Constant Pressure Calorimeter for Heat Capacity

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30 Nov 2017

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  • Kanwarpal Brar

Purpose:

To calibrate a constant pressure calorimeter and use it to determine the heats of the reaction and dissolution of different reactants and to use these heats of the reactions to find the enthalpy of a reaction by hess’s law.

Analysis/ calculations:

  1. Determine the heat capacity of the coffee cup, Ccal in j*degC for all three trials and calculate the average value. Provide all these values in your report: provide full calculations only for trial .

From table 1

Mass of 1.0 M NaOH solution used = 51.67g

Mass of 1.0 M HCl solution used = 50.85g

Total mass of final solution = 102.52g

Initial temperature of reagents = 21.3 deg C

Final temperature after neutralization = 27.8 deg C

Heat absorbed by calorimeter q1 = C (heat capacity)*deltaT

Heat abrorbed by soluction Q2 = heat capacity (C) *mass of the solution (m)*deltaT

Heat released by neutralization reaction, Q3 = heat of reaction (delta H)*moles(n)/1mole

In this reaction, Delta T=T2-T1

=27.8degC-21.3degC

=6.5degC

heat capacity of the solution, C=4.02J/g degC (given)

mass of the solution, m = 102.52g

heat of the reaction, ΔH = -57.3 KJ (given)

= -57300 J

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ---> H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)

Because HCl and NaCl react 1:1, any one can be used as limiting reagent

Molarity of HCl = 1.0 M

Volume of HCl = 50.0 ml = 0.0500 L

Therefore moles of HCl, n = molarity * volume

= 1.0 mol/L * 0.0500 L

= 0.0500 mol

It is assumed that not heat is lost to surrounding ΔE system = 0 J

ΔE system = q1 + q2 + q3 = 0J

Q1 = -q2 – q3

C1 * ΔT = -(4.02 J/g degC * 102.52g * 6.5 deg C) – (-57300 J * 0.0500 mol/1 mol)

C1 * ΔT = -2678.85 J + 2865 J

C1 = 186.15 J/ ΔT

C1 = 186.15 J/ 6.5 deg C

C1 = 28.64 J/ deg C

Trial 1 = 28.64 J/ deg C

Trial 2 = 31.09 J/deg C

Trial 3 = 29.48 J/deg C

Average = 29.73 J/deg C

  1. Determine the overall heat of reaction per mole od calcium meatl for the addition of calcium metal.
  1. to 1.0 M HCl folloed by the addition of water and b) to water folloed by addition of 1.0 M HCl.

In each case, treat the overall reaction as a single process, i.e. instead of determining a delta H value for each step, determine .............

mass of ca = 0.404 g

molar mass of ca = 40.08 g/mol

moles of ca, n = mass/molar mass

= 0.404 g/ 40.08 g/mol

= 0.0100 mol

Mass of water used, m = 50.0 g (1ml = 1g)

ΔT = Tfinal – Tinitial

ΔT = 30.5 – 21.4 deg C = 9.1 deg C ( table 2)

Heat of the reaction per mole = -(q of reaction – (Ccal * ΔT))/moles of meatal

-(Cwater*m*water*detaT--(0*ΔT) /n

= -(4.184 J/ degC * 50 * 9.1 degC) /0.0100 mol

= -1903.72 J/ 0.0100 mol

= -190372 J/mole

= -190.372 KJ/mole

ΔH = -190.372 KJ/mole

b)

mass of ca = 0.403g

molar mass of ca = 40.08 g/mole

moles of ca = mass/ molar mass

= 0.400 g/ 40.08 g/mole

= 0.00998 mol

Mass of water used = 50 g (1ml = 1 g)

Temperature difference ΔT = Tfinal – Tinitial

ΔT = 30.5 – 20.3 degC = 10.2 degC (table3)

Heat of reaction per mole = -q of reaction – (Ccal*ΔT)/mole of metal

= -(Cwater*mwater*ΔT-(0*ΔT)/n

= -(4.184 J/g degC*50g*10.2 deg)/ 0.00998mole

= -2133.84 J/ 0.00998mole

= -213811.62 J/mole

= -213.81 KJ/mole

ΔH = -213.81 KJ/mole

  1. Determine deltaEdissolution in J (g salt) for the unknown salt for all three trials and calculate the average value. Provide all of these values in your report, provide full calculation only for trial 1.

Unknown salt = C

Mass of salt = 4.013g

Mass of water = 100g

Mass of solution after reaction = 100g + 4.013g

= 104.013g

ΔT = Tfinal – Tinitial

= 27-19.9 degC = 7.1 degC

ΔEdissolution = -q of reation

= -m*C*ΔT

= -4.184 J/g degC*104.013g*7.1

= -3089.85 J

ΔEdissolution/g salt = -3089.85 J/4.013g

= -769.96 J/g salt

Trial 1 = -769.96 J/g salt

Trial 2 = -769.87 J/g salt

Trial 3 = -754.18 J/g salt

Average = -764.67 J/g salt

  1. Determine deltaEdissolution in J (g salt) for six salts in table 1. Provide all of these values in your report, provide full calculation only for LiCl.

 

ΔEdissolution = ΔElattice + ΔEcation hydration + ΔEanion hydration

ΔEdissolution = 846 KJ/mol + (-506 KJ/mol) + (-377 KJ/mol) from table

ΔEdissolution = -37 KJ/mol

ΔEdissolution = -37000 J/mol

Molar mass of LiCl = 42.39 J/mol

ΔEdissolution/ g of salt = ΔEdissolution/ molar mass

= -37000 J/mol/ 42.39 g/mol

= -873 J/g salt

ΔEdissolution for LiCl = -873 J/g salt

ΔEdissolution of LiBr = -472 J/g salt

ΔEdissolution of NaCl = 51.3 J/g salt

ΔEdissolution of NaBr = 0 J/g salt

ΔEdissolution of KCl = 228 J/g salt

Discussion :

In the experiment, a simple constant-pressure, coffee cup calorimeter was calibrated using an acid-base neutralization reaction. the calculated specific heat of calorimeter was then used to determine the heats of reactions and dissolutions of other chemical compounds.

A simple constant pressure calorimeter was produced out of two styroform cups. The cups were covered with a plastic lid with a hole in centre. While erformiing the acid-base neutralization reaction, the temperature of both acid and base were measure using PH metre temperature probe. The temperature were about each other. When HCl was added to NaOH no visible change was observed while adding the acid. But the temperature of the soluction was rise after the acid was added. This showed that the reaction between HCl and NaOH was exothermic reaction. after that mass of the final solution was measured.

The second objective was to find the heat of the reaction per mole of calcium metal, while following the hess’s law provided in the lab manual. This was done in two different trials. First the calcium metal was added to 50.0 ml of 1.0M HCl and then 50ml of water. When calcium was added to HCl it reacted vigorously creating bubbles. The highest temperature recorded was almost double the initial temperature. When water was added to this solution, no visible change was observed, but temperature was dropped by 10 degC. The overall process was still an exothermic reaction the heat of the reaction was calculated to be -190.372 KJ/mole

In the second trial, the calcium was first added to water. This reaction was similar to the first one. Calcium reacted with the water vigorously. The temperature of the solution was increased showing that is was exothermic reaction. when HCl was added to this solution the temperature was dropped by 3.6 degC.

Which was less than the first case. The heat of the raction waw calculated to be -213.81 KJ/mole.

The closeness o fthe both results can be explained by the fact that heat of the reaction is a state function, and does not depend on the path of the reaction. this also increases the confidence in the result.

The final objective of the reaction was to determine the heat of dissociation of the unknown salt, and thus find the unknown salt by comparing the heat of dissotiation to the heat dissolution of possible salts. This unknown salt code C was white powder form. When unknown salt was added to water, temperature raise by 7.1 degC. This reaction showed that this was a exothermic reaction. the average enthalpy of dissolution of the unknown salt C was calculated to be -764.67 J/g. This value of enthalpy of dissolution corresponded to the calculated value of Lithium chloride, LiCl.

A number of experiment errors could have affected the data collected, which includes the accuracy and precission of the instruments used environment conditions. The graduated cylinder was used to measure liquids was accurate to only one decimal place, or could only round the value to .0 or to .5. the measuring balance used to weigh had had high accuracy up to three decimal place, dispite that there was difference in the total weigh of the soluction in all three trials. This shows that may be weighing machine was not accurate. it is also possible that when solution was shaked to mix the reactant some of the solution lost or may be was left over on the cover lid. Or into the walls of cups and glass container. While doing the experiment some liquid was spilled that could be that reason for the difference in the weight. The volume of the solution could be measured by burettes or pipetts for higher accuracy.

Overall the results of the experiment calculations were really promising and confident based on the fact that they folled the theory of the experiment.

Conclusion:

A calorimeter was prepared. The heat capacity of calorimeter was calculated to be 29.73 J/deg C. The heat reaction calcium was found to be -190.372 KJ/mole and -213.81 KJ/mole, in the two trials. the unknown salt had -764.67 J/g salt. The unknown salt C was found to be Lithium chloride. Results of this experiment is promissign and confident.

References:

  • Olmsted, john 3; Williams, greg; burk Robert c. Chemistry, 1st Canadian ed; john Wiley and sons ltd: Mississauga, Canada, 2012, pp 511-550



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