjab
23
278
16
388
17
333
193
811
16
77
28
112
Rajasthan
202
789
7
29
38
181
313
713
7
19
51
268
Tamil Nadu
142
338
29
65
203
597
150
333
29
66
209
601
Uttar Pradesh
65
710
4
49
27
240
147
782
4
26
39
192
West Bengal
29
437
17
136
41
427
72
509
18
89
56
403
110
503
12
55
95
442
168
557
12
44
109
399
Source: Various Summary Reports of NSS Rounds
Table 4.9: Per 1000 distribution of usually employed by category of employment for different states
Category of Employment
Usual Status (ps)
Usual Status (ps+ss)
States
Self Employed
Regular/ Wage Salaried Employees
Casual Labour
Self Employed
Regular/ Wage Salaried Employees
Casual Labour
61st
66th
61st
66th
61st
66th
61st
66th
61st
66th
61st
66th
Andhra Pradesh
220
384
238
482
106
170
221
350
239
480
106
170
Assam
284
486
225
454
30
60
285
490
226
450
30
60
Bihar
281
625
120
216
62
159
283
628
120
215
63
157
Delhi
235
449
285
530
34
22
235
449
286
530
34
22
Gujarat
232
445
277
417
82
138
234
445
277
417
82
138
Haryana
223
353
269
520
38
127
223
355
269
518
38
126
Karnataka
218
395
263
393
116
212
218
395
263
393
116
212
Kerala
196
334
166
293
201
373
204
345
168
288
205
367
Maharashtra
204
324
289
557
70
120
206
329
290
552
70
119
Madhya Pradesh
255
460
178
344
86
196
258
460
178
344
86
196
Orissa
233
405
230
389
73
206
238
405
231
389
73
206
Punjab
278
413
255
422
60
165
279
414
255
421
60
165
Rajasthan
275
466
177
373
64
160
279
468
178
371
66
161
Tamil Nadu
202
311
251
421
141
268
203
310
252
423
143
267
Uttar Pradesh
266
515
167
310
67
175
270
518
167
308
67
174
West Bengal
263
470
236
374
86
156
269
473
237
371
88
156
234
409
232
420
85
171
236
411
232
419
85
170
Source: Various Summary Reports of NSS Rounds
Table 4.10: Per 1000 distribution of usually employed by category of employment for different states
Category of Employment
Usual Status (ps)
Usual Status (ps+ss)
States
Self Employed
Regular/ Wage Salaried Employees
Casual Labour
Self Employed
Regular/ Wage Salaried Employees
Casual Labour
61st
66th
61st
66th
61st
66th
61st
66th
61st
66th
61st
66th
Andhra Pradesh
63
399
63
363
41
239
77
422
66
345
46
233
Assam
34
476
38
368
8
155
41
488
38
367
8
146
Bihar
24
478
14
391
11
130
39
474
15
237
14
289
Delhi
10
176
37
824
3
0
12
212
37
788
3
0
Gujarat
34
306
37
446
28
248
61
346
39
393
31
261
Haryana
48
334
67
556
6
110
68
395
69
484
12
121
Karnataka
44
332
87
405
40
263
50
341
88
399
40
260
Kerala
43
266
74
538
25
196
72
329
77
482
29
190
Maharashtra
40
299
60
565
24
136
51
357
63
514
28
128
Madhya Pradesh
63
408
30
379
24
212
72
447
30
348
28
205
Orissa
38
380
48
274
16
346
58
439
51
223
23
338
Punjab
20
236
59
656
6
109
37
439
61
463
6
98
Rajasthan
45
442
30
458
11
101
65
567
33
318
15
115
Tamil Nadu
67
354
75
339
67
308
72
372
75
326
69
302
Uttar Pradesh
29
520
21
366
4
115
54
613
21
266
5
121
West Bengal
34
417
59
458
12
125
66
516
61
362
16
121
42
354
51
444
25
202
58
411
52
393
27
196
Source: Various Summary Reports of NSS Rounds
Unemployment rate (UR) is defined as the number of persons unemployed per thousand persons in the labour force (which includes both the employed and the unemployed). This, in effect, gives the unutilised portion of the labour force. Thus, it is a more refined indicator of the unemployment situation in a population than the proportion unemployed (PU), which is merely the number of the unemployed per thousand persons in the population as a whole.
Table 4.11 presents the unemployment rates (UR) as obtained from the present survey according to three approaches. Some of the important points emerging from this statement are:
The unemployment rates in urban areas are higher than those in rural areas in all the approaches of measurement except for males in urban areas in current daily status (cds), which is lower than the unemployment rates for males in rural areas measured in cds;
The unemployment rates for females are higher than those for males, and highest among urban females;
The unemployment rates according to the current daily status (cds) approach are higher than the rates obtained according to ‘usual status’ approach and ‘weekly status’ approach, thereby indicating a high degree of intermittent unemployment.
The unemployment rate, measured through usual status (ps) or through usual status (adjusted) is very low the rural areas.
In the usual status (adjusted), unemployment rate for both males and females in rural areas was about 2 per cent, while in urban areas female unemployment rate was 6 per cent compared to 3 per cent for males.
The unemployment rates obtained in usual principal status and usual status (adjusted) remained almost at the same level except for urban females for whom unemployment rate in the usual status (adjusted) was nearly 1 percentage point lower compared to that obtained in usual status (ps).
In current weekly status, unemployment rate in urban areas was 7 per cent for females and 4 per cent for males while in rural areas unemployment rates for females and males were 4 per cent and 3 per cent respectively.
In current daily status approach, unemployment rate for urban females was highest (9 per cent) and for rural females it was 8 per cent. For males in urban areas unemployment rate in cds was 5 per cent compared to 6 per cent for rural males.
Table 4.11: Unemployment rates (per 1000 persons in the labour force) according to usual status, current weekly status (cws) and current daily status (cds) from 1983 to 2009-10
Unemployment Rate
Male
Female
Round (year)
Usual Status (ps)
us (adj.)
cws
cds
Usual Status (ps)
us (adj.)
cws
Cds
66th (2009-10)
19
16
32
64
24
16
37
80
61st (2004-05)
21
16
38
80
31
18
42
87
55th (1999-00)
21
17
39
72
15
10
37
70
50th (1993-94)
20
14
31
56
13
9
29
56
43rd (1987-88)
28
18
42
46
35
24
44
67
38th (1983)
21
14
37
75
14
7
43
90
66th (2009-10)
30
28
36
51
70
57
72
91
61st (2004-05)
44
38
52
75
91
69
90
116
55th (1999-00)
48
45
56
73
71
57
73
94
50th (1993-94)
54
41
52
67
83
61
79
104
43rd (1987-88)
61
52
66
88
85
62
92
120
38th (1983)
59
51
67
92
69
49
75
110
Source: Various Summary Reports of NSS Rounds
Table 4.11 gives the unemployment rates as obtained from the six quinquennial surveys of NSSO. In Figure 4.3, the unemployment rates according to usual status (adjusted) for six quinquennial rounds have been presented. The statement shows that compared to 2004-05, in 2009-10, the unemployment rate in usual principal status, remained almost the same for rural males (nearly 2 per cent), but decreased by 1 percentage points for rural females (from 3 per cent in 2004-05 to 2 per cent in 2009-10), while in urban areas, male unemployment rate decreased from 4 per cent to 3 per cent and for females it decreased from 9 per cent to 7 per cent. During this period, the unemployment rate in terms of the usual status (adjusted), remained almost the same for rural males and females (2 per cent) while in urban areas, male unemployment rate decreased from 4 per cent in 2004-05 to 3 per cent in 2009-10 and for females the decrease in unemployment rate was from 7 per cent to 6 per cent. In current weekly status, during the period 2004-05 and 2009-10, the unemployment rate for rural males decreased from 4 per cent to 3 per cent while for rural females it was invariant at 4 per cent, and in urban areas, the male unemployment rate decreased from 5 per cent to 4 per cent while for females the decrease was from 9 per cent to 7 per cent. In current daily status, during the period 2004-05 and 2009-10, reduction in unemployment rate was observed for all the four segments of population: for rural male it decreased from 8 per cent to 6 per cent, for rural females it decreased from 9 per cent to 8 per cent, for urban males the decrease was from 8 per cent to 5 per cent and for urban females the decrease was from 12 per cent to 9 per cent.
Underemployment is commonly defined as the under-utilisation of labour time of the workers. Some of the persons categorised as usually employed, do not have work throughout the year due to seasonality in work or otherwise and their labour time is not fully utilised - they are, therefore, underemployed. Their underemployment is termed visible underemployment if they report themselves to be not working with respect to a shorter reference period. The NSS measures the visible underemployment by cross classifying persons by (a) their usual and current weekly statuses (b) their usual and current daily statuses and (c) their current weekly and current daily statuses.
As mentioned earlier, some persons categorised as usually employed might not have work throughout the year. They might remain without work during some weeks of the year or go without work on some days of the different weeks of the year. The first dimension is brought out by the distribution of the usually employed by their current weekly status. Table 4.12 gives relevant all-India results for ‘all’ usually employed persons (i.e., usually employed according to usual status (ps+ss)) for NSS 66th round (2009-10). Corresponding results based on the 50th (1993-94), 55th (1999-2000) and NSS 61st (2004-05) rounds are also presented in the statement.
It is seen from table 4.12 that the underemployment rate defined as the proportion of usually employed who were found to be not employed (i.e. reporting either unemployed or not in labour force) during the week preceding the date of survey, had been stable for males between 1993-94 and 2004-05 at nearly 4 per cent in rural areas and 2 per cent in urban areas, which dropped by 1 percentage point each in both rural and urban areas in 2009-10. The underemployment rate for rural females was 15 percent in 2009-10, which was nearly 2 percentage points lower than to that of either 1999-2000 or 2004-05 and 4 percentage points lower than that of 1993-94. Among urban females, the underemployment rate, which was found to be 6 per cent in 2009-10, decreased by about 3 percentage points compared to that found in 2004-05. Compared to the period 1993-94, the underemployment rate among urban females decreased by nearly 6 percentage points in 2009-10. It is seen that, the problem of underemployment was more severe among usually employed females than among employed males, and more in rural than in urban areas. During 2009-10, the underemployment among usually employed females was 15 per cent in rural India and nearly 6 per cent in urban India, while the corresponding figures for usually employed males were 3 per cent and 1 per cent in rural and urban areas, respectively. It is, moreover, seen that most of the usually employed females who were currently not working had withdrawn themselves from the labour force and did not report themselves as currently unemployed. The distributions for the different states and union territories obtained from the present survey are given in table 4.12.
Table 4.12: Per 1000 distribution of usually employed (principal and subsidiary status taken together) by their broad current weekly status during 1993-94, 1999-2000, 2004-2005 and 2009-10
All India
Male
Female
Current Weekly Status
50th round (1993-94)
55th round (1999-2000)
61st round (2004-05)
66th round (2009-10)
50th round (1993-94)
55th round (1999-2000)
61st round (2004-05)
66th round (2009-10)
Rural
Employed
957
956
958
968
807
832
833
847
Unemployed
15
22
22
15
14
20
20
15
Not in Labour Force
28
22
21
17
179
148
147
138
All
1000
1000
1001
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Urban
Employed
977
977
977
987
884
900
914
939
Unemployed
11
11
14
8
9
9
15
11
Not in Labour Force
12
12
9
5
107
91
71
50
All
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Source: Various Summary Reports of NSS Rounds
Some of the key summarizing issues can be stated as follows:
Labour Force
During the period 2004-05 to 2009-10, the labour force participation rates (LFPRs) according to usual status (ps+ss) remained almost the same for rural males but decreased by about 6 percentage points for rural females. During that period, LFPRs according to usual status (ps+ss) decreased by about 1 percentage point for the urban males and decreased by about 3 percentage points for the urban females.
Work Force
Between 2004-05 and 2009-10, in the rural areas, WPR in the usual status approach remained almost the same for the males and decreased by about 7 percentage points for the females. In the urban areas, the rates decreased by about 1 percentage point for males and 3 percentage points for females.
Unemployment Rate
During the period 2004-05 and 2009-10, the unemployment rate in terms of usual status (ps+ss), remained almost the same for rural males and decreased by 1 percentage point for urban males. For rural females also it remained almost the same whereas for urban females it decreased by 1 percentage point.
Underemployment
Underemployment rate were found to be stable for males between 1993-94 and 2004-05 at nearly 4 per cent in rural areas and 2 per cent in urban areas, which dropped by 1 percentage point each in both rural and urban areas in 2009-10. For rural females, it was 15 percent in 2009-10, which was nearly 2 percentage points lower than to that of either 1999-2000 or 2004-05 and 4 percentage points lower than that of 1993-94. Among urban females, the underemployment rate, which was found to be 6 per cent in 2009-10, decreased by about 3 percentage points compared to that found in 2004-05. Compared to the period 1993-94, the underemployment rate among urban females decreased by nearly 6 percentage points in 2009-10.
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