Risk Of Long Term Use Of Immunosuppressive Drugs

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

Chapter 20

1. There are unique cell recognition proteins on the surface of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria that the plant recognizes. (Essentials of Biology)

2. Stomata open when water enters the guard cells and turgor pressure increases, the fog has both oxygen and water which the stomata needs in order to keep the process happening.

Chapter 21

1. The plant hormone that causes this response is ethylene. The plastic sleeves affect the response because once the plant is in the sleeve for a long period of time the ethylene is produced and it causes the plant to age which then starts the abscission response.

2. Photoreception occurs in the portion of the stem right below the flower receptacle. If you place some shade on one side of the flower at different times, you should notice the flowers response to the sunlight.

3. Although there are few pollinators available, plants that bloom at this time of year generally do not have to compete with other species to attract pollinators that are available. The flowers of early-blooming species tend to be low-growing to protect them from cold snaps that may occur, often bear hairs that will keep frost away from the plant, and sometimes close up at night to preserve warmth. (Essentials of Biology)

Chapter 22

1. Both the skeletal and cardiac muscles have striations, and they may have the same reaction toward illness or damage that is done to the muscle.

2. There is interaction between internal and external environments because the body has the nervous system for protection, keeping homeostasis of the internal environment no matter what occurs in the external. It would not be possible; loss of the interaction would possibly result in injury and death. (Essentials of Biology)

3. I think the advantages to having specific tissues, organs and organ systems that perform specific functions in the body would be the ability to transport fluids throughout the body, maintain the body, have control of the body's systems, sensory input and motor output, and the reproductive system. Organ system contains several organs and has functions necessary to the continued existence of an organism.

Chapter 23

1. The four-chambered heart acts as two separate pumps. After passing through the body, blood is pumped under high pressure to the body. The high rate of oxygen-rich blood flow through the body enables birds and animals to maintain high activity levels. Also, mixing of the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is prevented. The increased efficiency of the four-chambered heart permitted birds and animals to become endotherms. The oxygen demand of providing the energy necessary to maintain relatively high body temperature could not be met by an open circulatory system.

(kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/animal_notes.html)

2. The benefits of high altitude training are increased red blood cell count, increased production of hemoglobin, increased blood vessel density around muscles to deliver oxygen and remove waste products, and increased ability of oxygen uptake in the lungs. This will be better for the athlete to deliver more oxygen to the working muscles and results in improved performance at much higher levels on the athlete returns to lower elevation. (strong-athlete.com/the-benefits-of-high-altitude)

Chapter 24

2. Bile is stored in the gallbladder, it contains salts, which break up fat into fat droplets, and fat droplets mix with water and have more surface area for digestion by enzymes. Without the bile in the gallbladder this process will not happen.

3. Grasshoppers have a tracheal system in which air moves to smaller tubes that take it to the cells where gas exchange takes place. Grasshoppers excrete uric-acid and their Malpighain tubules absorbs most of the water.

Chapter 25

2. All nine essential amino acids in our diet are easily obtainable from eating meat. However, out dentition and also a length of digestive tracts suggests that we evolved as omnivores. Normally, we need both plant matter (for fiber) and animal matter (for amino acids) in our diet. (Essentials of Biology)

Chapter 26

1. The tonsils form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue at the junction of the mouth and pharynx. Tonsils are seemingly so susceptible to infection because of its function it may contain bacteria and too much bacteria sometimes causes it to become inflamed. Tonsils should not be removed at the first sign of infections because if its not too bad and can be treated by medication, the tonsils will get netter and continue to provide protection of the lymphatic tissue.

2. Risks associated with long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs are an increased risk to all types of infections and also can increased the risk of cancer later in life.

3. The immune system plays an important role of keeping us healthy because it fights infections and cancer. Pathogens have antigens, and antigens can be part of a foreign cell or cancer cell. When our body learns to destroy a particular antigen we have become immune to it.

Chapter 27

1. Parkinsons's patients do not exhibit a constriction of blood vessels, so their blood pressure slowly decreases. The loss of function of the sympathetic division prevents the body from regulating blood pressure, so rapid changes in blood pressure can occur, leading to orthostatic hypotension. (Essentials of Biology)

Chapter 28

2. Taste buds, located primarily on the tongue, contain taste receptor cells and the nose contains olfactory receptor cells. Receptor proteins for chemicals are located on the microvilli of the taste receptor cells and on the cilia of the olfactory receptor cells. Olfactory cells allow us to sense dangerous odors like smoke and taste receptors allow us to taste chemicals which taste bitter.

Chapter 29

2. Since women go through menopause midlife, when the cycle is complete the woman does not ovulate anymore and can not reproduce because of the absence of the ovarian and menstrual cycles.