The Idea Of Memex Machine

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

Semantic Web

Prakash perumal (CWID: 892123647)

California State University, Fullerton

Style: APA

Table of Contents

Abstract

To date, computer systems are changing from one single machine into multiple systems connected together for exchange of information and business transitions through the worldwide network called the World Wide Web (WWW). Though, WWW made information transaction easy it also made hard to retrieve the data, page and information which is required by different user. Many new research are proposed to solve this problem and they have come to an idea of providing intelligent to the computer to categorize the information with the help of computer understandable semantic. The semantic web will provide the knowledge to computer to access from different source and distinguish the information based on the user needs. WWW is most commonly used mode of information retrieving which can’t manipulate automatically, so by tagging web pages for specific search for specific computer will change web into semantic web. This research paper describe on ongoing work in the semantic web and information retrieval. Consecutively, paper focus on some application of this emerging tool.

Introduction

The semantic web is divined by the today’s World Wide Web which was bought to the world in 1940s by Vannevar Bush from the idea of ‘memex’ machine. The idea originated while designing library catalogue search for the universal library. WWW was envisioned by Tim Berners-Lee which had related document and connection between them in order to provide efficient, unpretentious and vigorous working environment. The semantic web is a current broaden idea of above two things which put in a single side to make human - machine interface for betterment of today’s Web.

This is really what the semantic web is all about it helps computers understand the meaning behind the webpage the web of today's about documents whereas a semantic web is about things

when we say things it mean anything people, places, events, music, movies, organizations and just about any concept that you can think of, The semantic web is not only about pointing these things out to a computer but also about letting computers know how these things are related to each other there are several promising technologies that are in use today that can embed.

Semantics in html documents two of the more popular ways are called micro formats and RDFA. so the semantic web stuff is about something that is going to happen in the future it's about something that is happening today things get really exciting when we start to explore the possibilities of the semantic web what's your computer can understand what a person a place and then the event is, it can start helping you interact with those things for example for birthday party is marked up as an event with the date and the place you can tell your computer to save the date in your calendar.

Problem statement

Ontology and reasoning support

Goals

Define the work design of Semantic Web.

Explain W3C development.

What does RDF and OWL Web Ontology adds to the Semantic Web?

Development in Semantic Web.

Define the future of Semantic Web.

Definition of Terms

Semantic Web:

Semantic: word semantic infers meaning

Semantic web: defines that the meaning of data on the web can be discovered – not only by people but also by computers.

In my dream I have imagined the computer turn out to have the capability to analysis the data on the web. Here the web stands for the web pages, links, common language for the computers to communicate and platform. The mechanism of computer talking to the user is known as Semantic web.[Tim Berners-Lee, 1999]

Literature Review

The World Wide Web currently has more than 3 billion static document which increase the difficulties in searching, accessing, displaying and managing the data. This is because the information was in the human readable format so the computer which processes it doesn’t know what data that is fetching. It makes the gap in the information retrieval system and will result in poor information mining. There were many new research published to address this problem and they had come up with an idea of adding machine readable semantics. Such mechanism is need for "getting web to its full prospective". Tim berner- lee has refered the semantic web is the future of World Wide Web. A new level of automation will be achieved by enabling the representation of semantic as knowledge which relates the web pages, information and executable codes. The Automation feature increase the capability to assist the user by "understanding" the user need and the information on the web which brings more control and more accurate result.

These kinds of automation services will be utilized and supportive in all our daily life such as marketing, shopping, stock market and medical diagnostic.

The programme:

The semantic web re-engineered the web which is pages and data in to a programme. In 1998, its initiative begins as Metadata working group. Consequently, semantic web activity became a framework with allows data and resource to be shared and used across different platform. It also became the beginning of the new standard in the World Wide Web as World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) [75], the standard made by international org to motivate the World Wide Web. It’s a join effort from many organization people and research people which was let by W3C. The tagging of semantic to a webpage is based on the XML and URIs for the syntax and naming.

RDF core working group[59] and web ontology working group are the two major working groups of W3C have proposed some advancement and recommendation which they named as semantic web Advancement Development programme [64] which was sponsored by European comities. The semantic web over past few years has extended the real-time application in many areas and RDF working group is developing programing language for fetching and processing the semantic footnote on the web.

To date, there are many researches going on to choose the top benefits of technology for the W3C. Similarly users and developers are together providing information and tools essentially and consequently some major IT companies are taking part such as Hewlett-Packard are getting involved in the research area of semantic web to bring its full potential in few years .

The Technologies

The most classical use of the semantic Web it to distinguish and identify set of tools, technologies and standards which makes the web data to be unique. The semantic web build a layered architecture which are designed by Tim Berners-Lee.

Figure 1: Semantic Web layered architecture

Unicode and URI:

Unicode are the common machine representation and then URI are the standard for locating and identifying data resources like web pages on the server. Unicode will be used in URI’s are used for identifying the resources.

XML: XML is a simple standard language to structure and transmit data over web.

Resource Description Framework: RDF is the first layes in the semantic web architecture. RDF is used to represent the metadata in the framework by using Unicode.

RDF schema: A simple common syntaxial language for defining the classes and properties between them. It act as a interface between resources.

Ontologies: a high level language for complex types of the information and resources and their possessions.

Logic and Proof: a system with creates interface and check whether the particular resources has been fetched from the web server. It also get the feedback from the previous patterns for better result.

Trust: This layer will get the feed back from the used and then focus on the issues regarding trust which are essential in the semantic web.

Semantic web begin with ambitious programme to bind the existing knowledge representation and threshold to adapt on the web. This happened because of the attempt to implement AI to the Web. Web is very powerful and unambitious so we don’t want to make it complex by adding AI to it.

The RDF and ontology layers have following recommendations

• RDF/XML Syntax Specification (Revised) [4]

• RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF Schema [12].

• RDF Primer [48]

• Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax [38]

• RDF Semantics [31]

• RDF Test Cases [30]

• Web Ontology Language (OWL) Use Cases and Requirements [33]

• OWL Web Ontology Language Reference [21]

• OWL Web Ontology Language Semantics and Abstract Syntax [56]

• OWL Web Ontology Language Overview [45]

• OWL Web Ontology Language Test Cases [16]

• OWL Web Ontology Language Guide [71]

The prototype and reasoning slower the web activity and querying data takes much longer time than we anticipated. There is still research going on to overcome those flaws. Recently, the researcher developed a new language for fetching RDF data known as SPARQL. There are some exprement on rule languages, like RuleML and CWM. The development in the Web tools, Program libraries are to sustenance the growth of Web.

Semantic Web and Digital Libraries

Digital libraries are the new form of libraries and there importance and usage is growing rapidly than the conventional libraries. These kind of libraries are rich in information infrastructure providing a key role for the knowledge distribution for higher education and has a huge repository of information for the research and references.

The resources in the Digital libraries come from the shared catalogues. These shared catalogues are nothing but the online research papers, journals and books. Theses catalogue fields are the names of author, title, date and publisher etc. The subject identifiers are allowed by controlled vocabularies which are published. These shared catalogues and controlled vocabularies are placed in one place so that the users from all over the globe can use it over the web. Same vocabularies can be used by the search engines for the specific and relevant result. Semantic web offers open standards which are vendor neutral and also gives the solution in vendor-neutral format. It has large extent of flexibility and simplicity and provides the support in the decentralized manner. Thus RDF has interchange format which are in common for metadata and vocabulary. It is used by libraries as well as the search engines on the world wide web.

Metadata

The Metadata is nothing but the data about data. It acts as a online repository and storage for the resources across world wide web. Metadata needs to publish in RDF formats for the use of semantic. There are different aspects in defining metadata standards. They are given as below.

Dublin Core Metadata Initiative: It provides machine readable fields and guidelines for the use. It has well-formed RDF vocabulary [24],[50].

MARC: In the library of congress has XML representation [49]

ONIX: It is an XML representation in electronic format in the library of congress. It is used to represent an book industry in international standard for communication purpose.

PRISM: It is an representation for the XML metadata for magazine, books and journal contents.

The standards discussed above are the metadata vocabulary which is in common. It is in the form of XML and RDF. These XML and RDF shared web library catalogue. MARC and ONIX used as a source which enriches metadata on the web.

Discussion:

User expects the web search should be smart and quick. Likewise this can be accomplished by the semantic web. There are plenty of reasons why the semantic web is gaining popularity. Firstly, it acts like knowledge repository. Secondly, as we know every web document consists of tags. Hence the information requested by user is captured using the tags. Thirdly, the semantic web has capability of extracting only the useful and relevant information.

Considering the benefits of the semantic web, the two groups of W3C, the RDF core working group and web ontology working group are rigorously working from 2 years to enact semantic web. Indeed, these organizations started off with resource description framework, more importantly it collaborates different types of applications for URL and syntax for naming using XML

Advantages:

1) In the current scenario the web plays the major role for stocking the any means of information and documents.

2) Users can view précised content of the topic but modification of the content is restricted from the user’s end.

3) The primary concern about semantic data is generating the stock of data relevant to the computers. This is possible with rules of inference, which also modify the data according to the computer along with storing the data.

4) Since the distinct information is retrieved to every user this eventually increases the web content.

Disadvantage:

1) Because the data is massive and uncertified, so the data is not genuine to be trusted.

Conclusion

Web Services has an orthogonal limitation on current web, most importantly the current Web just read the information from the server but it doesn’t provide the necessary supporting information to the search or request. The semantic web is still in the developing stages yet it has great potential and productive in current Organizational world. The researchers and scientist are trying to bring this semantic web in to its full potential by integration vocabularies and domain ontologies on the system end for much faster and efficient collaboration.

In the future the Semantic Web will bring many change in the fields like virtual learning environment and virtual research Environments, medical diagnosis, cloud computing and most importantly in search engines. At that time the semantic web will be fully developed and functional which delivers accurate information in short time .