Exosome as Nanoscale Vesicles | Pancreatic Cancer Research

02 Aug 2017

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Abstract Exosome are nanoscale vesicles that are released from cancer cells, playing an important role in the microenvironment of cancerous tumour cells.6,8 The exosomal vesicles (EV) contribute to the progression and growth of the tumour, and can be targeted using gold nanoparticles (GNP).1,6,7 The exosomes are isolated from the blood plasma, and with their stability in bodily fluids, they can be targeted and inhibited using ...

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Contamination Level of Mold: Entero Bacteriaceae Family

02 Aug 2017

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Chapter III  METHODOLOGY 3.1. Introduction The research methodology used a qualitative approach. The study has been conducted in November 2016 in Bandung city. The survey, observe and microbiology contaminant sampling was collected from food vendors premises as the study population. The study design used to evaluate knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) and contamination level of mold also Entero Bacteriaceae family. In addition, socio-demographic questions ...

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Stabilization of Nitrous Acid

02 Aug 2017

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Abstract Nitrous acid (HNO2) was stabilized via supporting on Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) and the thermal stabilization and structure were estimated using thermogravimetric analysis measurement and spectroscopic methods, respectively. Some novel heterocyclic azo dyes were synthesized by selective diazotization of aromatic amines followed by coupling with some susceptible aromatic compounds. The stereochemistry structure of the synthesized dyes were optimized using B3LYP at 6-311 G(d,p) basis set and ...

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Strategies for Small Molecule Activation

02 Aug 2017

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Introduction Developing novel strategies for small molecule activation is the core aim of catalysis reasearch. One approach that recently gained prominence in catalytic activation of organic molecules is photoredox catalysis. Visible light photoredox catalysis has risen to the interface of current organic chemistry as a remarkable way to facilitate single electron transfer (SET) processes with organic substrates upon photoexcitation1. This technique relies on the ...

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Modelling of Moisture Adsorption for Sugar Palm

02 Aug 2017

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Modelling of Moisture Adsorption for Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata) Starch Film Tri Hadi Jatmiko a) , Crescentiana D. Poeloengasih, Dwi Joko Prasetyo and Hernawan Research Unit for Natural Product Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Abstract. Sorption characteristic of food products is important for design, optimization, storage and modelling. Sugar palm starch film with two different plasticizers (sorbitol and glycerol) with varied concentration ...

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Cassia Fistula Antidiabetic and Wound Healing Activities

02 Aug 2017

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      Problem Statement: The present research is on the "antidiabetic, wound healing and antimicrobial activities of various parts of Cassia fistula." Diabetes is one of the most prevalence chronic diseases in the world. This is a chronic incurable condition due to insulin deficiency that affect 10% of the population. The number of diabetic people is expected to rise from present estimate ...

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CuH-mediated Hydroamination of Styrene

02 Aug 2017

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Abstract: A detailed computational exploration of mechanistic intricacies of the copper(I) hydride (CuH)-catalysed hydroamination of styrene with a prototype hydoxylamine ester by a recently reported (dppbz)CuH catalyst (dppbz ≡ {P^P} ≡ 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene) is presented. A variety of plausible mechanistic avenues have been pursued by means of a sophisticated computational methodology, from which a general understanding of the factors controlling hydroamination catalysis emerged. The catalytically competent ...

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Effect of Synthesis Temperature on Nickel-Cobalt Hydroxides

02 Aug 2017

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Effect of synthesis temperature on the morphology and pseudocapacitive behavior of Nickel-Cobalt layered double hydroxides Li-Ming Lua, Shan-Shan Xua, Rui-Qi Fenga, Zhan-Bing He b, Tie-Zhen Rena* and Teresa J. Bandoszc a School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130 China b State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China c Department of Chemistry and ...

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Hydrated Copper Sulfate Formula

23 Mar 2015 21 Jul 2017

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Aim The aim of the experiment was to determine the empirical formula of hydrated copper (II) sulphate(CuSO4· xH2O)by experiment and to investigate the changes of copper (II) ions in solution. Introduction Copper is a d-block Transition metals, which are elements in Group 3-12 of the Periodic Table. It has the electronic structure 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1, and can form complex formation (Chemguide, 2003). Complex ions are compounds having a central ...

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Determination of Vitamin C in Tablets

23 Mar 2015 19 Jul 2017

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Keywords: determination of vitamin c by titration INTRODUCTION Nowadays, health has become the most important property of human's life. Commonly, diets with high contents of fruits are protective against several human diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and even cancer. Therefore, people are putting more and more attention on antioxidant substances such as vitamin C which is also known as ascorbic acid or more specifically L-ascorbic acid. Vitamin ...

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Synthesis of Chloropentaamminecobalt (iii) Chloride

23 Mar 2015 11 Jul 2017

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Introduction Cobalt was discovered by Georg Brandt in 1735 interestingly the name Cobalt originates form the German word "Kobald" which means goblin or evil spirit. The original use of cobalt was value to early civilisation of Egypt for colouring glass blue. Alfred Werner was a pioneer in coordination Chemistry determined the isomer cobalt (III) hexamine chloride. Experimental Ammonium chloride (1.306g) was dissolved in concentrate ammonia solution (10.5cm3) ...

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Synthesis of nickel complexes

23 Mar 2015 07 Jun 2017

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Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the Ligand exchange that occurs when different Nickel complexes and reacted with Triphenylphosphine. Introduction Triphenylphosphine was first prepared by Pfeiffer and Sauvage in 1904 Experimental Triphenylphosphine (1.408g) was dissolved under reflux with Propan-2-ol (15cm3) forming a colourless solution to which 5 boiling chips were added. Nickel chloride hexahydrate (0.603g) was dissolved in absolute Ethanol (10cm3) and heated until ...

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Factors Affecting the Rate of a Reaction

23 Mar 2015 02 Jun 2017

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The aim of this experiment is to investigate whether changing the concentration of a solution will have any effect on the rate of the reaction. We are trying to prove that increasing the concentration will speed up the rate of the reaction. The rate of a chemical reaction is the rate at which reactants are used up or products are produced. In order to measure the ...

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Concentration of a Limewater Solution

23 Mar 2015 26 May 2017

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Keywords: limewater solution test, concentration limewater, titration limewater To determine the concentration of a Limewater Solution Aim To determine the concentration a 250 cm3 limewater solution, this contains approximately 1g dm-3 of calcium hydroxide. Also known is the concentration of HCL at 2.00mol dm-3. Introduction A titration method will be used to work out the concentration of the limewater But before the concentration of the limewater can ...

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Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid

18 May 2017

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Keywords: sodium thiosulphate, hydrochloric acid, rate of reaction Aim: To investigate how the rate of reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid is affected by changing the concentration. Background: THE REACTION: when Sodium Thiosulphate reacts with hydrochloric acid sulphur is produced. The sulphur forms in very small particles and causes the solution to cloud over and turn a yellow colour. This causes the cross to fade and ...

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Polymer: The Glass Transition

23 Mar 2015 18 May 2017

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Formulation Chemistry - Polymer: The Glass Transition In the solid state, semicrystalline polymers exhibit both amorphous and crystalline morphology. The glass transition is a property of only the amorphous portion of a semi-crystalline solid. [1] The glass transition temperature, Tg, is the temperature at which the amorphous materials change between the glassy and rubbery form. 1.1 Amorphous and Crystalline Polymers The amorphous polymers consist of molecules that ...

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Vibrational frequencies of water molecule

23 Mar 2015 17 May 2017

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Question 1 Normal modes and vibrational frequencies of water molecule HF/3-21* optimised geometry of the water molecule H bond length 0.967 HOH bond angle 107.7˚ (ii) Energy of the HF/3-21G optimised water molecule = -75.58596 au Cycle Energy Max. Grad. Max. Dist. 1 75.58553 ...

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An overview of the Ozone Layer

23 Mar 2015 16 May 2017

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INTRODUCTION “THE OZONE LAYER” The ozone layer is a portion of earth atmosphere that contains high levels of ozone. The atmosphere is divided into five layers: the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere, and the exosphere. The troposphere is the layer closest to earth and is where all weather happenings occur. The stratosphere is located directly above the troposphere, about 10-50 kilometers above ...

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Determination of aspirin and caffeine

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2017

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Results: Identify and mark the signals in the spectra and note the chemical shift values of the methyl resonances in aspirin and caffeine and the methylene resonance in s-trioxane. Using above expression, calculate the weight of aspirin and caffeine in one tablet, and the percentage w/w of each component in one analgesic tablet. Whole tablet weighed = 0.501 Half tablet weighed = 0.270 Mass of s-trioxane = ...

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Calorimeter used for calorimetry

23 Mar 2015 10 May 2017

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Introduction What is a Calorimeter ? Definition: A calorimeter is a device used for calorimetry, the science of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity. The word calorimeter is derived from the Latin word calor, meaning heat. Differential scanning calorimeters, isothermal micro calorimeters, titration calorimeters and accelerated rate calorimeters are among the most common types. A simple calorimeter ...

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Chemistry Report on Explosives

23 Mar 2015 08 May 2017

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Chemistry Report on Explosives What is meant byoxidation and show how oxidation reactions are used to cause explosions. Oxidation is the term used for the combinationof a substance with oxygen, or in general any reaction where an atom ormolecule loses electrons. This can be shown as: C(s) + O2 (g)CO (g) S=solid, g=gas Gunpowderor black powder is the oldest explosive we know. It is made up of ...

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Equilibrium Le Chatelier's principle

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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Introduction: Equilibrium is defined as the point at which the forward and reverse rates of a reaction are equal (1). A system in dynamic equilibrium is a specific example of a system in a steady state. In this steady state the rate of inputs and outputs in the system is equal, so the makeup of the system is unchanged over time (3). Le Chatelier's principle can be ...

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Concentration of sulfuric acid

23 Mar 2015 05 May 2017

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Abstract My research question, as the topic states, is 'How would the concentration of sulfuric acid affect the rate of hydrogen gas produced when it reacts with iron?' The reason that I want to do this experiment is to prove whether the collision theory in Chapter6.2 of the Chemistry textbook1 is true about the concentration will affect the rate of a reaction. And I also did another ...

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Chemical bonds: An introduction

23 Mar 2015 03 May 2017

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Introduction A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms brought about by a sharing of pair of electrons between to atoms or a complete transfer of electrons. There are three types of chemical bonds: Ionic, Covalent and Polar covalent. In addition chemists often recognize another type of bond called a hydrogen bond. Among all these three chemical bonds the strongest bond is covalent bond and weaker from ...

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rates of chemical reactions- lo3 questions

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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Rates of Chemical Reactions- LO3 Questions 1.1 Two Grand-Pa tablets would have the same effect as one Grand-Pa powder this is because Grand-Pa Headache Tablets each contain, Aspirin: 226,8mg, Paracetamol: 162,0mg and Caffeine: 32,4mg where as Grand-Pa Headache Powders each contain Aspirin: 453,6mg, Paracetamol: 324,0 mg and Caffeine: 64,8 mg thus to obtain the same dosage of ingredients, twice the dosage, thus one would have to take ...

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The chemistry of drug metabolism

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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Introduction To describe and explain the chemistry of drug metabolism a basic foundation of knowledge is needed to understand the concepts. Metabolism is one of the methods for analysing the effect of drugs or xenobiotics on the body. It is basically a process of converting lipophilic drugs into more hydrophilic drugs to decrease pharmacological effect and increase subsequent hepatic or renal elimination. So it is essentially a ...

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Laser ablation technique

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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First laser ablation technique was invented in 1960. The history of laser ablation studies begins with the birth of the laser itself. Laser ablation is a technique of removing of material from superficial solid with the help of laser beam. The number of studies grows simultaneously in seventies and they got a great success but it was explored in the year 1985 with many applications for example ...

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Chemical compounds

23 Mar 2015 02 May 2017

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Introduction Chemical compounds can generally be classified into two broad groups: molecular compounds and ionic compounds. Molecular compounds involve atoms joined by covalent bonds and can be represented by a variety of formulas. Ionic compounds are composed of ions joined by ionic bonding, and their formulas are generally writtenusing oxidation states. Molecular Compounds Molecular compounds are composed of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds. ...

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Urinary Excretion and Paracetamol

23 Mar 2015 01 May 2017

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Investigateurinary excretion of paracetamol in man. Paracetamol, known as acetaminophen in the USA, is one of the most commonly used analgesic and antipyretic drugs available over-the-counter. Its common name derives from the full chemical name: para-acetyl-amino-phenol, with the chemical formula C8H9NO2 and amolecular weight of 151.17. Paracetamol does not have anysignificant anti-inflammatory action and therefore cannot be accuratelydescribed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), as was oncethought. ...

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Textile dyeing and textile wastewater treatment

23 Mar 2015 27 Apr 2017

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Advances In Textile Dyeing And Textile Wastewater Treatment Using Advanced Oxidation And Membrane Filtration Technologies: A Review Introduction The textile industry is a diverse sector in terms of production of raw materials, operating processes, product development, and equipment. The industry is well-characterized for consuming large amounts of water, energy, and discharging high volumes of waste in to public sewage treatment plants (STP). The main sources of pollution ...

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IR spectroscopy of cigarette smoke

23 Mar 2015 25 Apr 2017

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In this experiment the constituents of cigarette smoke in undisclosed brands A and B were analysed using Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The smoke from the cigarettes of both brands were tested comparing both the levels of carbon monoxide and methane between both brands and the difference in concentration of these constituents in both the filtered and unfiltered of each of the cigarette brands. The results of this ...

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Electromagnetic induction: An introduction

23 Mar 2015 24 Apr 2017

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Introduction Electromagnetic induction is the production of voltage across a conductor situated in a changing magnetic field or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field. Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of the induction phenomenon in 1831 though it may have been anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832 Joseph Henry made a similar discovery, but did ...

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The hydrogen bomb

23 Mar 2015 21 Apr 2017

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INTRODUCTION The Hydrogen bomb was first suggested by Edward Teller in 1942 but active work on it was pursued in the summer of 1942 by Oppenheimer,Teller,Los Alamos and others. The first thermonuclear bomb was exploded in 1952 atEnewetak by the United States, the second in 1953 by Russia (then the USSR). Great Britain, France, and China have also exploded thermonuclear bombs, and these five nations comprise the ...

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The cholinergic drug

23 Mar 2015 20 Apr 2017

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A cholinergic drug is a drug that acts on the peripheral nervous system, the central nervous system, or both and enhances the effects that are mediated by acetylcholine. It is also known as cholinergic agent, parasympathomimetic drug or cholinergic agonist. [1][2] It can work in two ways; either acting directly by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine at one or more acetylcholine receptors present in the body, or ...

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Importance of chemical reactor

23 Mar 2015 17 Apr 2017

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INTRODUCTION The most important unit operation in a chemical process is generally a chemical reactor. Chemical reactions are either exothermic (release energy) or endothermic (require energy input) and therefore require that energy either be removed or added to the reactor for a constant temperature to be maintained. Exothermic reactions are the most interesting systems to study because of potential safety problems (rapid increases in temperature, sometimes called ...

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The drug metabolism

23 Mar 2015 17 Apr 2017

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Introduction: If an exogenous microorganism enters the human body, this invokes the immune system to produce antibodies to come into contact with the foreign potentially pathogenic species and lead to its destruction. Although when drug molecules enter the human body this does not result in the synthesis of antibodies, due to their relatively small molecular weight. This is why the endogenous metabolism of drugs is vital in ...

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Determination of crude fiber

23 Feb 2017

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Keywords: crude fiber, digestion, cellulose Dietary fiber can be defined as sum of polysaccharides and lignin that are not digested by human digestive enzymes. The major components of dietary fiber are cellulose, noncellulose such as hemicelluloses and pectin, lignin, and hydrocolloids (gums, mucilages, and algal polysaccharides). Human foodstuffs contain mainly noncellulose polysaccharides, some cellulose and little lignin. The average proportions of noncelluloe polysaccharides. Cellulose and lignin for ...

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Thin layer chromatography (TLC)

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2015

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It stands for Thin Layer Chromatography. It's a simple technique used by chemists in separation of Mixtures in addition to supporting the identification of the separated compounds by comparing the "Retention Factor" of the separated compound with that of a known compound. The TLC plate on which the Thin Layer Chromatography is performed is usually a sheet of glass, aluminum or plastic. It's has a coat of ...

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The candy chromatography

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2015

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Ever wondered why candies are different colors? Many candies contain colored dyes. Bags of M&Ms or Skittles contain candies of various colors. Colors in candies are synthetic dyes that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Sometimes the colors are mixtures of several dyes. The labels tell us the names of the dyes used in the candies. But which dyes are used in which ...

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Solar energy

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2015

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INTRODUCTION Solar energy is an inexhaustible resource. The sun produces vast amounts of renewable solar energy that can be collected and converted into heat and electricity. Texas, due to its large size and abundant sunshine, has the largest solar energy resources among the states. Several other states, however, lead the nation in terms of using solar energy, mostly due to state policies and incentives that encourage the ...

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Sodium Sulfite Food Additive

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2015

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Sodium Sulfite a Food Additive Food additives are chemicals added to food during their preparations to obtain an effect. This effect can range from addition of coloration, flavor to the food, or it can cause food to have a prolonged shelf life, as in the case of preservatives. Usually food additives can be divided into 2 types, direct additives and indirect food additives. Direct food additives ...

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Gunshot Forensic Analysis

23 Mar 2015 11 May 2015

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School of Chemistry MM4EOX: Electron-optical and X-ray Techniques Pages 1&2: Forensic investigation: trace evidence analysis for gun-shot residue Page 3: Phase identification : characterization of nanostructured materials Page 4: Enviromental safety: characterization of fine scale particle distribution Forensic investigation: trace evidence analysis for gun-shot residue Introduction The ability to identify gunshot residue has provided solution to the problems encountered in the resolution of forensic science, legal medicines, ...

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The Practice And History Of Alchemy Chemistry Essay

23 Mar 2015

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Alchemy, derived from the Arabic word al-kimia (ØلكيميØØ¡, ALA-LC: al-kÄ«miyā'), is both a philosophy and an ancient practice focused on the attempt to change base metals into gold, investigating the preparation of the "elixir of longevity", and achieving ultimate wisdom, involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of several substances described as possessing unusual properties. The practical aspect of alchemy can be viewed ...

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The element copper

23 Mar 2015

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Introduction Copper, elemental symbol Cu, is a transition d-block metal, and is the least reactive of the first row metals. Copper can have the oxidation states +1 and +2 and can form many complexes with various ligands. The Cu 2+ ion, at low concentrations, is an essential element to plant and animal life, and a human adult has a required daily intake of 3-5mg. [1] The richest ...

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Polymers and its applications

23 Mar 2015

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to present my votes of thanks to all those guidepost who really acted as lightening pillars to enlighten our way throughout this project that has led to successful and satisfactory completion of this study. We are really grateful to our HOD for providing us with an opportunity to undertake this project in this university and providing us with all the facilities. We ...

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Formaldehyde in green chemistry

23 Mar 2015

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1.0 INTRODUCTION Formaldehyde is the first member of the aldehyde family (CH2O) and is the most important aldehyde in the environment.3 It is a naturally occurring chemical and a by-product of most organisms, including human, industrial and natural processes. Formaldehyde forms from the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials; smoke from forest fires, in automobile exhaust, and in tobacco smoke. Atmospheric formaldehyde is formed by the action of ...

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Using Spectrophotometer to measure the concentration of compounds

23 Mar 2015

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The spectrophotometer can measure the intensity of light absorbed indirectly by the solutes in solution because each solution has its own characteristic absorption chattels. The spectrophotometer can be used to measure the concentration of compounds in a certain solution. Differentiating compounds is another uses of spectrophotometer .It works by analyzing the pattern of wavelengths absorbed by the sample.. The absorbance can be calculated using: Beer-Lambert Law, Absorbance, ...

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Manufacture of microcapsules

23 Mar 2015

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Abstract The following report is a summary of literature reviewed for the manufacture of microcapsules. More specifically the main focus of the review is the preparation of polyelectrolyte microcapsules by the Layer-by-Layer method of manufacture. This method involves the consecutive coating of by oppositely charged polyelectrolyte species onto a core template, which is then dissolved to give a hollow microcapsule. This method provides microcapsules with complex architecture, ...

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Methods of chemical analysis

23 Mar 2015

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Introduction Electrophoresis is a technique used for separating molecules through migration on a support medium while under the influence of an electrical charge. It was first used as a separation technique by Tiselius in 1937 .He described the separation of proteins which were placed in a buffer in a tube and an electric field was applied. The importance of this work was recognized and earned him the ...

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Absorption spectroscopy and acetic acid

23 Mar 2015

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The absorbance of light, wavelength 632nm, was measured in an indicator solution at varying pH, and varying concentration, allowing for a Beer-Lambert plot to be constructed. This was then used to measure acetic acid uptake at the surface of deionised water and octan-1-ol coated water, allowing pH, and hence concentration, to be calculated from absorbance of the liquid. Introduction Surfactants are molecules which are able to form ...

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Functioning of freeze drying equipment

23 Mar 2015

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1.0 Introduction This report is on the usage and functioning of freeze drying equipment. In this first chapter the principle of the sublimation process and applications of freeze drying equipement will be given. 1.1 Freeze dryers Freeze dryers are part of the group of solid-solid separating operations, this particular case of solid-solid separating operation makes use of the sublimation process. This kind of equipmentis used to separate ...

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Partial molar property

23 Mar 2015

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INTRODUCTION A partial molar property is the contribution (per mole) that a substance makes to an overall property of a mixture. The easiest partial molar property to visualize is the partial molar volume, vj of a substance j the contribution j makes to the total volume of a mixture. we can see that although 1 mol of a substance has a characteristics volume when it is pure,1 ...

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Quantative analysis of caffeine content

23 Mar 2015

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Caffeine was extracted from decaffeinated coffee and normal tea using DCM as the solvent and compared with prepared solutions of caffeine using reverse phase HPLC. The experimentally determined result was a caffeine concentration of 7.598?g/ml for decaffeinated coffee compared with 5.9?g/ml reference and 0.4049mg/ml for tea against 0.26mg/ml[1]*. Introduction Caffeine (1) is the most commonly consumed non-prescription stimulant. It is a member of the xanthine (2) family[1] ...

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Exploring The Chemistry Of Adhesives Chemistry Essay

23 Mar 2015

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An adhesive is a substance that sticks to the surface of an object such that two surfaces become bonded. A typical home improvement store carries many different adhesives for many different applications..The interaction of molecules is known as intermolecular bonding, or secondary bonding. Primary bonding, also known as intramolecular bonding, is the interaction of atoms within a molecule and includes covalent and polar covalent bonding. Secondary bonding ...

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Separation techniques in forensic science

23 Mar 2015

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The Use Of Separation Techniques In Forensic Science Forensic scientists employ many different separation techniques, these are essential for collecting evidence to be used against to aid the capture of an offender. There are many different techniques utilised to achieve this from filtration to more specialized chromatography. I will explore a handful of the techniques used by today's forensic scientists. Filtration is possible the simplest separating technique ...

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nature of substances

23 Mar 2015

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1. Nature of substances: Simple particles react faster than complex particles. In complex molecules more bonds have to be broken. This means more energy is needed to form the activated complex. Particles such as atoms or ions in solution react more quickly than complex molecules. Surface area of reactants: The greater the surface area of the reactants the faster the reaction will take place. This is ...

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Antibiotic

23 Mar 2015

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INTRODUCTION The term “antibiotic” was put forward by Vuillemin in 1889, to designate the active component involved in the process of ‘antibiosis' or to the opposition of one living micro-organism to another . According to another school of thought - ‘antibiotics are nothing but the microbial metabolites which in relatively high dilution may inhibit the growth of micro-organisms' . Waksman proposed the widely cited definition ...

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Recrystallising acetanilide

23 Mar 2015

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The aim of this experiment is to establish the most suitable solvent required for recrystallising acetanilide, and to exhibit the methods of vacuum filtration and recrystallisation. Experimental Method (for selection of a suitable solvent): Four solvents: dichloromethane, methylated sprits, petroleum ether and water were tested to see how appropriate they were for recrystallising acetanilide. Impure acetanilide (0.1g) was inserted into a small test tube and whilst continually ...

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Arguments on genetically modified foods

23 Mar 2015

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Introduction Genetically modified foods have become a major concern and have caused controversy regarding both their health and environmental effects (2). 'Using modern techniques of genetic engineering, it is possible to introduce specific genetic material derived from any species of plant, animal, or microorganism, or even a synthetic material, into different species of plant' (Journal 1) This allows a desired trait to be enhanced and reproduced. (3) ...

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Electrochemical battery

23 Mar 2015

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HISTORY An early form of electrochemical battery called the Baghdad Battery may have been used in antiquity. However, the modern development of batteries started with the Voltaic pile, invented by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1800. In 1780 the Italian anatomist and physiologist Luigi Galvani noticed that dissected frog's legs would twitch when struck by a spark from a Leyden jar, an external source of electricity. ...

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Chemistry Essays - Saline & Fluids in the Body

23 Mar 2015

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Saline and Fluids Using saline as an example, outline the importance of solutions in the body and what is the concentration of 'normal saline' and how the concentration of saline is controlled in the body and what effects on the cells an increase in saline concentration would have. Our bodies are fifty tosixty percent water, which therefore makes water an essential fluid for ourbodies. The main transporting ...

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Substitution reaction

23 Mar 2015

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Introduction Substitution reaction of chemistry substitution reaction are also called displacement reactions .These are the reactions in which an atom or a group of atoms attached to a carbon atom in a molecule is replaced by some other atom or group of atoms without any change in the structure of the remaining part of the molecule. The product formed is known as the substitution product. The new ...

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Atomic model

23 Mar 2015

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History of the Atomic Model The atomic model is not a concrete, one-hundred percent accurate depiction of the atom or description of what the atom is like. We can't base our model on actual observations of atoms, because they are too small to be seen with our most sensitive instruments. Instead, we must come up with a model of an atom that can account for and explain ...

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Hydrogenating ability of Wilkinson's catalyst

23 Mar 2015

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Wilkinson's catalyst was prepared from rhodium (III) chloride and refluxed in ethanol with triphenylphosphine, with a measured yield of 72.7%. The efficacy and regioselectivity of Wilkinson's catalyst was then assessed by reaction with carvone in an atmosphere of hydrogen gas at 1 atm, and the product was analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Introduction Tris-(Triphenylphophine)chloro rhodium(I) was discovered and first profiled by Wilkinson et al in 1965, and noted ...

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Microchip

23 Mar 2015

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INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC A microchip (sometimes just called a "chip") is a unit of packaged computer circuitry (usually called an integrated circuit) that is manufactured from a material such as silicon at a very small scale. Microchips are made for program logic (logic or microprocessor chips) and for computer memory (memory or RAM chips). Microchips are also made that include both logic and memory and for ...

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Acid rain

23 Mar 2015

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An introduction to the Acid rain Acid rain is a major problem for our health and even our existence. Human started poisoning the atmosphere with acid gases since 1730, at the height of the Industrial Revolution. Although, it was first recognized in 1872, approximately one hundred years after the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, when an English scientist, Robert Angus Smith (1817-1884), pointed out the problem. In ...

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Agricultural science and practice

23 Mar 2015

65 (25,738 )

REVIEW OF LITERATURE INTERCROPPING Intercropping of cereals and grain legumes is a neglected theme in agricultural science and practice in both conventional and organic farming systems (Dahlmann, and Von Fragstein2006). The fast rising population in many tropical countries is one of the reasons for enormous growing demand for food. The increasing urbanization due to world growing population has affected food production leading to irrevocable loss of arable ...

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que haya una reaccion

23 Mar 2015

4 (1,207 )

Objetivos. Determinar como los factores de tamano de particula, grado de agitacion y temperatura que afectan la velocidad en la formacion de las soluciones. Determinar la importancia de los buenos factores para el buen desempeno de una solucion y la buena formacion de esta. Aprender la mejor forma para poder realizar una solucion y asi obtener los resultados deseados de esta. Antecedentes. Una solucion es una ...

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Chemistry Essays - Ethanoic Acid

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,921 )

The characteristic smell of vinegar comes from the inclusion of ethanoic acid. The characteristic smell of vinegar comes from the inclusion of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH), also known as acetic acid.  However, unless pure distilled vinegar is purchased, with a guaranteed and stated composition, there are other acids present in vinegar.  These include: citric acid - HOOCCh1C(OH)(COOH)Ch1COOH), malic acid (2-hydroxybutanedioic acid)  - HOOCCH(OH)Ch1COOH lactic acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid) ...

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Natural gas as source of energy

23 Mar 2015

7 (2,680 )

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I Munish kumar of B.Tech MBA (IT) want to express my intense feeling and experienced that I had while making this term paper. I am really thankful to our Chemistry Mam 'Mrs. Sonika' who not only give us this term paper to do but also widen our view in respective topic. Last but not the least, I would like to thanks my friends who not ...

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Exploring The Chemistry Of Textiles Chemistry Essay

23 Mar 2015

13 (5,139 )

Textile chemistry is primarily an applied form of chemistry. It is a highly specialized field that applies the principles of the basic fields of chemistry to the understanding of textile materials and to their functional and esthetic modification into useful and desirable items. Textile materials are used in clothing, carpet, tire yarn, sewing thread, and air bags. Some textile chemists are less oriented toward manufacturing processes and ...

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Mixing liquids and solids

23 Mar 2015

4 (1,345 )

Aim The experiment aimed to discover how different types of substances interact together: water, hexane, ethanol, potassium carbonate, copper sulphate, sodium, iodine, and potassium. Introduction Mixing liquids Water could be mixed with ethanol and form hydrogen bonds. It is stated by Lister and Renshaw (2000; P296) that ethanol has an -OH function group attaching to a hydrocarbon chain. The -OH group has polar property and makes ethanol ...

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Ethylene glycol

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,824 )

Summary Ethylene Glycol is a much sought after organic compound belonging to the diols family. It is colourless, odourless and is miscible in water and most organic compounds. It was first synthesized by a French chemist, Charles Wurtz, in 1859. Even though it did not gain commercial importance at the time, during World War I, the Germans used ethylene glycol as a substitute for glycerol in explosives ...

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Reaction of ligand substitution

23 Mar 2015

4 (1,390 )

Abstract The purpose of this lab was to study ligand substitution in the preparation of Mo(phen)(PPh3)(CO)3 from Mo(CO)6, 1,10-phenanthroline, and triphenylphosphine. The intermediate product of Mo(phen)(CO)4 was analyzed using IR and UV-vis spectroscopy. The final product was then also analyzed using the same two spectroscopy methods in order to determine the affect of the ligand substitutions on the electronic and structural properties of the complex. Introduction It ...

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Synthesised by living organisms

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,187 )

Definition of biopolymer: Biopolymers are naturally occurring polymers which are synthesised by living organisms. This synthesis can occur either internally within an organism's structure, or externally in appropriate conditions. The term biopolymer also encompasses those polymers which are produced by the physical or chemical manipulation of production environments. However, depending on the term's origination, it does not strictly include those polymers produced by biological manipulating. For this ...

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The lactate dehydrogenase

23 Mar 2015

11 (4,055 )

Enzymes: Enzymes are protein molecules which catalyst the biological reactions within living systems [23]. They provide a reaction surface to which a substrate can easily bind and a suitable environment for the reaction to occur. They bring the reactants together and orient them in such a way that they attain their transition-state configurations. They weaken the high-energy bonds in the reactants, so that the reaction can occur ...

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Neutralize adequately

23 Mar 2015

4 (1,329 )

Introduction: An effective antacid should be able to neutralize adequately in order to alleviate pain and discomfort. Problem: to investigate the effect of different kinds of antacid. Compare the neutralization ability of antacids. Infer which antacid(s) tested is most effective. - Hypothesis: In this experiment I plan to use five different antacids with same mass, and use a titration method to determine the effectiveness of an ...

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standard operating procedures

23 Mar 2015

9 (3,223 )

SOPs - Standard Operating Procedures - A General Overview Aim This document is not meant to be all encompassing but is designed to give readers an overview as to what should be in a SOP and what a SOP might look like. Background It was common in the past for to be photocopied from a book and notes/scribbles to be added to a method to adapt ...

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Chemical kinetics

23 Mar 2015

8 (3,032 )

1) INTRODUCTION: Kinetics-- study of reaction rates and mechanisms Factors affecting rate: Nature of reaction (miscibilities, surface area, molecular structure) Concentration Temperature Catalysts Reaction Rates Concentration Changes Chemical kinetics is the study of the speed with which a chemical reaction occurs and the factors that affect this speed. This information is especially useful for determining how a reaction occurs. What is meant ...

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Gas Solid Chromatography And Gas Liquid Chromatography Chemistry Essay

23 Mar 2015

7 (2,729 )

Gas chromatography mainly consists of Gas solid chromatography and Gas liquid chromatography, in both types gas is used as mobile phase and either solid or liquid used as stationary phase. Gas solid chromatography is not used widely because of limited number of stationary phases available. In Gas solid chromatography, the principle of separation is adsorption. It's mainly used for solutes which having less solubility in stationary phase. ...

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Carbon nanotubes

23 Mar 2015

7 (2,704 )

Introduction Carbon nanotubes are the allotops of carbon , they have a cylindrical nano structure. Nano structure are construct with a length to diameter ratio of 28000000:1 , this is significantly larger than any other material. They have many novel properties and are many useful in nanotechnology , electronics , optics , material science and architectural field. They have great strength and unique electrical properties . However ...

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The Inditex-Zara case

23 Mar 2015

13 (4,900 )

INTRODUCTION In today's highly competitive and global marketplace, the pressure on organizations to find new ways to create and deliver value to the customers grows even stronger. Market development combined with new sources of global competition has led to over-capacity in many industries. Putting an incredible pressure on price, as often is the critical competitive variable. This leads to the need of more effectiveness and efficiency inside ...

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Reacties van stoffen opgelost in water

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,988 )

De volgende onderwerpen komen aan bod in dit hoofdstuk: Elektrolyten Netto Ion-vergelijkingen Soorten reacties Neerslag reacties Zuur-base reacties Redox reacties Elektrolyten: Als suiker (Sucrose) oplost, kun je daar de volgende moleculevergelijking voor opstellen: C12H22O11(s) à C12H22O11(aq) Als keukenzout oplost zie de vergelijking er als volgt uit: NaCl(s) à Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Het verschil is uiteraard, dat keukenzout splitst in de ionen Na+ en Cl- ...

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The substitution reactions

23 Mar 2015

4 (1,394 )

Acknowledgement The preparation of this project on the topic-" substitution reactions.": a profile' would not have been possible without the valuable contribution of my TEACHERS. I would like to give most specially thanks to my CHE sir Dr. Ashish kumar who is my chemistry teacher to giving me the important guidelines during making this project. So, I hope this project will provide large and sufficient information about ...

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Introduction to chromatography

23 Mar 2015

4 (1,274 )

Chromatography is a technique for separating mixtures into their components in order to analyze, identify, purify, and/or quantify the mixture or components. Separate Analyze Identify Purify Quantify Components Mixture Uses for Chromatography Chromatography is used by scientists to: Analyze - examine a mixture, its components, and their relations to one another Identify - determine the identity of a mixture or components based on known ...

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Heavy metal pollutant

23 Mar 2015

3 (1,129 )

An ongoing debate regarding the exact definition for heavy metal pollutant, there are many different definitions have been proposed. For example, some based on density, some on atomic number or atomic weight, and some on chemical properties or toxicity. The commonly definition of heavy metal is the element with a high (>5.0) relative density and atomic weight. Kyung Ah Moon(2007) said that"heavy metals' as metal or metallic ...

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Electrolysis Of Copper Sulphate Chemistry Essay

23 Mar 2015

7 (2,563 )

Aim: to find out how the amount of current affect the amount of copper deposited at the cathode during the electrolysis of copper sulphate with inert graphite electrodes Hypothesis: Michael Faraday's first law of electrolysis states: "The mass of any element deposited during electrolysis is directly proportional to the number of coulombs of electricity passed" From this statement we can say that the amount of electricity that ...

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Chemistry Essays - Essential Fatty Acids

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,327 )

A discussion on the role of essential fatty acids in human health. Introduction: Fatty acids are important components of lipids (fat-soluble components of living cells) in plants, animals, and microorganisms.  Generally, a fatty acid consists of a straight hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl (-COOH) group.  It is the carboxyl group that makes it an acid.  If the carbon-to-carbon bonds are all single, the acid is saturated; ...

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The forensic science

23 Mar 2015

25 (9,901 )

Introduction of title The terms of "forensic science" cover those professions which are involved in the application of social and physical science to the criminal justice system. Forensic experts are expected to find out the details of method used, to substantiate the choice of the applied technique and to give their unbiased conclusions. Therefore, the methods applied in forensic laboratories should assure a very high level of ...

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Introduction to natural gas

23 Mar 2015

6 (2,360 )

Natural gas is one of the most important source of energy for reducing pollution and maintaining a clean and healthy environment we can call it as a future energy resource. In addition to being a domestically abundant and secure source of energy, the use of natural gas also offers a number of environmental benefits over other sources of energy, particularly other fossil fuels. This section will discuss ...

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Determination of water hardness

23 Mar 2015

3 (972 )

Introduction         Water that has not been purified is what is known as "hard water." Hard water can contain substances like Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+. These "hard ions" are not always unhealthy necessarily, but there are several good reasons that we remove them. First, they can combine with other compounds to form soap scum. Second, it can lead to the buildup of scale in pipes which may require ...

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Effect of various pollutants

23 Mar 2015

22 (8,614 )

Acknowledgement I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Dr. Salman Ashraf, Associate Professor of Biochemistry, who gave me the honour to be one of his students. Also for his valuable advices and helped from the experimental part to the reviewing this thesis. Additionally, I want to thank all the faculty members and the staff members of the Environmental Science program and the Department of Chemistry for their ...

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Chemically prepared or sensitized material

23 Mar 2015

5 (1,771 )

INTRODUCTION OF PHOTOGRAPHY Photography is defined as the science and art of producing an exact impression of an object on chemically prepared or sensitized material by using light. It depends on the sensitiveness of silver compound to light. The photographs are usually taken by means of a photographic camera. Camera is an instrument consisting of a light-tight box with a place for the light sensitive film at ...

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Green chemistry and its applications

23 Mar 2015

8 (3,126 )

Acknowledgement I am thankful to my teacher mr. Harminder singh who had helped me in my work and showed me a path for doing it in correct way. Without his suggestions and guidance the term paper would not be as it is. It is worth mentioning here to thank our university that had provided us with a big library, in lack of that I was not able ...

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The swine flu

23 Mar 2015

7 (2,531 )

Currently, there has been an international concern and fear about the disease "The Swine" or Swine Flu. The main question that all the experts were worried about was whether the swine flu is an epidemic or a pandemic. An epidemic is defined as an outbreak of a contagious disease that can be widely spread and affects lots of people at the same time. A pandemic is a ...

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Natural product chemistry

23 Mar 2015

11 (4,194 )

Introduction Of Natural Product Chemistry In the beginning of organic chemistry was natural products chemistry. For a long period, up to the 1960's the structural studies of natural products served as the principle driving force for the discovery of new chemical reactivity. The introduction of spectroscopic techniques, however, removed much of the "intellectual challenge" involved in structure elucidation. Furthermore, natural products chemistry suffered a dramatic decline from ...

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Desmear and electroless plating

23 Mar 2015

18 (6,856 )

Introduction Printed circuit board is used in the electronic manufacturing for mechanical and electrical support. It is electronically connects the electric components using conductive traces, carved from copper covered onto a non-conductive material. Printed circuit board are usually include copper and copper mixture materials that are coated to provide good mechanical and good conductivity with other devices in the assembly. Printed circuits board are used in all ...

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The multiple emulsions

23 Mar 2015

15 (5,839 )

Introduction: Seifriz started his pioneering work about multiple emulsions since 1925, which is regarded as the fundamental knowledge in the later research. Multiple emulsions are complicated systems which are considered as "emulsions of emulsions" (Garti, 1996).In the outer continues phase, the droplets of the dispersed phase named as globules which contain even smaller dispersed droplets ,the globules are separated from each other in external continues phase by ...

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The genesis of elements

23 Mar 2015

14 (5,352 )

Introduction The periodic table is continually enriched with new elements synthesised by nuclear reactions in laboratories, but only 90 of all the elements occur naturally. Those are found between atomic numbers 1 to 92, which is from 1H to 92U, excluding the elements technetium (43Tc) and promethium (61Pm). The latter two are made artificially, even though technetium has been recently discovered in stars. All the elements are ...

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Biosensors or enzyme electrodes

23 Mar 2015

9 (3,271 )

INTRODUCTION OF BIOSENSORS:- Biosensors or enzyme electrodes invariably refer to such devices that sence and analyze biological informations. A biosensor is a device that detects, records, and transmits information regarding a physiological change or the presence of various chemical or biological materials in the environment. More technically, a biosensor is a probe that integrates a biological component, such as a whole bacterium or a biological product (e.g., ...

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