The Study Of Integrated Frameworks For Library

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

In this article, the objective is to recommend a proposed systematic framework for enhancing the application scope of library automation system. This study analyses the technology of library automation and digital archives systems with a view to possibility integrating them. This involves effectively managing and employing appropriate technology, processing existing library work, and satisfying the information management demands of the digital library and digital archives system.

Targeted audience

This article had explained about the study of integrated frameworks for library and digital archives. The audience that suitable for this article are researchers, students and public peoples. The researchers can used this article to do their research. The second targeted audience is students. Students also do a lot of research. So this article can help them to complete their task. The last targeted audience is public people. People can used this article to gain their knowledge and know how to doing digitization. So they can implement their knowledge in their company.

Review

4.1 Abstract

The purpose of this article is to recommend a proposed systematic framework for enhancing the application scope of library automation systems. In order to integrate library and digital archives systems, the core of library systems should revolve around XML for the standard of cataloguing markup and operate with OAI-PMH for union catalog and distributed retrieval. The originality of this article is analyzes and proposes a framework on how to effectively integrate the standard technology of digital library or archives systems with library automation systems. In this article also explain about the comparison of system scope. This study analyses and discusses these differences and then it proposed an integrated framework for library automation and digital archives systems.

4.2 Introduction

In this article, the author had discussed about the development of digital archives brings with it the application of digitization technology and the added value of content. Moreover, it enables the research and application of digital libraries to cover the domain of digital archives. No matter whether we are discussing digital libraries or digital archives, the emphasis is on the electronic mode to store and manage massive materials (including metadata, image, map, sound, image, illustration and other digital objects), and operating through networks in an effective way. Accordingly, the research on digital archives can be equated to the research on networked information systems. The crucial technical agenda, including manufacturing and storing of digital objects, and spreading rich and correct information content effectively, requires systems that allow the user to search, present and reorganize knowledge in all kinds of data through the internet. This study analyzes the technology of library automation and digital archives systems with a view to possibility integrating them. This involves effectively managing and employing appropriate technology, processing existing library work, and satisfying the information management demands of the digital library and digital archives system. At the beginning of digital library development, systems tended to go their own ways because of needs of a particular community.

4.3 Claim / argue

I agree this article because library needs the digitization to share the information. The distinguishing feature between a digital library and a physical library is that the former emphasizes a totally digital environment with the result that there is, therefore, a huge difference in the collection. Automated library systems emphasize the system frameworks, digital contents and collection, metadata, interflow, standard, knowledge organization, users, and copyright protection (Shiri, 2003). Digital libraries emphasize completely digital information and services on the internet. Therefore, the digital library must closely collocate with digital objects in order to provide for effective use. The automation systems implemented in physical libraries are utilized to support physical materials, but they cannot substitute for the physical library. The main objective of a digital archive is to digitize cultural collections and promote the development about humanities and sociality, industrial and economics. The emphasis is not only on digital procedures and the effect of digital presentation, but also on the merger of the characteristics of the physical library which have material collections and the digital library which can apply digital dissemination. MARC as well as various metadata contains three sections that are semantic, syntax and structure. Each Library automation systems follows catalogue rule that are semantic and they adopt individual data structures as an internal structure to store into databases. The distributed retrieval function is the ability for cross systems to take remote enquiries. XML as a data processing and common standard in the data exchange for the digital archives. The digital archives uses DTD or XML Schema to be the definition for description structure. There have three categories kind of interoperability the National Science Foundation (US NSF) such as federation, gathering and harvesting. It is suitable use harvesting. Harvesting produces an exchange such as provided by the Open Archives Initiatives Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH) which is defined by OIA. OAI-PMH is an open standard that adopts XML for exporting and harvesting metadata. According to the Karen Calhoun, OAI is likely to appeal to a library’s collection builders. Designed to be a low-barrier interoperability framework, adopting OAI could be the catalyst needed to federate discovery and access across our diverse collections, provided libraries also adopt emerging OAI best practices. A policy to make all future digital collections OAI-harvestable is likely to add little to the cost of digital projects, making conformance to the policy more likely. At the same time, success with OAI depends on a library’s collection builders’ making and complying with up front agreements on collection- and item-level descriptions and on mechanisms for extending the core metadata when a collection supplies domain-specific fields. Without this consensus, it will be difficult to build meaningful OAI indexes on the set of OAI-harvested metadata. OAI-PMH still is the major protocol that can provide the library automation and digital archives system for data exchange and distributedretrieval among various systems, still need OAI-PMH. The advantages of digital libraries as a means of easily and rapidly accessing books, archives and images of various types are now widely recognized by commercial interests and public bodies alike. Traditional libraries are limited by storage space; digital libraries have the potential to store much more information, simply because digital information requires very little physical space to contain it. The cost to maintaining the digital library is lower. The digital libraries and digital archives systems emphasize the open information processing platform. The users need not to go to the library to get information because they can get the information through the internet as long as internet connection is available. The user is able to use any search term (word, phrase, title, name, subject) to search the entire collection.

4.4 Discusion

From this article, it can conclude that the data processing core of library automation system should unify XML as document indication basis of books and non-books collection description. In this articles also explained the procedure for transferring data from original form into web form by style-sheet language. This articles also had explained about the system workflow diagram for data processing from key-in to storage and retrieval and structure diagram for distributed retrieval and data exchange. Up to now, library automation systems cannot directly handle data formats from digital archives, or directly exchange data with other digital archives systems. The major reasons are the data structure which include metadata definition, exchange format, interoperability protocol do not support XML directly. Some standards referred to above are under revision or have been revised to XML standard. So, the reader must find the suitable protocol in digitize the library collection. The further research need to be done is the advantages and disadvantages of the digital library and digital archives. Besides that, the reader must find the advantages and disadvantages of the digital library and digital archives. Furthermore, the reader must know how to maintain this system as a long term memory. In doing digitization, the reader also must know the cost need to implement the digitization. When we doing the digitization, we also need to upgrade the system.

References

Karen Calhoun, (2005). An integrated framework for discovering digital library

collections. Journal of Zhejiang University Science, 6A9(11), 1-12.

Wikipedia. (March 25,2013). Digital library.

Retrieved from the

World Wide Web

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_library>

TOPIC: PRICING IN THE DIGITAL WORLD

Bibliographic citation (APA)

Rob Docters, Lisa Tilstone, Susan Bednarczyk & Martijn Gieskes, (2011). Pricing in the

digital world. Journal of Business Strategy, 32(4), 4-11.

Objective

The objective of this article is about the pricing in the digital world. The authors had explained about many incumbent content providers, manufactures and service providers view digitization as a threat to revenue and profitability. Businesses understand that digital technologies and applications can create value, but how to capture that value has been elusive. Particularly for established businesses, the practice of applying traditional price structures to new digital platforms has resulted in revenue, market and share deterioration. This article describes how to adapt price structure to digital migration and hybrid digital or pre-digital product sets.

3.0 Targeted audience

This article had explained about pricing in the digital world. The audience that suitable for this article are researchers, students and public peoples. The researchers can used this article to do their research. In this article, the authors had explained many information that related pricing in the digital world. The second targeted audience is students. Students also do a lot of research. So this article can help them to complete their task. The last targeted audience is public people. People can used this article to gain their knowledge and know how to doing digitization. So they can implement their knowledge in their company.

Review

Abstract

Businesses understand that digital technologies and applications can create value, but how to capture that value has been elusive. This article describes how to adapt price structure to digital migration and hybrid digital or pre-digital product sets. Based on case studies from entertainment, publishing, education, avionics, gaming and software industries, the article observes how price structure directly transported from pre-digital products have not been effective in maintaining revenues and margins. Successful digital product introduction requires careful examination of the new capabilities and price drivers of a digital context. This article shows that frequently the price drivers of digital products require a new price structure. Product developers and pricers tend to focus on the similarity between pre-digital and digital generations of product.

Introduction

In this articles, the authors had explained about the typically accompanies the shift to digitization. In product terms, there tend to be at least a dozen typical changes, including splitting of contents from services, splitting purchases by vendor and category, sorting products into categories and re-bundling, easier embedding of different content and functionality, faster services and greater transactions timelines and disintermediation between users, buyers, seller frontlines and product management. Most reader still read about 20 to 30 per cent on paper than the screen. This shows that readers prefer to read through the book than the on screen. Digitization is an evolution not revolution. Supply and demand is important context because the pricing in the digitization depends partly on supply and demand and partly on management’s execution. The authors often find that management does not consider supply-and-demand factors and market evolution before making investment decisions. It is predicted that with the rise of internet video distributors such as YouTube and Netflix, collaborative sites such as Wikipedia, and social networking sites, the supply or demand balance will shift again as internet distribution proliferates. Some entertainment, business information, and educational publishers face an 80 percent or more loss of volume to illegal copying and distribution in certain markets and geographies. If give users what they want, so illegal copying can be avoid. To avoid from illegal use, the authors explained use the digital bundle strategies.

Claim/ Argue

I agree with this article about the pricing in the digital world. Most readers preferred to read on the book than on the screens. Therefore, pricing in the digital world have eroded. The prices go up or down in company depends partly on supply and demand and partly on management’s execution. It means if the demand is high, so the supply will be expanded. According Lawrenhar, understand that digital technologies and applications can create value, but how to capture that value has been elusive. Particularly for established businesses, the practice of applying traditional price structures to new digital platforms has resulted in revenue, market and share deterioration. This article describes how to adapt price structure to digital migration and hybrid digital or pre-digital product sets. Based on case studies from entertainment, publishing, education, avionics, gaming and software industries, the article observes how price structure directly transported from pre-digital products have not been effective in maintaining revenues and margins. Successful digital product introduction requires careful examination of the new capabilities and price drivers of a digital context.

According to the Laura Martin and Medina, the pricing strategies in the digital world is believe that pricing strategies may well determine who wins and loses. It means The demand curve for content in the digital world follows power laws and does not resemble the traditional demand curve in the analog world and a key implication is that pricing strategies in the digital world that target the 10% of customers that represent 90% of economics have the best chance of adding value to existing ecosystem economics.

Discussion

In this article, the authors had discussed about the pricing in the digital world. In this article, the authors informed that many companies used the digitization in their company but it have eroded the price. It also can gave threat to revenue and profitability to the company. For instance, the evolution of avionics (instruments for an airplane) has changed with digitization. It is a evolution for the avionics system. The further research need to be done is how should you price your digital content to be done? For examples, the company that have digitization should make it cheap or free so that word gets around easier and hopefully encourages purchase of the more expensive versions of the same content. This hits lower price points, but may cannibalize sales. Furthermore, charge subscriptions to view content, like the Financial Times does. Hopefully the publisher’s brand will be so well regarded the consumers will think it is worth paying for and no option for the free version put out by competitors. Besides that, publish the content as though it were software. Consumers can purchase it, but there will be upgrades and such they will have to purchase as well. This will cover the large initial investment in digital and the subsequent smaller investments to keep the operation running. I am also want the reader do the research about the advantages and disadvantages about pricing in the digital. Besides that, do the pricing in the digital can increase the profitability’s companies? So all the information need to be looking to get more information about the pricing in the digital world. The reader also need to find how to encourages the users to use the digitization.